Understanding God’s Love, Mercy & Grace Series



|Don Pickney Ministries / AGREE Internationa Media |

|Understanding God’s Love, Mercy & Grace Series |

|The Response of God’s Love & Grace Expressed Individually to Believers |

| |

|© 2012 Dr. Don G. Pickney |

|7/19/2012 |

In this Document You Will Find Parts One, Two & Three of this Series

The Response of God’s Love & Grace Expressed Individually to Believers

(Understanding God’s Love, Mercy & Grace Series ) with Dr. Don G. Pickney ©

Part One

Grace is a manifestation of God’s love for us. Talking about God’s grace is no sign of our love for Him. Our obedience to Christ’s commandments (His words) is a manifestation of our love for Him. Beware of the motive of the person who speaks constantly of God’s “grace” to us through Christ without invoking a love from us of Him.

1. God’s love and grace to us individually comes from an individual reaction from us that releases a subsequent response of pleasure from Him. God’s grace manifests from His pleasure when we believe on His Son. “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believes in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.”

A. While God wishes to gift His grace to all, His grace does not automatically flow to everyone.

B. “Grace” to humanity becomes available from God when we do the thing required that pleases Him.

C. Therefore, experiencing “grace” first requires an action on our part. God’s “gift of grace” is a commodity of His “joy, pleasure, gratification, favor, acceptance, kindness, thanks and gratitude.” (Complete Word Study Dictionary)

2. “Grace” is the result of an overflowing of love and affection from God, and His subsequent desire to show His pleasure in measurable benefits. Therefore “grace” is God’s favor expressed through tangible, valuable bestowments (gifts).

3. To have God’s grace towards us, we must respond in a manner that pleases Him. While God has and reveals an overall love for humanity, His love and grace to us individually varies according to how we respond in relationship to His Son, Jesus.

John 14:21, 23-24 KJV “He that hath my commandments [ ἔντολή entolḗ; gen. entolḗs, fem. noun from entéllomai (to enjoin: - (give) charge, (give) command(-ments),), to charge, command. Commandment,], and keeps them, he it is that loves me: and he that loves me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him… If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him. (24) He that loveth me not keepeth not my sayings: and the word which ye hear is not mine, but the Father's which sent me.”

2John 1:6 MSG “Love means following his commandments [as laid down in the sayings of Jesus], and his unifying commandment is that you conduct your lives in love [obeying Christ’s words]. This is the first thing you heard, and nothing has changed.”

1John 5:3 AMP “For the [true] love of God is this: that we do His commands [keep His (Christ’s) ordinances and are mindful of His precepts and teaching]. And these orders of His are not irksome (burdensome, oppressive, or grievous).”

4. Mercy (God extending Himself beyond what He has promised to do) is a sovereign action of God in which He bestows “a favor” but not as the result of His response of “joy, pleasure, gratification, etc. whereas “grace” is a distinct beneficial response from God for an action on our part, invoking His pleasure. God’s mercy was given to Adam (as sponsor of the human race) after that he had sinned.

5. Do not confuse the action on our part of acceptance of God’s Son (and his commandments) with occupying ourselves in doing things to impress God with self-righteousness. While God’s “grace” is His response to a distinct action on our part, it cannot be earned or merited by works (Gr. Ergo – labor (as an occupation); toil or performance of a personal act to impress or draw favor). Yet Grace is God’s response of pleasure to an action on our part (specifically His being pleased and thus desiring to pour out His pleasure in measurable ways), yet not just any action, i.e. your personally created efforts to please Him, but rather singularly His pleasure of your developing love for and acceptance of His Son, Jesus Christ, and the measure of your love for Jesus by keeping his words; words which, when obeyed, lead to maturity and a highly developed relationship with Him, and with the Father through the Holy Spirit.

6. Therefore, the measure of God’s “grace” flowing to us is always in proportion to the development of our love for, and acceptance of, the Lord Jesus Christ – and nothing else, e.g. the more we manifest our love for Jesus (through acceptance of His words), the more the Father pours out His love and grace to us.

