HUMAN “A Really High Hurdle” - Human Rights Watch
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
"A Really High Hurdle"
Japan's Abusive Transgender Legal Recognition Process
"A Really High Hurdle"
Japan's Abusive Transgender Legal Recognition Process
Copyright ?2019 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-37151 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez
Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all.
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MARCH 2019
ISBN: 978-1-6231-37151
"A Really High Hurdle"
Japan's Abusive Transgender Legal Recognition Process
Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1
Recommendations.............................................................................................................. 3 To the Ministry of Justice...........................................................................................................3 To the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ...............................................................................................4 To the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare .............................................................................4
Methodology...................................................................................................................... 5
I. Gender Identity and Legal Recognition ............................................................................ 7 Japan's Legal Gender Recognition System ................................................................................ 9 Mandatory Psychiatric Evaluation ........................................................................................... 14 Coerced Sterilization and Compulsory Surgery ........................................................................ 17 Age Restrictions...................................................................................................................... 21 Relationship Status and Parental Status Discrimination ..........................................................24
II. Impact of Japan's Legal Gender Recognition System ..................................................... 26 Access to Education ...............................................................................................................27 School Uniforms.............................................................................................................. 29 University Education ........................................................................................................30 Implications for Health Care, Employment, and Travel ............................................................. 31
III. Japan's Legal System's Treatment of Transgender People ........................................... 33 Court Cases ............................................................................................................................36
IV. International Law, Best Practices for Gender Recognition.............................................41 Implementation around the World ......................................................................................... 46 Rights of Trans Children ......................................................................................................... 49 Diagnostic Shifts ....................................................................................................................50
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ 52
Appendix 1 ....................................................................................................................... 53
Appendix 2....................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix 3....................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix 4 ....................................................................................................................... 74
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