Notes – Bacteria Ch
Notes – Bacteria Ch. 18.1
Pathology
Is defined as the scientific study of the nature of ___________________ and its causes, processes, development, and ___________________.
A ___________________ is a disease causing agent, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Bacteria: singular: ___________________ / plural: bacteria
Microscopic ___________________
___________________ CELL NUCLEUS
Until recently, bacteria were placed into one Kingdom. As a result, sometimes bacteria are referred to as Monerans.
Kingdom Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
1. Eubacteria (___________________ bacteria)
Tend to be ___________________
Classified according to their mode of getting nutrients, mechanism of ___________________,
and their ___________________
2. Archaebacteria (___________________ Bacteria)
Tend to be ___________________
Tend to live in ___________________ environments -sometimes they are called "Extremophiles"
Archaebacteria
_____________– Live in very _____ environments; Great Salt Lake
_____________ – live in high temperatures
Ex: Thermoacidophiles – sulfur hot springs; hydrothermal vents
– _____________ – cannot live in the presence of _______; sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs
Interaction with Oxygen
Obligate ___________________- require oxygen for respiration, _____________ oxygen to grow and survive
Obligate ___________________- must avoid oxygen, they will ___________________in its presence
Facultative Anaerobes - can use oxygen when it is available, but can also do ___________________it
Metabolic
___________________- get energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organisms
Chemoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from _____________and from using _____________”
Photoheterotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment from ______________and from using _____________”
___________________- make their own food from inorganic molecules
– Chemoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for ___________________using ___________________”
– Photoautotrophs- an organism that gets “nourishment for __________using ________________”
Cocci - ___________________
Bacilli - ___________________
Spirilla - __________________
Diplo – in _________________
Staph - in ___________________
Strep - in ___________________
Survive in hostile environments by
___________________ (slime layers) - help evade immune system and adhere to surfaces
pili - ___________________projections
endospores - bacteria become ___________________until conditions become favorable
flagella - one or more ___________________structures
Gram Stain
Bacterial species with walls containing ___________________ amounts of peptidoglycan are Gram-___________________.
Bacteria with walls containing relatively ___________________amounts of peptidoglycan are Gram- ___________________.
Reproduction
Binary fission - _______ cell splits into ________ cells, offspring are genetically ___________________to parent
Conjugation - a form of ___________________reproduction where bacteria exchange genetic information before dividing, offspring have ___________________genes genetically ___________________to parent
Friendly Bacteria
1. _____________ – eat dead organisms
2. Help ________ food as well as _________ vitamins
3. Help ________ absorb nutrients thru the _________
4. ________-________ bacteria: _______ take in a usable form of nitrogen for the plant
5. Food – Milk, Cheese, Yogurt
6. Clean oil spills (purify water)
7. ___________ – bacteria fighting bacteria
Notes – Viruses Ch. 18.2
Virus = ________________
1. ________________characteristics of viruses
They contain ________ _________ (DNA or RNA) ________ both!!
2. ________________characteristics of viruses
They are ________________, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles.
They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the _________ cell's metabolic machinery.
Viruses don't ________________ and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host ________________.
***They are NOT alive***
Structure of a virus
A virus ________________, or virion, consists of the following:
Nucleic acid - Set of ________________instructions, either DNA or RNA, either single-stranded or double-stranded
Coat of ________________- Surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect it
Lipid ________________- Surrounds the protein ________________ (found only in some viruses, including influenza; these types of viruses are called enveloped viruses as opposed to naked viruses)
Viruses are specific to their ________________.
They can only attack ________________cells (receptor sites)
Rabies, for instance, can be passed from ________________to human. HIV is a virus that seems specific to ________________.
Influenza is a virus that specifically attacks cells of the ________________ track (hence the coughing, sneezing, and sniffling).
HIV virus specifically attacks ________________ blood cells. (helper T cell)
White blood cells can engulf foreign pathogens by a process called _______________.
Bacteriophage - ________________ that infect ________________
Have a protein "tail" attached to the ________________ (protein coat that envelopes the genetic material), which is used to infect the host bacteria.
Virus’s ________________ reproduce on their own, and must infect a host cell in order to create more ________________.
Replication
1. ________________ - surface proteins bind to host, and release ________________ material (RNA or DNA) into the cytoplasm
2. Replication - the viral genetic material is ________________
3. Transcription - the genetic material is used as a blueprint, for the cell to make ________________ which is used to make viral proteins
4. Protein synthesis - occurs in the cytoplasm (ribosomes), viral ________________ are made
5. Viral ________________ - the viral genetic material (from replication) is surrounded by the newly made viral proteins
6. Release - viruses emerge from the cell by "________________ " from the cell membrane or ________________ out of the cell (this causes the cell's death)
________________ Pathway - the virus stays within the cell until certain environmental ________________ cause it to enter the lytic cycle
________________ Pathway - rapid replication of the virus, ending in cell ________________ (or death). More phages are released to infect other cells
Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) - causes AIDS
Retrovirus - ________________ inside a protein coat
HIV infects one particular type of immune system cell, called the ________________ cell in the body’s immune response.
