Chapter 13 Section One - winthrop.k12.ma.us



Chapter 13 Section One

Vocabulary

Locarno agreement: A series of treaties that settled Germany’s borders with France, Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.

Kellogg-Briand Pact: An agreement signed by almost every independent nation in the world promising to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”.

IRA: The Irish republican Army carried out guerilla war against the British.

Commonwealth of Nations: Made up of Canada, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, former British colonies that became self-governing.

Leon Blum: A French Socialist leader.

Maginot Line: A series of fortifications built by the French along their border with Germany.

New Deal: A massive package of economic and social programs in the United States aimed at ending the Great Depression.

General strike: When many workers in different fields refused to do their jobs until their demands were met.

Chapter 13 Section One

Review Questions.

(a) What steps did the major powers take to protect the peace? (b) Why did these moves have limited effect?

Treaties were signed to settle borders, renounce war, and reduce the size of their navies. They also took part in the League of Nations. (b) The Kellogg-Briand pact was unenforceable and the League of Nations failed to stop aggression.

Explain how each of the following contributed to the Great Depression.

a) Overproduction: Factories produced more goods than people were able to buy. The imbalance contributed to the economic collapse.

b) Margin buying: Many investors bought stocks on Margin. When brokers called in the loans in 1929, financial panic occurred and stock prices crashed.

How did the great Depression affect political developments in the United States?

In response to the Great Depression, President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal.

Section Two Vocabulary

Marie Curie: A scientist who experimented with radioactivity.

T.S. Eliot: An American born poet who wrote The Wasteland.

Virginia Woolf: A British novelist who uses stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through their everyday lives.

James Joyce: An Irish novelist who wrote Finnegan’s Wake, a book that explored the mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout the novel.

Cubism: An artistic style that broke three dimensional objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.

Dada: An artistic revolt against civilization.

Bauhaus: A school in Germany that influenced architecture by blending science and technology.

Jazz Age: A period where popular music blended western harmonies with African rhythms

Stream of consciousness: When writers probe a character’s random thoughts and feelings without imposing logic and order.

Flapper: Women who rejected old ways of dress, fashion, and behavior.

Chapter 13 Section two Review Questions

Describe how the ideas of each of the following contributed to a sense of uncertainty in the postwar world.

a) Albert Einstein: His theories challenge long held beliefs about the universe, leading many to conclude that the universe is beyond human understanding.

b) Sigmund Freud: His ideas challenged faith in reason by suggesting that the unconscious mind drives much of human behavior.

(a) What themes did postwar writers stress?

(b) How did artists challenge older western traditions?

(a) They stressed the horrors of modern warfare, the blundering of political and military leaders, the spiritual emptiness of the modern world, the lack of deep convictions of young people, and people’s hidden thoughts.

(b) Artists challenge traditional styles by rejecting the need to reproduce the real world in their artwork. They instead used bold colors, distortions, abstract images, and dreamlike landscapes that bore little or no resemblance to the real world.

Describe three ways that women’s lives changed in the postwar period.

Labor saving devices in the home helped women with household chores. Women gained greater access to higher education. Women began pursuing opportunities outside of the home.

Chapter 13 Section Three Vocabulary

Black shirts: groups of Mussolini’s supporters who were against democracy and favored violent action.

Il Duce: Means “The Leader”, it was the title that Benito Mussolini gave himself.

(a)What problems did Italy face after World War One? (b) How did these problems help Mussolini win power?

Italy was faced with unemployment, a decline in trade, and a weak and divided government. (b) Mussolini promised to revive Rome’s greatness, end corruption and conflict between workers.

Describe two economic or social goals of Mussolini, and explain the action he took to achieve each goal.

Mussolini wanted to spur economic growth and bring an end to conflicts between workers and owners. To achieve these goals he brought the economy under state control, made strikes illegal, and allowed representatives of business, labor, and government to control various economic activities.

(a)What values did fascism promote? (b) List two similarities and two differences between fascism and communism.

(a)Fascism promoted values of action, violence, discipline, and blind loyalty to the state.

(b) Two similarities are that they both flourished during wartime/economic hard times and dictators assumed total control of the government.

Two differences are that communism called for a world revolution whereas fascism promoted nationalist goals. Communists found most of their support in the working class while fascists find support among the wealthy.

Chapter 13 Section Four Vocabulary

Ruhr Valley: A part of Germany rich in coal, seized by France after Germany fell behind on reparations payments.

Dawes Plan: A plan written by the U.S. to restructure Germany’s debt, and for France to withdraw from the Ruhr Valley.

Mein Kampf: The “holy book” of Nazi ideology. It was written by Adolf Hitler while he was in prison.

Third Reich: Hitler’s plan for Germany and the master race to dominate Europe for 1,000 years.

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Gestapo: Hitler’s secret police who arrested anyone that opposed him.

Nuremberg Laws: German laws that places severe restrictions on Jews.

Kristallnacht: Riots that take place in Germany in 1938 in which Nazi mobs attack Jewish communities all over Germany.

Nicholas Horthy: A military leader who overthrew the communist government in Hungary in 1919

Joseph Pilsudski: Became dictator of Poland in 1926.

Concentration camp: German detention centers for people considered to be enemies of the state.

Section Four Review Questions

How did the Weimar Republic pave the way for the rise of Hitler?

Germany experienced political disunity and economic disaster. People also blamed the republic for the Versailles Treaty. As a result, many Germans willingly turned to Hitler to restore German greatness.

(a) How did Hitler create a one-party dictatorship? (b) What racial and nationalistic ideas did the Nazis promote?

(a) He suspended civil rights, destroyed the Communists, and disbanded other political parties.

(b) The Nazis promoted the idea of a German master race that would dominate Europe for 1,000 years. They promoted extreme Anti-Semitism.

Why did dictators gain power in much of Eastern Europe?

Dictators gained power in much of Eastern Europe because the region had little experience with democratic government and because economic problems and ethnic tensions created instability.

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