A. He loved us enough to give His only begotten son;

B. The gift of His love for us caused a response in us to consider and accept His Son, Jesus;

C. Thus, we love Him because (as a reaction to the fact that) He first loved us.

D. A measure of God’s love towards us, of His grace, is manifested in salvation when we accept Jesus.

E. When we make the decision to put our trust in Christ (accept Jesus as Savior and Lord), the Holy Spirit gives us a gift of faith (convinces us of our need for Christ, and the measure of faith to complete our trust) that we are saved.

7. Grace towards us from God continues to be multiplied through our developed relationship with Jesus, through obedience to His (Jesus’) words of instruction to us, and His personal commandments. The more we keep His (Jesus’) words, the more the love of the Father is poured out upon us, and grace increases in our lives. We do not get manifold measures of God’s love and grace by “trying hard” to experience or receive it. It comes through the simplicity of loving not our own lives (ways, means, dispositions, etc.) and finding expression of that love through a simple obedience to His (Christ’s) Words.

The Response of God’s Love & Grace Expressed Individually to Believers

(Understanding God’s Love, Mercy & Grace Series) With Dr. Don G. Pickney ©

(Part Two)

A. Agape (Love of God) – God’s Character revealed in an act of the will in doing what will bring the highest good to another.

The Three Truth Principles of Agape (Love of God):

1. Agape (Love) is doing what will bring the highest good to God;

2. Agape (Love) is doing what will bring the highest good to a fellow-man, in light of, and without compromising what will bring the highest Good to God;

3. Agape (Love) is doing what will bring the highest good to one’s self, without compromising what will bring the highest good to a fellow-man, in light of, and without compromising what will bring the highest good to God.

Agape (noun) (the object of God’s doing what will bring the highest good) comes out of Agapao (verb), an action of God in response to something (an object, ideal, characteristic of another that pleases Him to respond in favor). When He created the world, and saw what He had created, He found pleasure in it (“it was good”). When He eventually completed His creation of Adam (both male and female), and saw what He had created, He found even greater pleasure in it (“it was very good”).

John 3:16 “God so loved (Agapao) the world that he gave…” gave what? A universal gift (Agape), equal to all who would believe on His Son! God’s love never compromises what will bring the highest good. Luke 2:13-14 KJV “And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, (14) Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men (humankind).” It brought the highest good to God to make peace (through Jesus Christ) with humanity.

The difference in God’s expression of love towards us on a personal level:

1. God rewards our doing what will bring the highest good to Him, by expressing it in agapao (love), (Gr) “a direction of the will from finding one's joy in something or someone.”

2. Therefore, while God’s “agape” (love) is equal towards every person, His “agapao” finds its expression in varying levels of response through the direction of his will from finding His joy in a specific person.”

3. Thus, the meaning of 2Corinthians 9:6-8, 2Co 9:6-8 KJV “But this I say, He which sows sparingly shall reap also sparingly; and he which sows bountifully shall reap also bountifully. (7) Every man according as he purposes in his heart, so let him give; not grudgingly, or of necessity: for God loves a cheerful giver. (8) And God is able to make all grace abound toward you; that ye, always having all sufficiency in all things, may abound to every good work.” (Notice the measure of grace expressed as a result of “God’s love for a cheerful giver:” All grace, as different from a lesser measure of grace!)

(Amplified Translation) 2Co 9:6-8 AMP “[Remember] this: he who sows sparingly and grudgingly will also reap sparingly and grudgingly, and he who sows generously [that blessings may come to someone] will also reap generously and with blessings. (7) Let each one [give] as he has made up his own mind and purposed in his heart, not reluctantly or sorrowfully or under compulsion, for God loves (He takes pleasure in, prizes above other things, and is unwilling to abandon or to do without) a cheerful (joyous, ``prompt to do it") giver [whose heart is in his giving]. [Prov. 22:9.] (8) And God is able to make all grace (every favor and earthly blessing) come to you in abundance, so that you may always and under all circumstances and whatever the need be self-sufficient [possessing enough to require no aid or support and furnished in abundance for every good work and charitable donation].”

B. Grace to a specific Christian believer is an expression of God’s Agapao (love), not his Agape (love) which was extended in an act of Grace through Mercy in the offering of His son, Jesus Christ to lost humanity.

1. It is important not to confuse God’s Grace to humanity (the world) as an act of Agape (love) and Mercy (in offering Christ’s salvation to all who would accept Him) with Christian Agapao (love) and Grace (favor of God)as an expression of His joy and pleasure stemming from our response to Him (to Christ and the Apostles words and commandments given to us as Christian believers).

