SBI3U BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW—MAJOR CONCEPTS AND …



Biochemistry: Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Heavy smoking may impair the body's ability to move debris trapped in mucus out of the lungs by affecting the

|a. |flagella. |d. |cilia. |

|b. |cell membrane. |e. |mitochondria. |

|c. |vesicles. | |

____ 2. Energy released during cellular respiration is stored in a compound called

|a. |glucose. |d. |DNA. |

|b. |ADP. |e. |RNA. |

|c. |ATP. | |

____ 3. Plant cell walls are primarily composed of

|a. |starch. |d. |cellulose. |

|b. |pectin. |e. |chlorophyll. |

|c. |protein. | |

____ 4. Many nutrients are a source of energy for the body. Which of these nutrients provides the most energy per gram of material?

|a. |carbohydrates |d. |vitamins |

|b. |lipids |e. |all provide the same amount of energy |

|c. |proteins | |

____ 5. Which of the following atoms is not found in carbohydrates?

|a. |carbon |d. |nitrogen |

|b. |hydrogen |e. |all of these are found in carbohydrates |

|c. |oxygen | |

____ 6. [pic] is the chemical formula for

|a. |glucose. |d. |all of the above. |

|b. |fructose. |e. |none of the above. |

|c. |galactose. | |

____ 7. When two monosaccharides are bonded to form a disaccharide, what else is produced?

|a. |water |d. |starch |

|b. |carbon dioxide |e. |nothing else is produced |

|c. |oxygen | |

____ 8. In which of the following would you not expect to find polysaccharides?

|a. |potatoes |d. |insect exoskeletons |

|b. |tree bark |e. |all of these have polysaccharides |

|c. |animal livers | |

____ 9. Which of the following is not an example of a lipid?

|a. |bacon fat |d. |cholesterol |

|b. |corn oil |e. |all of these are lipids |

| c. |beeswax | |

____ 10. Which of these is incorrect? Lipids

|a. |store energy. |

|b. |aid in mineral absorption. |

|c. |insulate the body. |

|d. |protect delicate organs. |

|e. |act as a raw material for synthesis of hormones. |

____ 11. Energy is stored in the body as

|a. |sugar and starch. |d. |glycogen and lipids. |

|b. |protein and lipids. |e. |proteins and starch. |

|c. |glycogen and proteins. | |

____ 12. An organic compound having a molecular formula of [pic] is most likely a

|a. |protein. |d. |mineral. |

|b. |fatty acid. |e. |vitamin. |

|c. |carbohydrate. | |

____ 13. If a lipid is isolated from a plant, it is most likely

|a. |a liquid at room temperature. |d. |all of the above. |

|b. |polyunsaturated. |e. |none of the above. |

| c. |an oil. | |

____ 14. If a lipid is isolated from an animal, it is most likely

|a. |saturated. |d. |all of the above. |

|b. |solid at room temperature. |e. |none of the above. |

| c. |a fat. | |

____ 15. Testosterone and estrogen are chemically related as

|a. |carbohydrates. |d. |vitamins. |

|b. |lipids. |e. |minerals. |

| c. |proteins. | |

____ 16. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and

|a. |nitrogen. |d. |nitrogen and sometimes chlorine. |

|b. |nitrogen |e. |sulfur and sometimes sodium. |

| c. |chlorine. | |

____ 17. How many different amino acids are available for the assembling of proteins?

|a. |100 |d. |8 |

|b. |40 |e. |an infinite number |

|c. |20 | |

____ 18. What reagent is commonly used to test for the presence of monosaccharides?

|a. |Lugol’s Iodine |d. |Sudan IV |

|b. |Benedict's |e. |brown paper |

| c. |Biuret | |

____ 19. What reagent is commonly used to test for the presence of starch?

|a. |Lugol's iodine |d. |Sudan IV |

|b. |Benedict's |e. |brown paper |

| c. |Biuret | |

____ 20. Which of the equations shown best illustrates phosphorylation?

|a. |[pic] |d. |[pic] |

|b. |[pic] |e. |[pic] |

| c. |[pic] | |

____ 21. What reagent is commonly used to test for the presence of protein?

|a. |Lugol's |d. |Sudan IV |

|b. |Benedict's |e. |brown paper |

| c. |Biuret | |

Genetics: Multiple Choice

____ 22. Which of the following events is not characteristic of interphase?

|a. |The cell is inactive. |

|b. |Proteins are synthesized for the next mitotic division. |

|c. |Proteins are synthesized for cell growth and metabolism |

|d. |The genetic material duplicates in preparation for mitosis. |

|e. |The genetic material is referred to as chromatin. |

____ 23. If one of two newly formed daughter cells has one extra chromosome, and the other daughter cell has one less, the problem in the preceding mitotic division probably occurred in

