Current Population Reports

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019

Current Population Reports

By Jessica Semega, Melissa Kollar, Emily A. Shrider, and John F. Creamer

Issued September 2020

Revised September 2021

P60-270 (RV)

Acknowledgments

The Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division of the U.S. Census Bureau

recognizes Bernadette D. Proctor for her 26 years of service contributing to

the poverty section of the Current Population Reports, Series P-60. Ms. Proctor

moved to a new position within the Census Bureau in 2019. The division and the

many data users who relied on her outstanding customer service will miss her

experience, dedication, and good nature.

Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar prepared the income section of this report

under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics

Branch. Emily A. Shrider and John F. Creamer prepared the poverty section

under the direction of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch.

Trudi J. Renwick, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the

Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.

Vonda Ashton, Mallory Bane, and Susan S. Gajewski, under the supervision

of David Watt, all of the Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa P. Cheok of

the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, processed the Current

Population Survey 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) file.

Andy Chen, Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Lan N. Huynh, Chandararith R.

Phe, and Adam W. Reilly programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and

publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation

and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.

Emily Hood and Alfred G. Meier, under the supervision of KeTrena Phipps and

David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted

statistical review.

Lisa P. Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, provided

overall direction for the survey implementation. Roberto Cases of the Associate

Directorate for Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter and Agatha Jung of

the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed the computerassisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the CPS ASEC.

Additional people within the Census Bureau also made significant contributions

to the preparation of this report. Brian Glassman, Gloria G. Guzm¨¢n, Matthew

Marlay, Abinash Mohanty, Lindsey Monte, Jonathan Vespa, and Lewis Warren

reviewed the contents.

Corey T. Beasley, Faye E. Brock, Christine E. Geter and Stephen V. Gibson provided

publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review

for print and electronic media under the direction of Janet Sweeney, Chief of the

Graphic and Editorial Services Branch, Public Information Office. William A. Burbano

and George E. Williams of the Census Bureau¡¯s Administrative and Customer

Services Division provided printing management.

Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected these

data under extreme circumstances. The additional challenge of obtaining interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the difficulty of this task. Without

their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current

Population Survey would be impossible.

Income and Poverty in

the United States: 2019

Issued September 2020

Revised September 2021

P60-270 (RV)

U.S. Department of Commerce

Wilbur Ross,

Secretary

Karen Dunn Kelley,

Deputy Secretary

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Steven Dillingham,

Director

Suggested Citation

Semega, Jessica, Melissa Kollar,

Emily A. Shrider, and John F. Creamer

U.S. Census Bureau,

Current Population Reports,

P60-270 (RV),

Income and Poverty

in the United States: 2019,

U.S. Government Publishing Office,

Washington, DC,

2020.

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Steven Dillingham,

Director

Ron Jarmin,

Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

Victoria A. Velkoff,

Associate Director for Demographic Programs

David G. Waddington,

Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

Contents

TEXT

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1

INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on the

CPS ASEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Household Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Caution for Historical Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Earnings and Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1

2

2

3

3

3

5

6

6

6

6

7

9

POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ratio of Income to Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

12

15

15

16

17

17

17

17

17

18

18

18

18

19

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON INCOME AND POVERTY . . . . . . . . . .

State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Longitudinal Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Interagency Technical Working Group on Evaluating Alternative

Measures of Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

19

20

20

21

SOURCE AND ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019 iii

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