2. A great disservice is done when one just preaches the same measure of Grace (favor) to the lost coming to Christ and the levels of Grace (favor) flowing the believer in Christ.

C. Love and Affection for God and His Son Jesus Christ –

Phileo (Love) – φιλέω philéō; contracted philṓ, fut. philḗsō, from phílos (G5384), loved, dear, friend, to love, indicating feelings, warm affection, the kind of love expressed by a kiss (phílēma).

Phileo (love) is expressed in scripture as may be man’s love for God, for Jesus Christ as pertains to their relationship with Him on a personal level, and for others, but used to express God’s love for man, only in response to man’s relationship with His Son, also made once from God of Christ (See John 5:20 discussed in an upcoming paragraph). The conclusion is that Phileo (love) is of for the flesh of the human experience, stemming from no divine influence or impartation, yet was found to be, if not pleasing, acceptable to Jesus (perhaps as a product of his experience in His flesh and in John 5:20, the Father’s comfort for Jesus specific to his human experience).

The Complete Word Study Dictionary – Phileo - In John_21:15-16, it is a statement by Peter to Jesus and in verse seventeen it is only a question by Jesus to Peter. In verses fifteen and sixteen while Jesus was asking Peter, Agapás me? "Do you love me?" (a.t.) Peter was answering, Philṓ se, "I am your friend" (a.t.). In verse seventeen for the third time Jesus asked Peter, but this time He said, Phileís me?, "Are you my friend?" (a.t.). Jesus indeed makes us His friends in His great condescension.

In the first question of Jesus to Peter in John 21:15, there is the comparison of love (agápē) toward Himself versus love toward material things, possibly the fish and bread which all were eating. The expression "more than these" may very well refer to the love of the other disciples present (John_21:2). Jesus was asking whether Peter's love was greater than that of the other disciples. In this question of Jesus to Peter in John 21:15 there is also the comparison of love (agápē) toward Himself versus the love of the other disciples present (John 21:2). Again Jesus was asking whether Peter's love was greater than that of the other disciples. Peter in his answer used the expression sú oídas hóti philṓ se, "thou knowest [oída to know intuitively] that I am your friend [philéo ]" (a.t.). That was an upgrading by Peter of his devotion to Christ. The Lord, however, intuitively knew that Peter had not accepted His determination to die while He could avoid death (Matt 16:22-23). Not only did Peter not acknowledge Jesus as his friend, but denied that he even knew Him (Matt 26:69-75), even as Jesus had predicted Peter would (Matt 26:31-35). The Lord did not accept Peter's self- upgraded love from agápē (G26) to philía, friendship. We love (agapáō) God because He first loved us (1John 4:10). But none of us, especially Peter, earn the right to declare ourselves friends (phílos) of God. He alone can declare us as such, even as He did Abraham (James 2:23), and as Jesus elevated the Father’s friendship towards us in John 16:27 “For the Father himself loves (philía) you, because you have loved (philía) me, and have believed that I came out from God.” Notice that you become a friend of God by becoming a friend in close relationship with Jesus.

The second question Jesus asked Peter was not the same as the first. It was not a question of comparison. He did not ask Peter, "Do you love [agapáō] me more than these?" but simply "Do you love me [agapáō]?”

The third question of Jesus to Peter was different, "Do you love me [philéō, Are you my friend]?" (a.t.). Are your interests, now that you have seen Me risen from the dead, different than before the resurrection? Peter became sorrowful because he understood the deeper meaning of Jesus' question (John 21:17). His answer utilized two similar, but distinct verbs, oída, to know intuitively, and ginṓskō , to know experientially: "Lord, thou knowest, [oídas, intuitively] all things. Thou knowest [gínṓskeis, know experientially] that I love thee [philṓ, that I am now your friend]." When it comes to the expression of the love of the Father God to the Son God, both verbs, agapáō and philéō, are used. John 3:35 states, "The Father loveth [agapá] the Son and hath given all things into his hand." In John 5:20 we read, "For the Father loveth [phileí] the Son, and showeth him all things that himself doeth."