|a. |prophase. |d. |telophase. |

|b. |metaphase. |e. |cytokinesis. |

| c. |anaphase. | |

____ 24. The proper sequence of mitosis is

|a. |prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase |

|b. |prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase. |

|c. |metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase |

|d. |telophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase |

|e. |prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |

____ 25. What is the correct sequence of the following events that occur in mitosis?

1. The cytoplasm and organelles are divided between the daughter cells.

2. The nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappear.

3. The centromere splits.

4. The chromosomes condense and the nucleolus disappears.

5. The chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell.

6. The chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane.

|a. |2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 |d. |4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 1 |

|b. |1, 4, 3, 5, 6, 2 |e. |4, 6, 3, 2, 5, 1 |

|c. |4, 3, 6, 5, 1, 2 | |

____ 26. Which of the following structures disappears in prophase and reappears in telophase?

|a. |centromeres |d. |spindle fibres |

|b. |cell membrane |e. |nuclear membrane |

|c. |chromosomes | |

____ 27. During anaphase of mitosis

|a. |centrioles divide. |

|b. |chromosomes migrate toward poles. |

|c. |asters and spindle form. |

|d. |nuclear membranes reform. |

|e. |chromosomes attach to spindle fibres |

____ 28. If a cell with 36 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, each daughter cell will have

|a. |36 chromosomes. |d. |9 chromosomes. |

|b. |72 chromosomes. |e. |6 chromosomes. |

|c. |18 chromosomes. | |

____ 29. Which cells in the human body have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes in their nuclei?

|a. |all cells |

|b. |only the reproductive cells |

|c. |only cells that are produced by meiosis |

|d. |only zygotes |

|e. |only cells that are produced by mitosis |

____ 30. Which statement does not describe the interphase between telophase I and prophase II of meiosis?

|a. |Replication of DNA occurs. |

|b. |In most cells, the chromosomes have uncoiled. |

|c. |If present, centrioles migrate to opposite poles. |

|d. |In most cells, a nuclear membrane surrounds the chromosomes. |

|e. |The cells contain chromosomes with a mixture of paternal and maternal genes. |

____ 31. During meiosis, genetic variation in the gametes is achieved by

|a. |replication and fertilization. |d. |crossing over and random assortment. |

|b. |crossing over and replication. |e. |replication and random assortment. |

| c. |crossing over and fertilization. | |

____ 32. Each human cell may contain as many as 100 000 genes. Most of these are represented by two copies in each of your body cells. How many copies of each gene would be in a single cell in telophase I of meiosis?

|a. |1 |d. |4 |

|b. |2 |e. |8 |

| c. |3 | |

____ 33. Which is a result of meiosis?

|a. |Chromosome number is reduced to one-half the original number. |

|b. |New combinations of genes are produced when crossing over occurs. |

|c. |Maternal and paternal chromosomes are mixed when homologous chromosomes separate independently. |

|d. |Genetic variation is maintained within species. |

|e. |All of these choices are results of meiosis. |

____ 34. Classify the following statement: The resulting cells contain one chromosome from each homologous pair.

|a. |mitosis |d. |neither mitosis nor meiosis |

|b. |meiosis |e. |both mitosis and meiosis |

| c. |fertilization | |

____ 35. Classify the following statement: The centromere splits prior to the separation of the chromosomes.

|a. |mitosis |d. |neither mitosis nor meiosis |

|b. |meiosis |e. |both mitosis and meiosis |

|c. |fertilization | |

____ 36. Classify the following statement: The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

|a. |mitosis |d. |neither mitosis nor meiosis |

|b. |meiosis |e. |both mitosis and meiosis |

|c. |fertilization | |

____ 37. If one pair of your 23 pairs of chromosomes does not separate during anaphase I of meiosis, the consequence would be the production of

|a. |four cells, each with 23 chromosomes. |

|b. |four cells, two with 23 chromosomes and two with 46 chromosomes. |

|c. |four cells, two with 45 chromosomes and two with 47 chromosomes. |

|d. |four cells, two with 22 chromosomes and two with 24 chromosomes. |

|e. |four cells, two with 23 chromosomes and two with 47 chromosomes. |

____ 38. If a sperm cell contains 18 chromosomes, a muscle cell from the same organism will contain

|a. |9 chromosomes. |d. |18 pairs of chromosomes. |

|b. |9 pairs of chromosomes. |e. |27 chromosomes. |

|c. |18 chromosomes. | |

____ 39. Which of the following is characteristic of meiosis but not of mitosis?

|a. |involves cell division |

|b. |occurs in both plants and animals |

|c. |results in chromosome reduction to a single set |

|d. |involves a distribution of chromosomes to daughter nuclei |

____ 40. The events which occur in both mitosis and meiosis are similar except during

|a. |anaphase. |

|b. |chromosomal duplications. |

|c. |mitotic metaphase and first meiotic metaphase. |

|d. |mitotic metaphase and second meiotic metaphase. |

|e. |the first interphase. |

____ 41. What name did Mendel give to the characteristic that seemingly disappeared for a generation?

|a. |dominant |d. |heterozygous |

|b. |recessive |e. |allele |

| c. |homozygous | |

____ 42. When homozygous tall pea plants are crossed with homozygous short pea plants, all the F[pic] offspring are tall. In the F[pic] generation, 1/4 are short plants. These F[pic] individuals illustrate

