21st Century - Information Technology Services
21st Century | |
|Year/Era |Historical Events/Social Trends |Law and Policy |Educational Trends and Ideas |
|2000, | | |Proposition 203 , known as the "English for |
|Arizona’s Proposition 203 | | |the Children Initiative," passes in Arizona. |
| | | | |
| | | |It bans bilingual education and requires that |
| | | |English be used as the only language of |
| | | |instruction in public schools. |
| | | | |
| | | |The new law severely limits school services |
| | | |for non-native English speakers. Language |
| | | |minority students are temporarily placed in a |
| | | |separate English language classroom for a |
| | | |period not exceeding one year. All |
| | | |instructional materials and books are in |
| | | |English. |
|2002, ESEA Reauthorized. No Child Left Behind| |The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was a | |
|Act of 2001 (signed Jan 8, 2002) | |sweeping education reform law that revised the| |
| | |Elementary and Secondary Education Act of | |
| | |1965. The new law seeks to identify poorly | |
| | |performing public schools by requiring states | |
| | |to test students in grades three through eight| |
| | |annually in reading and math. | |
| | |Schools that fail to make “adequate yearly | |
| | |progress” (AYP) toward state proficiency | |
| | |standards must allow students to transfer to | |
| | |better-performing public schools. | |
| | | | |
| | |If poor performance continues, schools must | |
| | |offer supplemental services such as private | |
| | |tutoring; persistently failing schools must | |
| | |take corrective actions, such as replacing | |
| | |certain teachers or changing the curriculum, | |
| | |or risk being restructured or taken over by | |
| | |the state. | |
| | | | |
| | |The law requires all public school teachers to| |
| | |be “highly qualified” in their subject areas | |
| | |by the end of the 2006 school year. | |
| | | | |
| | |NCLB also consolidated the Bilingual Education| |
| | |Act with the Emergency Immigrant Education | |
| | |Program into a new English Language | |
| | |Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and | |
| | |Academic Achievement Act (Title III of NCLB) | |
|2002, | |Massachusetts' voters voted for Question #2, a| |
|Massachusetts Anti-bilingual Education | |ballot initiative that replaces bilingual | |
|Initiative | |education with proven English-immersion | |
| | |teaching techniques. | |
| | | | |
| | |Anti-bilingual education initiative for 2002 | |
| | |similar to Arizona's Proposition 203 and | |
| | |California's Proposition 227; certified by the| |
| | |Massachusetts Attorney General, 9/5/01. | |
|2003, | |Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of | |
|Supreme Court Rulings on Race-based Admissions| |race-conscious admissions policies designed to| |
|Policies at the University of Michigan | |promote diversity in higher education. | |
| | | | |
| | |In a 5-to-4 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger, | |
| | |the Supreme Court held that student body | |
| | |diversity is a compelling governmental | |
| | |interest that can justify the use of race as a| |
| | |“plus” factor in a competitive admissions | |
| | |process. Applying its “strict scrutiny” | |
| | |standard of review within the context of | |
| | |higher education, the Supreme Court upheld the| |
| | |University of Michigan Law School admissions | |
| | |policy as constitutional. | |
| | | | |
| | |In a 6-to-3 decision in Gratz v. Bollinger, | |
| | |the Supreme Court held that the University’s | |
| | |current undergraduate admissions policy was | |
| | |not narrowly tailored to advance an interest | |
| | |in diversity because it was not sufficiently | |
| | |flexible and did not provide enough | |
| | |individualized consideration of applicants to | |
| | |the University. | |
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