Name _______________________________________________ Date



Name _______________________________ Date ______________

Astronomy Notes Part-1

Part 1 – Earth in the Universe

I. The Big Bang Theory

• The ___________________ started with a concentrated area of ___________ and energy.

• __________ billion years ago.

• Then, it _______________ and has been __________________ ever since.

• Matter began to ___________ together forming _________ and _____________.

• The universe continued to expand and is still _________________ today.

II. Universe Expansion

• How do we know the universe is expanding?

• Pg. ___ in the ESRT shows the _____________________ spectrum.

• Notice that in the ____________ spectrum there are all the colors of the ________________.

• When looking at the visible spectrum __________________ are shifted either to the _______ end (shorter wave) or the _____ end (longer wave).

• This shift in wavelengths is called the ____________ __________.

• If they are shifted toward _______, they are moving _____________ you.

• If they are shifted toward _______, they are coming _____________ you.

• When scientists look at the universe, they see a _____ ________. This proves it is moving ________ from us, thus, expanding!

III. Galaxies

• A galaxy is a collection of billions of _______ and _____ and _______.

• Our solar system is part of the ________ _______ ____________.

• The Milky Way is a ____________ - ____________ galaxy.

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IV. Stars

• A star is usually a large ball of ______ held together by ____________.

• Energy is produced by ___________ ____________ - combination of ____________ of smaller elements to form nuclei of larger elements.

Use Star Chart on Page 15 of ESRT to answer questions

1. What is the most massive star on the chart? ___________________________________________________

2. What is the temperature and luminosity of the Sun? ________________________ and ________________

3. What group is a star in during a late stage? ____________________________________________________

4. What is the temperature and luminosity of Betelguese? ___________________ and ___________________

5. What color would a star be if it was 15,000ºK? _________________________________________________

6. What group of star is Albebaran in? _________________________________________________________

7. What temperature and color is Proxima Centauri? __________________ and ________________________

8. Massive stars are (more / less) luminous. (Circle one)

9. Name a White Dwarf star. _______________________________

10. What stage are Main Sequence stars in? _____________________________________

V. Our Solar System

• The ___________ ______________ is the _______ and all objects that __________ the sun under its ____________________ influence.

• Our solar system has 1 sun and 8 _______________.

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Using the data table on page 15 of your ESRT, answer the following questions.

1. What is the period of rotation of Mercury? __________________________________________

2. What is a year on Mars?_________________________________________________________

3. Which planet has the most eccentric orbit? _________________________________________

4. Which has the least eccentric orbit? _______________________________________________

5. What is the diameter of Jupiter?___________________________

6. What is a day on Saturn?_________________________________________________

7. Which planet has the longest period of rotation?___________The shortest?_________

8. Which planet is the most dense?_______________The least?____________________

9. How far from the sun is Venus?__________________

10. How far from Earth is our Moon?___________________________________________

11. What is the mass of Neptune ?____________________

12. What is the radius of Saturn?_______________________________________________

VI. Eccentricity and Ellipse

• An ____________ is an oval shape.

• Earth’s _________ around the sun is an ellipse.

• Within an ellipse, there are two ________ points called _______.

• In our solar system, the ____ is ____________ ONE of those foci.

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• The __________ of __________________ or “ovalness” of an ellipse is measured by _____________________.

• This formula is on page ___ of your ESRT!!

• The more _______ the orbit is, the more ____________ it is, or the higher the eccentricity.

• Calculating Eccentricity:

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• When you measure those 2 distances and calculate them, you will ____________ get higher than ___!!

• The closer to 1 you are, the __________ oval or eccentric the orbit.

• The closer to 0 you are, the _________ oval or eccentric the orbit.

VII. Gravitational Force

• The __________ 2 objects are to each other, the ____________ the _________________ pull between them.

• Therefore, during the _________________ - when Earth is __________ to the sun, there is a ____________ _________________ pull between it and the sun.

• This makes the Earth _________ ____ a bit in its __________ around the sun during that time.

1. Write the formula for eccentricity below:

2. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse.

Distance between foci: ______________

Distance of major axis: ______________

Eccentricity= ______________

3. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse.

Distance between foci: ______________

Distance of major axis: ______________

Eccentricity= ______________

4. What is the minimum value that eccentricity can be? ________

5. What is the maximum value that eccentricity can be? ________

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An ellipse is an example of a “conic section”. Circles and hyperbolas are others. All are possible forms for orbits.

You can make an ellipse with 2 tacks and a string. The tacks are the “foci”, and if you put them further apart, the ellipse is more “eccentric” (one tack makes a circle).

Increasing Eccentricity

Major Axis

Foci 1

Foci 2

Perihelion

Aphelion

X X

X X

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