|a. |codominance. |

|b. |Mendel's Law of Dominance. |

|c. |Mendel's Law of Segregation. |

|d. |Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment. |

|e. |incomplete dominance. |

____ 43. A gene exists in two different forms (A and a). With respect to the allele present, which type of gamete can a homozygous recessive individual produce?

|a. |a |d. |A and a |

|b. |A |e. |AA |

|c. |Aa | |

____ 44. The term "phenotype" may be defined as

|a. |genes on the Y chromosome. |

|b. |the genetic makeup of the individual. |

|c. |genes on the X chromosome. |

|d. |the gene pool expression of a population. |

|e. |an observable expression of genotype. |

____ 45. The gene makeup of an organism for a particular trait is its

|a. |genotype. |d. |recessiveness. |

|b. |pedigree. |e. |dominance. |

| c. |phenotype. | |

____ 46. Familial intestinal polyposis results in multiple fingerlike growths (polyps) from the lining of the large intestine. It is inherited as a dominant trait. Let P represent the allele producing the polyps and p represent the normal allele. One parent is Pp and the other pp. If the couple has four children, how many would be expected to have the familial intestinal polyposis phenotype?

|a. |1 |d. |4 |

|b. |2 |e. |0 |

| c. |3 | |

____ 47. In the cross of Tt × Tt, the proportion of the offspring that will have the same genotype as the parents is

|a. |25%. |d. |100%. |

|b. |50%. |e. |none of the above. |

| c. |75%. | |

____ 48. If an organism of genotype AA mates with an organism of genotype Aa and 150 offspring are produced, the number of offspring with genotype Aa will most probably be close to

|a. |0. |d. |100. |

|b. |30. |e. |70. |

| c. |120. | |

____ 49. Two parents were known to be right-handed. Assuming that right-handed (R) is dominant to left-handed (r), what would be the genotypes of the parents if their son is left-handed?

|a. |rr × rr |d. |Rr × Rr |

|b. |rr × Rr |e. |RR × RR |

| c. |RR × rr | |

____ 50. The alleles for blood types A and B are codominant but are dominant over the allele for blood type O. Answer the following question. A female with AB blood type and a male with O blood type have several children. The phenotypic ratio for these children would be

|a. |1/2 type A and 1/2 type B. |

|b. |1/4 type O and 3/4 type A. |

|c. |1/2 type AB and 1/2 type O. |

|d. |1/4 type O, 1/2 type AB and 1/4 type A. |

|e. |1/2 type O, 1/4 type AB and 1/4 type A. |

____ 51. Which parent genotypes could possibly have all four blood groups expressed in the offspring?

|a. |I[pic]I[pic] and I[pic]I[pic] |d. |I[pic]I[pic] and I[pic]I[pic] |

|b. |I[pic]I[pic] and I[pic]I[pic] |e. |I[pic]I[pic] and I[pic]I[pic] |

| c. |I[pic]I[pic] and I[pic]I[pic] | |

____ 52. A woman with blood type A has a child with blood type O. What is the woman's genotype?

|a. |I[pic]I[pic] |d. |I[pic]I[pic] |

|b. |I[pic]I[pic] |e. |I[pic]I[pic] |

| c. |I[pic]I[pic] | |

____ 53. In poultry, a crested head is produced by a dominant allele (C) and a plain head by its recessive allele (c). Black feather colour (B) is dominant to red (b). A homozygous red-feathered, crest-headed bird is mated to a homozygous black-feathered, plain-headed bird. The type of inheritance expressed is

|a. |many alleles controlling one trait. |

|b. |dominance in both pairs of genes. |

|c. |incomplete dominance in one pair of genes. |

|d. |incomplete dominance in both pairs of genes. |

|e. |sex-linked. |

____ 54. Incomplete dominance occurs when

|a. |one gene prevents the expression of the other gene. |

|b. |the traits both occur randomly when the genes occur together. |

|c. |one gene trait is masked by the presence of another gene. |

|d. |a mixture of traits is expressed when the genes occur together. |

|e. |the genes appear only on the sex chromosomes. |

____ 55. In short-horned cattle, if a red bull is crossed with a white cow, all the offspring are roan, a shade between red and white. A cross between roans should yield offspring in the ratio of