HIV will slowly reduce the number of T-cells until the person develops ___________. People with AIDS contract other diseases that are rare in the rest of the population.
Notes - Kingdom Protista Ch. 19
• Contains the most _______________ organisms of all of the kingdoms
• Mostly unicellular
• Autotrophic/heterotrophic
• Cell walls sometimes present
o Composed of cellulose
• _____________________
• Because the Protist Kingdom tends to be a “dumping” ground for organisms that don’t quite fit anywhere else, the organisms in this kingdom tend to closely resemble organisms of the other kingdoms.
• This is why we group protists as being _____________________-like, ____________________-like, and _________________-like.
Plant-like Protists
• Use ___________________ to make their food (photosynthetic)
___________________
• Do not have roots, stems, leaves
• Unicellular
• Multicellular
Major Phyla of Algae:
Euglenoids
• _______________, unicellular and multicellular
• _______________ because can photosynthesize
• ________________ because without the presence of light can ingest food.
__________________
• Unicellular and photosynthetic
• Marine and freshwater
• Reproduce asexually and sexually
• Store food as oil rather than starch- gives fish an oily taste.
Dinoflagellates
• Most are live in _________________ environments
• Thick cell walls
• Produce ______________ which are responsible for fish kills
• Cause what is known as “___________________”
o These toxins can infect shellfish that feed on it so harvesting of these shellfish is usually banned during these months to prevent sickness.
___________________
• Live in ________________ water where other seaweeds cannot survive because they have pigments that can absorb sunlight at depths greater than 100 m.
Brown Algae
• _________________ near surface where light is available
• Form thick, underwater forests that provide a rich underwater ecosystem.
___________________
• Most diverse.
• Most are in ________________ water.
• Asexual and sexual reproduction.
• ____________________ or __________________.
Animal-like Protists
• Unicellular heterotrophs
• __________________
o Grouped according to how they _________.
Four main groups of protozoans:
1. Amoebas (also known as Sarcodines)
• Form pseudopodia to engulf food particles (endocytosis) as well as for movement.
o Pseudopodia: ________________________________________________ “__________”
• Reproduce through asexual reproduction
2. Flagellates
• Move through use of flagella
o Flagella: ________________________________________________________________
• Some act as parasites while some are beneficial
3. Ciliates
• Use cilia for movement
o Cilia: ___________________________________________________________________
• Diverse aquatic habitats
4. Sporozoans
• Produce _________________ which is a reproductive cell that forms without fertilization and produced a new organism.
• Internal parasites (ex. Animal blood or intestines)
Animal-like Protists and Disease
• Many protists are disease-causing parasites. Most commonly they cause _______________ and African sleeping sickness.
• Sporozoans and Malaria: ___________________ carry the spores of Plasmodium and infect humans as they bite them. The sporozites reproduce asexually in human’s ______________, forming spore-like cells that enter the red blood supply and reproduce rapidly.
Fungus-like Protists
• Examples include: Slime-mold
• Can ___________________ dead organisms
• Could __________________ at one point in their life.
Notes- Kingdom Fungi Ch. 20
• Mushrooms, mold, __________________
• Eukaryotic
• ______________________________
• “Great ____________________________”
• Few unicellular fungi (yeast)
• Mostly multicellular
Fungus Structure
• __________________: the primary structural unit of fungi.
• ___________________: A thick mat of hyphae
• The part you see of a mushroom is the only ___________________________ structure.
• ___________________ form and are released from the gills under the mushroom cap which is how a mushroom reproduces.
Adaptations in Fungus
Negatives
• spoiled food, diseases, poisonous mushrooms
Plant Diseases
• Fungi can cause diseases such as __________ smut which destroys corn kernels. Also can cause wheat rust which affects wheat fields.
Human Diseases
• Athletes foot
o A ______________ infection common on feet
• Candida
o A yeast overgrowth common in the mouth and on the skin
• Ringworm
o A ______________ infection common on skin
Animal Disease
• Cordyceps
o A fungus that attacks certain species of grasshopper and other insects in the rain forests of Costa Rica
Positives
• Decompose large quantities of Earth’s _________________- without fungi there would be large quantities of waste sitting around.
• Break down complex organic substances into raw materials which living organisms need
Lichen
• A symbiotic relationship between a ______________ and a photosynthetic plant such as algae.
o A _________________ relationship is when two organisms live in close association with each other.
o In a lichen, the fungus provides _____________ for the plant to photosynthesize and the plant provides _________________ for the fungus to survive.
Mycorrhizae
• A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and ___________ of plants.
o A _________________ relationship is a type of symbiosis where two organisms benefit from a close relationship.
o In mycorrhizae, the roots provide ________________ for the fungus and fungus provides ______________ for the roots.
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