Name________________________



Name________________________ Ms. Trout

Unit 3 Fertile/Coastal Crescent Part 2: Chapter 6 The Phoenicians and Hebrews

Lesson Essential Question 1 – Where are the important features/bodies of water on a map of Phoenicia and the Hebrew Kingdom?

A. Locate and label items on the Fertile/Coastal Crescent map.

Section 1: The Phoenicians (p. 101-106)

B. Where did the Phoenicians live? They lived in the northern part of Canaan (Phoenicia is the modern country of Lebanon.).

C. How do we know about the Phoenicians?

1. the Bible

2. the writings of other ancient peoples

3. the ruins of their cities and ships

Lesson Essential Question 2 – How did the Phoenicians contribute to trade?

The Growth of Trade (p. 102-103)

D. Where did the Phoenicians build their cities? They built them along a narrow stretch of land between the mountains and the sea.

E. Why did the Phoenicians turn to the sea to make a living? Although the land was rich, there was not enough to grow food for all the people, and because of this, many Phoenicians turned to the sea to make a living.

F. What material did the Phoenicians use to build their ships? They used cedar from the forests. It provided wood to build strong, fast ships.

G. What items did the Phoenicians trade? What did they trade these items for? The Phoenicians traded cedar logs, cloth, glass trinkets, and perfume for gold and other metals.

H. How did the Phoenician trade benefit Middle Eastern culture? The Phoenicians traveled to places no one else dared to go. They brought Middle Eastern culture to unexplored areas of the Mediterranean.

I. Define treaties: agreements between states or countries

J. How did the Phoenicians use treaties to their advantage? They signed treaties in which they promised to supply free shipments of goods to larger, more powerful neighbors. In return, the other countries agreed to guarantee Phoenician independence.

The Cities of Phoenicia (p. 103-104)

K. Why did Phoenicia never form a united country? Mountains separated one group of Phoenicians from another. They only contact they had was through narrow mountain passes. As a result, Phoenicia remained a bunch of independent city-states.

L. What were the largest and major cities of Phoenicia?

1. Tyre

2. Byblos

3. Beirut

4. Sidon

M. How did Phoenician city-states treat one another? Though the people of the Phoenician city-states spoke the same language and practiced the same religion, they didn’t always get along. They were often jealous of those making more profit.

N. What is murex? A shellfish that has a gland that creates the purple dye

O. How was murex important to the Phoenicians and Phoenician cities? Murex made Phoenicia an important cloth-dying center.

Gods and Goddesses (p. 104)

P. Describe Phoenician religion:

1. They believed in gods closely tied to nature.

2. Since they thought the gods met people only on hills and under trees, they worshiped only in these places at first.

3. Later, they built temples.

4. The Phoenicians believed in a life after death.

Carthage (p. 105)

Q. Define colonies: permanent settlements

R. Where and what was Carthage? Carthage was a famous Phoenician trading colony on the coast of North Africa.

The Alphabet (p. 105)

Lesson Essential Question 3 – How did the Phoenicians contribute to the development of the alphabet?

S. How did the Phoenicians spread the alphabet? Through trade, the Phoenicians spread ideas as well as goods. They did not invent the alphabet, but they did pass it on to other cultures.

T. How did the alphabet the Phoenicians used change over time?

1. At first, the Phoenicians used a system of picture writing.

2. However, it was difficult to keep records this way.

3. They looked for an easier writing system

4. They borrowed a simple version of Egyptian hieroglyphics from the people of the Canaanite towns that lay to the south.

5. By the time the Canaanite system of writing reached Phoenicia, it had become an alphabet.

6. The Canaanite system of writing had 22 symbols or letters.

7. The Phoenicians made the Canaanite alphabet their own.

8. They carried it to Europe where the Greeks and Romans borrowed it.

Section 2: The Hebrews (p. 106-114)

U. What was another name for Hebrews? Israelites

V. Describe the early Hebrews: They were nomadic, or wandering, herders. Some were traveling merchants.

The God of Abraham (p. 107)

Lesson Essential Question 4 – What major changes did the Hebrews make to religion?

W. How do we know about the Hebrews? The story of the Hebrews is written in the Bible.

X. Who was Yahweh? God

Y. What did He tell Abraham to do?

1. Yahweh, or God, told Abraham that he and his followers were to leave Ur and go to Canaan.

2. There, they were to worship and obey Yahweh as the one true god.

3. In exchange, Yahweh promised that the Hebrews and their descendents could always live in Canaan.

Z. What did most ancient people believe? Most people believed in many gods.

AA. What were those gods like? These gods behaved like humans but were more powerful.

AB. How was the Hebrew god different? Yahweh was different from other gods because He was not like humans. He did not get hungry or thirsty, marry, or have children. Yahweh did what was just and right.