|a. |3 white : 1 red. |d. |1 red : 2 roan : 1 white. |

|b. |3 red : 1 white. |e. |2 red : 1 roan : 1 white. |

| c. |3 roan : 1 white. | |

____ 56. The ratio 9:3:3:1 results from a

|a. |dihybrid cross and is the genotypic ratio. |

|b. |dihybrid cross and is the phenotypic ratio. |

|c. |monohybrid cross and is the genotypic ratio. |

|d. |monohybrid cross and is the phenotypic ratio. |

|e. |monohybrid cross and is both the phenotypic and genotypic ratio. |

____ 57. Although there are many genes that modify the expression of eye colour in humans, in general, dark eye colour is dominant to blue eye colour. Freckles are also dominant to no freckles. These genes are located on different chromosomes. If one parent is blue-eyed with no freckles and the other is heterozygous for dark eye colour and freckles, which ratio of phenotypes may be seen in the offspring?

|a. |1 dark eye–freckles: 1 blue eye–freckles |

|b. |1 dark eye–freckles: 1 blue eye–freckles: 1 dark eye–no freckles |

|c. |1 dark eye–freckles: 1 dark eye–no freckles: 1 blue eye-freckles: 1 blue eye–no freckles |

|d. |9 dark eye–freckles: 3 dark eye–no freckles: 3 blue eye–freckles: 1 blue eye–no freckles |

|e. |3 dark eye–freckles: 1 dark eye–no freckles: 3 blue eye–freckles: 9 blue eye–no freckles |

____ 58. In poppies, tallness (T) is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red flower colour (R) is dominant to white (r). If two plants of the genotypes ttRr and TtRR were crossed and no mutations occurred, what is the probability that they would produce a dwarf white plant?

|a. |0% |d. |75% |

|b. |25% |e. |100% |

| c. |50% | |

____ 59. The gene M is essential for life. In a cross PpMm × PpMm, the number of offspring out of 16 that will not survive is

|a. |3. |d. |9. |

|b. |4. |e. |12. |

____ 60. In guinea pigs, rough hair coat (R) is dominant to a smooth coat (r), and black hair colour (B) is dominant to white hair colour (b). A rough, black guinea pig and a rough, white guinea pig when mated produce 28 rough black, 31 rough white, 11 smooth black, and 9 smooth white offspring. The genetic composition of the parents is

|a. |RrBb and Rrbb. |d. |RRBb and RrBB. |

|b. |RrBb and RrBB. |e. |RRBB and RrBB. |

| c. |RrBb and RRBb. | |

____ 61. Red-green colourblindness in humans is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. If a man who is red-green colourblind is married to a woman heterozygous for normal color vision, what proportion of their offspring is expected to be red-green colourblind?

|a. |all of the offspring |d. |none of the offspring |

|b. |three out of four |e. |two out of four |

| c. |one out of four | |

____ 62. What evidence would be required to prove that a characteristic in humans was due to a gene on the Y chromosome that had no corresponding allele on the X chromosome?

|a. |male offspring always affected |

|b. |3/4 male and 1/4 female offspring affected |

|c. |1/2 male and 1/2 female offspring affected |

|d. |1/4 male offspring affected on the F2 generation |

|e. |female offspring always affected |

Internal Systems: Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 63. In which of the following lists are the events listed in the sequence in which they actually occur?

|a. |ingestion, absorption, digestion, egestion |

|b. |ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion |

|c. |absorption, ingestion, egestion, digestion |

|d. |absorption, digestion, ingestion, egestion |

|e. |digestion, ingestion, absorption, egestion |

____ 64. Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between pH and enzyme activity?

|a. |All enzymes function best around pH 7. |

|b. |All enzymes function best when the pH is less than 7. |

|c. |All enzymes function best when the pH is greater than 7. |

|d. |There are some enzymes that function when the pH is less than 7 and others that function when the pH is greater than 7. |

|e. |There are some enzymes that function when the pH is less than 7, some that function around pH 7, and others that |

| |function when the pH is greater than 7. |

____ 65. Which of the following statements is true?

|a. |Canines are used mainly for tearing. |d. |Molars are used mainly for grinding. |

|b. |Canines are used mainly for grinding. |e. |Incisors are used mainly for grinding. |

