Current Population Reports
Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019
Current Population Reports
By Jessica Semega, Melissa Kollar, Emily A. Shrider, and John F. Creamer
Issued September 2020
Revised September 2021
P60-270 (RV)
Acknowledgments
The Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division of the U.S. Census Bureau
recognizes Bernadette D. Proctor for her 26 years of service contributing to
the poverty section of the Current Population Reports, Series P-60. Ms. Proctor
moved to a new position within the Census Bureau in 2019. The division and the
many data users who relied on her outstanding customer service will miss her
experience, dedication, and good nature.
Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar prepared the income section of this report
under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics
Branch. Emily A. Shrider and John F. Creamer prepared the poverty section
under the direction of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch.
Trudi J. Renwick, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the
Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.
Vonda Ashton, Mallory Bane, and Susan S. Gajewski, under the supervision
of David Watt, all of the Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa P. Cheok of
the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, processed the Current
Population Survey 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) file.
Andy Chen, Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Lan N. Huynh, Chandararith R.
Phe, and Adam W. Reilly programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and
publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation
and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.
Emily Hood and Alfred G. Meier, under the supervision of KeTrena Phipps and
David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted
statistical review.
Lisa P. Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, provided
overall direction for the survey implementation. Roberto Cases of the Associate
Directorate for Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter and Agatha Jung of
the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed the computerassisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the CPS ASEC.
Additional people within the Census Bureau also made significant contributions
to the preparation of this report. Brian Glassman, Gloria G. Guzm¨¢n, Matthew
Marlay, Abinash Mohanty, Lindsey Monte, Jonathan Vespa, and Lewis Warren
reviewed the contents.
Corey T. Beasley, Faye E. Brock, Christine E. Geter and Stephen V. Gibson provided
publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review
for print and electronic media under the direction of Janet Sweeney, Chief of the
Graphic and Editorial Services Branch, Public Information Office. William A. Burbano
and George E. Williams of the Census Bureau¡¯s Administrative and Customer
Services Division provided printing management.
Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected these
data under extreme circumstances. The additional challenge of obtaining interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the difficulty of this task. Without
their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current
Population Survey would be impossible.
Income and Poverty in
the United States: 2019
Issued September 2020
Revised September 2021
P60-270 (RV)
U.S. Department of Commerce
Wilbur Ross,
Secretary
Karen Dunn Kelley,
Deputy Secretary
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Steven Dillingham,
Director
Suggested Citation
Semega, Jessica, Melissa Kollar,
Emily A. Shrider, and John F. Creamer
U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports,
P60-270 (RV),
Income and Poverty
in the United States: 2019,
U.S. Government Publishing Office,
Washington, DC,
2020.
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Steven Dillingham,
Director
Ron Jarmin,
Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer
Victoria A. Velkoff,
Associate Director for Demographic Programs
David G. Waddington,
Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
Contents
TEXT
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on the
CPS ASEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Household Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Caution for Historical Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earnings and Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
7
9
POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of Income to Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12
15
15
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON INCOME AND POVERTY . . . . . . . . . .
State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Longitudinal Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interagency Technical Working Group on Evaluating Alternative
Measures of Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
19
20
20
21
SOURCE AND ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
U.S. Census Bureau
Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019 iii
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