Formulas & Symbols for z and t



Formulas & Symbols for z and t

M = the mean of raw scores (for a sample) = [pic]

[pic] = the mean of the population

[pic] = the population standard deviation = [pic] = SD

s = estimated population standard deviation = [pic]

z = standard score = [pic]

zM = z test or standard score for distrib. Of mean scores = [pic]

[pic] = standard error of the mean (SD for distrib of means) = [pic]

[pic] = estimated standard error of the mean = [pic]

[pic] = estimated standard error of difference = [pic]

t = t test or t ratio SINGLE SAMPLE = [pic] df = N – 1

t = t test or t ratio INDEPENDENT SAMPLES = [pic] df = Nt - 2

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