| c. |Molars are used mainly for tearing. | |

____ 66. Which of the following statements is not a function of saliva?

|a. |It lubricates the food passage. |d. |It activates the taste buds. |

|b. |It contains the enzyme amylase. |e. |It dissolves food particles. |

|c. |It helps grind and tear food. | |

____ 67. The pH of the stomach usually ranges

|a. |between 2.0 and 3.0. |d. |between 7.0 and 9.0. |

|b. |between 3.0 and 5.0. |e. |between 9.0 and 10.0. |

| c. |between 5.0 and 7.0. | |

____ 68. Which of the following is not found in digestive fluids in the stomach?

|a. |hydrochloric acid |d. |amylase |

|b. |pepsinogen |e. |mucus |

| c. |pepsin | |

____ 69. Starch digestion in the mouth occurs best when the pH range is

|a. |2.0 - 3.0. |d. |8.0 - 10.0. |

|b. |3.0 - 5.0. |e. |10.0 - 12.0. |

| c. |close to 7.0. | |

____ 70. Which of the following enzymes breaks down fats?

|a. |amylase |d. |lipase |

|b. |maltase |e. |dissacharidase |

| c. |trypsin | |

____ 71. Which of the following enzymes breaks down the sugars in milk?

|a. |amylase |d. |trypsin |

|b. |lactase |e. |polysaccharidase |

| c. |lipase | |

____ 72. Which of the following colour changes would indicate the presence of the sugar maltose?

|a. |blue to purple to red |d. |orange to yellow to blue |

|b. |blue to yellow to red |e. |red to yellow to blue |

| c. |blue to yellow to orange | |

____ 73. When patients have their gall bladders removed, they should initially be placed on a diet that is low in which of the following?

|a. |starch |d. |vitamins |

|b. |proteins |e. |carbohydrates |

| c. |fats | |

____ 74. Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine?

|a. |absorption of water |d. |absorption of vitamins |

|b. |absorption of alcohol |e. |temporary storage of wastes |

| c. |absorption of minerals | |

____ 75. E. coli bacteria

|a. |are deadly and must be completely removed from the intestines to prevent disease. |

|b. |are normally found only in herbivores such as cattle and sheep. |

|c. |are involved in the breakdown of cellulose in the large intestine. |

|d. |use waste materials to synthesize vitamins B and K in the large intestine. |

|e. |are involved in the breakdown of hemoglobin from worn-out blood cells. |

____ 76. Even though humans are unable to digest cellulose, it is important in our diet because

|a. |we need the chlorophyll contained in plant cells. |

|b. |it allows the stomach to absorb vitamins. |

|c. |it is needed to synthesize vitamin B. |

|d. |it protects the walls of the intestines from mechanical damage. |

|e. |it adds volume to the wastes in our large intestine and ensures that we eliminate toxic materials more frequently. |

____ 77. Which of the following is not true of the villi found in the small intestine?

|a. |They greatly increase the surface area of the intestine. |

|b. |They contain small arteries and veins. |

|c. |They are themselves lined with microvilli. |

|d. |They secrete digestive juices. |

____ 78. Which one of the following is not secreted by the pancreas or small intestine?

|a. |trypsinogen |d. |amylase |

|b. |lipase |e. |hydrochloric acid |

| c. |erepsin | |

____ 79. What is the role of the bicarbonate ion in the digestive process?

|a. |to initiate the digestion of starches |

|b. |to emsulsify fats |

|c. |to lower the pH of material entering the small intestine from the stomach |

|d. |to raise the pH of material entering the small intestine from the stomach |

|e. |to stimulate the release of gastric juices |

____ 80. The unit used for the amount of energy in food in Canada is the

|a. |kilogram. |d. |kilojoule. |

|b. |kilometre. |e. |kilolitre. |

| c. |kilocalorie. | |

____ 81. Which of the following is not true about water soluble vitamins?

|a. |They must be consumed daily. |

|b. |They are stored in nonfatty tissue. |

|c. |They cannot be stored in the body. |

|d. |They are excreted in urine. |

|e. |They are essential for the proper maintenance of health. |

____ 82. Which of the following is not a function of the circulatory system?

|a. |It carries nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells. |

|b. |It transports chemical messengers throughout the body. |

|c. |It manufactures red blood cells. |

|d. |It distributes heat throughout the body. |

|e. |It works with the kidneys to maintain an acceptable level of body fluid. |

____ 83. Which of the following organisms has an open circulatory system?

|a. |earthworm |d. |snail |

|b. |sponge |e. |blue jay |

| c. |octopus | |

____ 84. The oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells is due to the presence of hemoglobin. A person whose diet does not contain sufficient amounts of which of the following minerals will be unable to manufacture enough hemoglobin for their needs?

|a. |calcium |d. |potassium |

|b. |iodine |e. |sodium |

| c. |iron | |

____ 85. An individual who has no special markers (antigens) attached to the membrane of their red blood cells has which of the following blood types?