Agape and never philéō is used of love toward our enemies. The range of philéō is wider than that of agape which stands higher than philéō because of its moral import, i.e., love that expresses compassion. We are thus commanded to love (agape) our enemies, to do what is necessary to turn them to Christ, but never to befriend them (philéō) by adopting their interests and becoming friends on the level of their nature and character.

The Response of God’s Love & Grace Expressed Individually to Believers

(Understanding God’s Love, Mercy & Grace Series) With Dr. Don G. Pickney ©

(Part Three)

A. Agapáō – a verb – demonstrating the “flowing of love” from God that renders a “Special Currency” of God’s Grace.

1. Agapáō is a greater dimension of God’s love – The primary difference in “agápē “ and “agapáō is found in its motivation. In his published material, Synonyms of the New Testament, circa 1880, Richard Trench (now reprinted by Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI, ©1985) states, “agapáō stems from choice and selection, seeing in the object upon whom it is bestowed a worthiness of its special regard.” In simpler terms, agápē is a release of goodwill towards a person out of a moral heart of responsibility, (including our enemies) whereas agapáō is a release of goodwill in response to something from which respect and special regard is worthy. Agápē always has mercy as its underlying strength. Agapáō is always flowing from the response to being pleased, and the subsequent joy. In agapáō, the acts of goodwill become “a currency” in response to the pleasure of something done or a quality or trait within someone… in type, it is a remuneration from the heart rendered out of special regard, a kind of “well done” or “I am well-pleased” token of the heart granted in the form of favor and blessing.

Anglican theologian O. C. Quick cautions that agape (a noun) within human experience is "a very partial and rudimentary realization," and that "in its pure form, whether exercised by God or the Christian believer, it is essentially divine." Quick suggests that, “If we could imagine the love of one who loves men purely for their own sake, and not because of any need or desire of his own, purely desires their good, and yet loves them wholly, not for what at this moment they are, then we should have in our minds some true image of the love of the Father and Creator for fallen humanity.”

Thus, while it was His unconditional Agápē love that moved God to offer a redemption after Adam had sinned, yet it was agapáō (a very conditional flowing of love, resulting from God’s pleasure of only those who accept His Son Jesus) that is expressed in the announcement of salvation in John 3:16 “God so loved (agapáō)… that he (both gave and offered to the world His Son, that (not “whosoever,”) but “whosoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.” Mark’s gospel makes this condition of agapáō starkly clear - Mark 16:16 MSG “Whoever believes and is baptized is saved; whoever refuses to believe is damned.)

As demonstrated here, the unconditional love (Agápē) made the “offer” of salvation available to everyone equally (every human being) with no prerequisites for who might be able to accept the offer, yet, the offer itself held within it the flowing of a conditional love (agapáō) bringing salvation, a response merited by God’s pleasure of the required acceptance of His Son. In this case, as is often demonstrated, both Agápē and agapáō are applicable.

It is possible to love someone unconditionally in the dimension of Agápē (such as your spouse, child, close friend, etc.) and still find occasion to have a special (in some cases, a momentary) flowing of agapáō that is the response of pleasure stemming from the actions or character of one with whom there is already the unconditional dimension of Agápē. Every parent has had times when the action of a child brought displeasure, and possibly even disciplinary actions rather than a reward, e.g. “Just for that, I’m taking you to get some ice cream!” yet in the absence of agapáō (a reward response from pleasure, joy, etc.) there was still the ever-abiding Agápē love that knows no condition, a goodwill that forever only desires what will bring the highest good.

We see this in the biblical relationship of God towards his children. God could unconditionally love (Agápē - goodwill for the very best for someone), yet be displeased, and thereby have no response of pleasure bringing special favor (rather momentary disfavor) towards one of His own, i.e. while you could never stop loving (wanting the very best for) your child, yet you could have a period of displeasure affecting the conditions of your relationship, e.g. personal discipline, withholding your pleasure of them.

