Social Cognitive Theories of Personality
Social Cognitive Theories of Personality
Social-cognitive perspective emphasized the interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental and learning factors, which affect personality.
Albert Bandura –
Reciprocal determinism- personality is the result of cognitive, behavioral, environmental factors
• According to Bandura, personality is influenced by the thoughts (cognition), the way a person acts (behavior), and the environment one grows up in.
Self-efficacy beliefs, the beliefs or opinions a person has about him or herself, also influence personality
• The thought of “I think I can” would positively affect the way a person acts when performing a task or activity
Julian Rotter –
Expectancy Theory
• Rotter believed that learning results in expectancies, which are our expectations of the outcome of a situation.
• These expectancies guide behavior, for example personal effort, through what we think is going to happen- this can also be influenced by our sense of control in a situation
External locus of control- the belief that you have no control, or are controlled by other outside factors- the expectation to fail because you did not write the test, or don’t know what is going to be on the test
Internal locus of control- the belief that you control your own fate- you control how long and how much you study, resulting in the expectation that you can pass the test
Martin Seligman
• Learned helplessness results when people who repeatedly attempt something and continuously fail will eventually give up
Seligman believes that learned helplessness is one major cause of depression.
1.) When people are unable to control events in their lives, they may be less motivated to act and thus stop trying.
2.) They may experience a lowered sense of self-esteem.
3.) They will think negatively about themselves.
4.) They may feel depressed.
5.) People who attribute an undesirable outcome to their own inadequacies will probably experience depression along with guilt and self-blame.
6.) Seligman also found that animals that were unable to change their situation for long periods of time seemed unable or unwilling to change when the possibility was opened to them.
• Learned laziness condition that occurs if rewards come without effort, a person never learns to work.
• Developed positive psychology, which focuses on optimism and helping people work more effectively through difficulties and becoming successful.
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