|a. |A, Rh positive |d. |O, Rh positive |

|b. |A, Rh negative |e. |O, Rh negative |

| c. |B, Rh positive | |

____ 86. Which one of the following situations would be beneficial for the recipient?

|a. |A Type A+ person receives a transfusion from a Type B+ person. |

|b. |A Type B- person receives a transfusion from a Type A+ person. |

|c. |A Type O- person receives a transfusion from a Type A- person. |

|d. |A Type O+ person receives a transfusion from a Type AB- person. |

|e. |A Type A+ person receives a transfusion from a Type O+ person. |

____ 87. Which of the following is true of arteries?

|a. |They always carry oxygenated blood. |

|b. |They always carry deoxygenated blood. |

|c. |They are the site of exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues. |

|d. |They always carry blood away from the heart. |

|e. |They always carry blood toward the heart. |

____ 88. Which of the following is not true concerning capillaries?

|a. |They are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells. |

|b. |They have walls that are only one cell layer thick. |

|c. |Blood flow into them is controlled by sphincters. |

|d. |Their diameter is so small that red blood cells must move through them in single file. |

|e. |They have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward into them. |

____ 89. Which of the following is not true of veins?

|a. |The walls of the veins allow materials to diffuse in and out easily. |

|b. |They have thinner walls than arteries. |

|c. |They have one-way valves to prevent the backflow of blood. |

|d. |They rely on the activity of the skeletal muscles to help move blood back to the heart. |

|e. |The pressure in veins is lower than that in arteries. |

____ 90. The mammalian heart consists of

|a. |a single large chamber. |d. |two atria and one ventricle. |

|b. |one atrium and one ventricle. |e. |two atria and two ventricles. |

|c. |one atrium and two ventricles. | |

____ 91. The septum completely separates the two halves of the mammalian heart. Because of this

|a. |the heart is able to hold a larger volume of blood. |

|b. |the blood flows faster. |

|c. |the blood flows more slowly. |

|d. |oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are kept separate. |

|e. |oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are allowed to mix freely. |

____ 92. The largest artery in the human body is the

|a. |coronary artery. |d. |aorta. |

|b. |pulmonary artery. |e. |brachial artery. |

| c. |carotid artery. | |

____ 93. Angioplasty is a process in which

|a. |oxygen is added to the coronary arteries via an intervenous feed. |

|b. |holes in the wall of the heart are repaired. |

|c. |coronary arteries are replaced by arteries from other parts of the body. |

|d. |dye injected through a tube travels to the heart to detect defects in blood flow. |

|e. |a small balloon is inserted through a tube to scrape the walls of blocked arteries. |

____ 94. Which of the following correctly outlines the pathway that is followed by a red blood cell that first enters the heart at the vena cava?

|a. |left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta |

|b. |left atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, lungs, pulmonary artery, right atrium, left ventricle, aorta |

|c. |left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary vein, lungs, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta |

|d. |right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta |

|e. |right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta |

____ 95. The heart's "pacemaker" is the

|a. |bicuspid node. |d. |sinoatrial node. |

|b. |Purkinje node. |e. |semilunar node. |

| c. |atrioventricular node. | |

____ 96. The large spike, called the QRS wave, on an electrocardiograph is produced when

|a. |the atria contract. |

|b. |the ventricles contract. |

|c. |the atria relax. |

|d. |the ventricles relax. |

|e. |the heart responds to signals from the parasympathetic nervous system. |

____ 97. The first heart sound is heard when

|a. |The right and left atrioventricular valves open. |

|b. |The right and left semilunar valves open. |

|c. |The right atrioventricular and the left semilunar valves close. |

|d. |The right and left atrioventricular valves close. |

|e. |The right and left semilunar valves close. |

____ 98. The highest blood pressure occurs in the

|a. |veins. |d. |venules. |

|b. |capillary beds. |e. |arteries. |

| c. |arterioles. | |

____ 99. The normal blood pressure for a young adult is

|a. |150/50. |d. |100/100. |

|b. |130/60. |e. |60/130. |

|c. |120/80. | |

____ 100. Which of the following reactions correctly describes cellular respiration?

|a. |oxygen + carbon dioxide → sugar + water + energy |

|b. |oxygen + sugar → carbon dioxide + water + energy |

|c. |oxygen + water → sugar + carbon dioxide + energy |

|d. |carbon dioxide + water + energy → sugar + oxygen |

|e. |carbon dioxide + oxygen + energy → sugar + water |

____ 101. Which of the following is not true of the nasal cavities of mammals?

|a. |They are lined with tiny hairs that act as a filtering system. |

|b. |They have surface cells that directly absorb incoming air. |

|c. |They serve to moisten and warm the incoming air. |

|d. |They contain mucus that keeps the cells lining the cavity moist. |

|e. |They open into to a channel called the pharynx. |

____ 102. Which of the following statements is not true?

|a. |During inspiration the pressure within the chest cavity is greater than the atmospheric pressure. |

|b. |During inspiration the pressure within the chest cavity is less than the atmospheric pressure. |

|c. |The pressure within the chest cavity decreases when the diaphragm contracts. |

|d. |The pressure within the chest cavity increases when the rib cage moves downward. |