AC. What happened when Abraham moved his family and they settled in Canaan? They raised flocks of sheep and grew wheat, figs, and olives. Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, had 12 sons. These 12 sons would each lead a different family group. These Hebrew groups became known as the 12 Hebrew tribes.

AD. Why did the Hebrews go to Egypt? A drought came and the Hebrews went to Egypt where they could get food.

Moses and the Ten Commandments (p. 109-110)

AE. What happened to the Hebrews in Egypt? They were enslaved.

AF. Who was Moses? Moses was a Hebrew leader about 600 years after they arrived in Egypt.

AG. According to Hebrew tradition, what were the steps to the end of Hebrew enslavement in Egypt?

1. Moses appeared before the pharaoh and told him to end Hebrew enslavement and let the Hebrews leave Egypt.

2. The pharaoh at first refused but later agreed.

3. Moses then led the Hebrews out of Egypt.

4. The pharaoh again changed his mind and led his army in pursuit.

5. According to the Bible, Yahweh parted the Red Sea to allow the Hebrews to cross.

6. They escaped into the Sinai Desert.

AH. What happened at Mount Sinai?

1. Moses received a message from God.

2. The Bible states that Yahweh told Moses that He would protect the Hebrews and lead them back to Canaan.

3. In return, the Hebrews were to renew the covenant, or agreement with Him.

4. They were to promise to obey certain laws, the most important of which became the Ten Commandments.

AI. What are some of the Ten Commandments?

1. They were to give their loyalty only to Yahweh.

2. They were not to worship any other gods or idols.

3. The Ten Commandments also said it was wrong to lie, steal, or murder, and people should honor their parents and respect other people’s property.

Lesson Essential Question 5 – How did the belief in one god affect how individuals treated one another?

AJ. Define social justice: Everyone has a right to be treated fairly.

AK. Why did the Hebrews use social justice? They believed God was just, and they should be just.

The Promised Land (p. 110, 112)

AL. Who was Joshua and what did he do? Joshua was the Hebrews’ new leader and a good general. He brought the Hebrews into the promised land.

AM. Describe the Hebrews life in Canaan.

1. The Hebrews became farmers and shepherds.

2. They copied the Canaanites’ tools and borrowed their alphabet.

3. Most Hebrews lived in one-room houses.

4. The room was divided in two, with one section slightly higher than the other.

5. During the day, people cooked and did other household chores on the lower level.

6. At night donkeys and goats bedded down in the lower level, while the family slept on the upper level.

Kings (p. 112)

AN. How were the Hebrews ruled after Joshua died? The 12 Hebrew tribes split apart. Each tribe was led by a council of elders. In times of crisis, a temporary leader called a judge settled disputes and led troops to battle.

AO. Who was Saul? Why was Saul important? Saul became the first king of the Hebrews after their return to Canaan.

AP. Who was David? Why was David important? David was the king after Saul.

1. He reunited the Hebrews and defeated the Canaanites.

2. He captured a Canaanite fortress and on that site established Jerusalem, the capital of the Hebrew kingdom.

3. David was a fine musician and wrote many psalms that can be found in the Bible.

4. Define psalms: sacred songs

AQ. Who was Solomon? Why was he important? Solomon was the son of David.

1. Through trade and treaties, Solomon made the Hebrew kingdom more powerful.

2. He built a large temple in Jerusalem.

RR. What happened after Solomon died? The Hebrews in the northern part of the country set up their own separate kingdom called Israel. A southern kingdom, which was ruled from Jerusalem, became known as Judah.

The Prophets (p. 112-113)

AS. Define prophet: persons claiming to have messages from god

AT. What did the prophets warn? The prophets reminded the Hebrews of their duty to God and to one another. They warned the Hebrews that Yahweh would punish them if they did not return to His ways.

AU. Did the people listen to the prophets? What happened? The people did not listen. Powerful neighbors came in and took over. The Israelites disappeared. The Judeans were forced to move to Babylonia.

AV. What happened to the Hebrews in Babylon?

1. While in Babylon, the Judeans, or Jews, made many changes to their religion.

2. Having lost their temple at Jerusalem, they had to find some other way to worship God.

3. They began meeting in small groups on the Sabbath.

4. Define sabbath: day of rest

AW. What happened once the Hebrews were back in their homeland?

1. They rebuilt Jerusalem and the temple.

2. Under a scribe named Ezra, they wrote down the laws of Moses in five books.

3. Define Torah: The laws of Moses in five books.

4. Other writings were added later to make the Old Testament of the Bible.

Major Contributions (p. 114)

AX. What were two Hebrew contributions?

a. The belief in one god

b. Define monotheism – Belief in one god

c. The fair treatment of all people in a society (social justice)

**Additional Notes Not in Book**

AY. Define synagogue – Jewish house of worship and the center of Jewish education and social life

AZ. Define Rabbi – an ordained Jewish religious leader, means my teacher

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download