|e. |The pressure within the chest cavity increases as the diaphragm moves up. |

____ 103. Which of the following leads to inspiration?

|a. |The diaphragm moves upward and the ribs move upward. |

|b. |The diaphragm moves upward and the ribs move downward. |

|c. |The diaphragm moves upward and ribs remain stationary. |

|d. |The diaphragm moves downward and the ribs move upward. |

|e. |The diaphragm moves downward and the ribs move downward. |

____ 104. Examine the following table and use the data to answer the question below.

|Approximate Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (kPa) |

| |Tissues |Vein |Artery |Alveoli |Atmosphere |

|oxygen |5 |5 |11 |13 |21 |

|carbon dioxide |6 |6 |5 |5 |0.03 |

The difference in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide is greatest in:

|a. |tissues |d. |alveoli |

|b. |veins |e. |atmosphere |

| c. |arteries | |

____ 105. Gases diffuse

|a. |from an area of low pressure to another area of low pressure. |

|b. |from an area of high pressure to another area of high pressure. |

|c. |from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. |

|d. |from an area of low pressure to an area of high pressure. |

|e. |from an area where they are not needed to an area where they are needed. |

____ 106. Haemoglobin acts as a buffer and

|a. |increases the rate at which carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. |

|b. |decreases the rate at which carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. |

|c. |promotes the lowering of the pH of the plasma. |

|d. |promotes the raising of the pH of the plasma. |

|e. |minimizes the change in pH of the plasma. |

____ 107. Which of the following is not involved in the homeostatic regulation of appropriate levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

|a. |A chemical receptor ensures that carbon dioxide does not accumulate. |

|b. |The brain stem receives impulses to help it coordinate breathing rates. |

|c. |Impulses are sent to the muscles to increase breathing rates. |

|d. |Oxygen concentration has more effect on the rate of breathing than carbon dioxide concentration. |

|e. |Chemical receptors in the walls of some arteries detects low oxygen levels. |

____ 108. Vital capacity of the lungs refers to the amount of air

|a. |the lungs can hold. |

|b. |normally breathed in and out. |

|c. |left in the lungs after inhaling. |

|d. |passed through the lungs during a vigorous inhalation and exhalation. |

|e. |the amount of air you can hold in the lungs while holding your breath. |

____ 109. To determine your inspiratory reserve volume, you would use the following formula:

|a. |vital capacity = inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume |

|b. |vital capacity = inspiratory reserve volume – expiratory reserve volume – tidal volume |

|c. |vital capacity = inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume – tidal volume |

|d. |vital capacity = inspiratory reserve volume – expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume |

|e. |vital capacity = tidal volume – inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume |

____ 110. If a person receives a significant impact to the solar plexus (where the diaphragm separates the chest and thoracic cavities), we say that they have had the "wind knocked out of them." The volume of air forced out (assuming that they had just taken a deep breath) would be equal to their

|a. |inspiratory reserve volume. |d. |vital capacity. |

|b. |expiratory reserve volume. |e. |total lung volume. |

| c. |tidal volume. | |

Diversity of Life: Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 111. Which of the following is not a kingdom?

|a. |Eubacteria |d. |Plantae |

|b. |Protista |e. |Fungi |

| c. |Viruses | |

____ 112. The characteristic that best helps define an organism as a member of a particular species is which of the following?

|a. |It looks like other organisms. |

|b. |It can successfully breed with similar organisms. |

|c. |It lives in the same region as similar organisms. |

|d. |It eats the same food as similar organisms. |

|e. |It has the same day/night sleeping pattern as similar organisms. |

|Common Name |Scientific Name |Family |

|red squirrel |Tamiasciurus hudsonicus |Sciuridae |

|short-tail weasel |Mustela erminea |Mustelidae |

|groundhog |Marmota monax |Sciuridae |

|mink |Mustela vison |Mustelidae |

|eastern chipmunk |Tamias striatus |Sciuridae |

|river otter |Lutra canadensis |Mustelidae |

|fisher |Martes pennanti |Mustelidae |

|muskrat |Ondatra zibethica |Cricetidae |

|black-footed ferret |Mustela nigripes |Mustelidae |

____ 113. Based on the information in the table above, which of the two animals are the most closely related?

|a. |red squirrel and groundhog |d. |mink and shorttail weasel |

|b. |short-tail weasel and river otter |e. |fisher and black-footed ferret |

| c. |river otter and fisher | |

____ 114. Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacterial cells?

|a. |they are prokaryotic and single celled |

|b. |contain no membrane-bound organelles |

|c. |have a single chromosome |

|d. |majority are pathogens |

|e. |reproduce asexually |

____ 115. Which label is pointing to a sample of staphylococcus?

|a. |A |d. |D |

|b. |B |e. |none of these |

| c. |C | |

____ 116. A bacterial colony that is observed to survive and reproduce only when no air is around would be classified as which of the following?

|a. |obligate aerobe |d. |facultative anaerobe |

|b. |obligate anaerobe |e. |none of the above |

| c. |facultative aerobe | |

____ 117. The correct sequence from the most to the least comprehensive, of the taxonomic levels listed here is?

a. Family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus

b. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

c. Kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species

d. Phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus

e. Phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species

Evolution: Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

118. Your friend remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; as a result, its offspring inherited longer necks” Which statement is the best response to correct your friend’s misconception?

a. Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival.

b. Only favorable adaptations have survival value.

c. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes to its offspring.

d. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.

119. Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin’s original theory of evolution by natural selection?

a. Evolution is a gradual process that occurs over long periods of time.

b. Variation occurs among individuals in a population.

c. Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation.

d. More individuals are born than will survive.

e. Individuals that possess the most favorable variations have the best chance of reproducing.

120. The more closely related two different organisms are, the

a. more similar their habitats are

b. less similar their DNA sequences are

c. more recently they shared a common ancestor

d. less likely they are to have the same genes in common

121. For a given population that contains genetic variation and is under the influence of natural selection, what is the correct sequence of the following events?

|1 |Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring |

|2. |A change occurs in the environment. |

|3. |Genetic frequencies within the population change |

|4. |Poorly adapted individuals do not survive |

a. 2 -> 4 -> 1 -> 3

b. 2 -> 4 -> 3 -> 1

c. 4 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3

d. 4 -> 2 -> 3 -> 1

122. The studies of Darwin’s finches provided evidence that beak size:

|adjusted within a given year depending on nutrition status | |

|differences were the result of inherited changes in response to environmental selective pressures | |

|were completely random and no pattern was determined | |

|made no difference as to the food being eaten | |

123. Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?

a. By identifying the bones as being homologous

b. By the principle of convergent evolution

c. By proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor

d. A and C only

e. A, B, and C

124. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cannot fly, although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could do so?

a. Penguins live on land and feed in the water; therefore they have no need to fly.

b. The Antarctic home of penguins is flat and barren; therefore there is no place to fly.

c. Ancestral penguins without large wings were better able to swim and feed in the water; therefore they passed their genes for shorter wings structure onto their offspring.

d. Ancestral penguins did not use their wings for long periods of time; therefore today’s penguins have only tiny, nonfunctional wings.

e. The cold and wind of Antarctica make flight impossible; therefore penguins that live there have lost the ability to fly.

125. Microevolution, or evolution at its smallest scale, occurs when

a. an individual's traits change in response to environmental factors.

b. a community of organisms changes due to the extinction of several dominant species.

c. a new species arises from an existing species.

d. a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations.

126. Allopatric speciation occurs when:

a. one population of the same species is separated geographically and can no longer interbreed.

b. one population of different species are separated geographically and can no longer interbreed

c. two populations of different species within the same geographic area share a gene pool

d. two populations of the same species within the same geographic area share a gene pool

a. Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

a) Mechanical

b) Behavioural

c) Gametic

d) geographic

127. Genetic drift is increased by all of the following EXCEPT

a. small population size

b. bottleneck effects when the population size is greatly reduced, then recovers

c. founder effects when a small number of individuals are isolated and reproduce to form a new sub-population

d. movement of individuals representative of the population to start a new population.

128. The bones of a human arm are homologous to structures in all of the following EXCEPT a

a. whale flipper

b. bat wing

c. butterfly wing

d. bird wing

e. frog forelimb

129. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

a. similar amino acid sequences of hemoglobin in humans and chimpanzees

b. similar bones in the forelimbs of horses and bats

c. similar body shape of dolphins and fish

d. different beak shapes of Galapagos finches

e. similar plant species on islands and the nearest continent

130. Fossils of some intermediate forms have not been found because

a. new types of organisms can appear suddenly without progressive changes determined by natural selection

b. fossils are very rare; fossils of only a small fraction of all species have been found

c. all fossils are the same age

d. species produced by punctuated equilibrium do not leave fossils

131. the ages of many fossils are not calculated correctly

For some traits (such as birth weight in mammals), natural selection favors individuals that are average and the extremes are selected against. This is known as

a. diversifying selection

b. directional selection

c. adaptive radiation

d. disruptive selection

132. stabilizing selection

133. A species is defined as

a. a population of organisms similar in size, shape, and color

b. a group of organisms that live in the same habitat

c. a population of organisms that are able to interbreed

d. a population of organisms that have the same number of chromosomes

e. a population of organisms with a common ancestor

134. The studies of changes between black and light color in populations of the peppered moth show that

|natural selection can quickly change allele frequencies and common |[pic] |

|phenotypes in a population | |

|species can always adapt to environmental changes | |

|predators prefer light colored moths | |

|dark colored moths are physiologically superior to light colored moths | |

|natural selection produces irreversible changes | |

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