a. 1Peter 1:1-2, 9-12 AMP “PETER, AN apostle (a special messenger) of Jesus Christ, [writing] to the elect… (2) Who were chosen and foreknown by God the Father and consecrated (sanctified, made holy) by the Spirit… (9) Never return evil for evil or insult for insult (scolding, tongue-lashing, berating), but on the contrary blessing [praying for their welfare, happiness, and protection, and truly pitying and loving them]… that you may yourselves inherit a blessing [from God--that you may obtain a blessing as heirs, bringing welfare and happiness and protection]. (10) For let him (God’s elect ones) who wants to enjoy life and see good days keep his tongue free from evil and his lips from guile (treachery, deceit). (11) Let him turn away from wickedness and shun it, and let him do right. Let him search for peace (harmony; undisturbedness from fears, agitating passions, and moral conflicts) and seek it eagerly. [Do not merely desire peaceful relations with God, with your fellowmen, and with yourself, but pursue, go after them!] (12) For the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous (those elect who are upright (both doing right and in right standing with God), and His ears are attentive to their prayer. But the face of the Lord is against those (to whom this writing is made, the elect) who practice evil [to oppose them, to frustrate, and defeat them].”

Keep in mind, the actions of the disobedient in the above example, do not cut them off from being “elect,” as they are still in the family and have that unconditional love, yet the grace flowing from God’s pleasure of them is temporarily cut off by his very displeasure of their actions.

2. John 8:29 MSG “The One who sent me stays with me. He doesn't abandon me. He sees how much joy I take in pleasing him." KJV “And he that sent me is with me: the Father hath not left me alone; for I do always those things that please him.”

a. 1Thess 4:1-8 NLT “Finally, dear brothers and sisters, we urge you in the name of the Lord Jesus to live in a way that pleases God, as we have taught you. You live this way already, and we encourage you to do so even more. (2) For you remember what we taught you by the authority of the Lord Jesus. (3) God's will is for you to be holy… and live in holiness and honor… (7) God has called us to live holy lives, not impure lives. (8) Therefore, anyone who refuses to live by these rules is not disobeying human teaching but is rejecting God, who gives His Holy Spirit to you.”

b. Col 1:10 AMP That you may walk (live and conduct yourselves) in a manner worthy of the Lord, fully pleasing to Him and desiring to please Him in all things, bearing fruit in every good work and steadily growing and increasing in and by the knowledge of God [with fuller, deeper, and clearer insight, acquaintance, and recognition].

c. Heb 11:6 MSG “It's impossible to please God apart from faith. And why? Because anyone who wants to approach God must believe both that he exists and that he cares enough to respond to those who seek him.”

3. Grace from agapáō responds to, acknowledges, and rewards good works, deeds and obedience, resulting from faith, which brings pleasure to the Lord Jesus and the Father God.

a. Heb 10:35-36 AMP “Do not, therefore, fling away your fearless confidence, for it carries a great and glorious compensation of reward. (36) For you have need of steadfast patience and endurance, so that you may perform and fully accomplish the will of God, and thus receive and carry away [and enjoy to the full] what is promised.”

b. James 2:17-22 MSG “Isn't it obvious that God-talk without God-acts is outrageous nonsense? (18) I can already hear one of you agreeing by saying, "Sounds good. You take care of the faith department, I'll handle the works department." Not so fast. You can no more show me your works apart from your faith than I can show you my faith apart from my works. Faith and works, works and faith, fit together hand in glove. (19) Do I hear you professing to believe in the one and only God, but then observe you complacently sitting back as if you had done something wonderful? That's just great. Demons do that, but what good does it do them? (20) Use your heads! Do you suppose for a minute that you can cut faith and works in two and not end up with a corpse on your hands? (21) Wasn't our ancestor Abraham "made right with God by works" when he placed his son Isaac on the sacrificial altar? (22) Isn't it obvious that faith and works are yoked partners, that faith expresses itself in works? That the works are ‘works of faith’?”

4. Grace from agapáō, as favor from God, may be gifted, or measured, increased, and stored up much like “currency” in the bank is able to be drawn upon when needed.

a. Acts 10:1-4 AMP “ NOW [living] at Caesarea there was a man whose name was Cornelius, a centurion (captain) of what was known as the Italian Regiment, (2) A devout man who venerated God and treated Him with reverential obedience, as did all his household; and he gave much alms to the people and prayed continually to God. (3) About the ninth hour (about 3:00 p.m.) of the day he saw clearly in a vision an angel of God entering and saying to him, Cornelius! (4) And he, gazing intently at him, became frightened and said, What is it, Lord? And the angel said to him, Your prayers and your [generous] gifts to the poor have come up [as a sacrifice] to God and have been remembered by Him.”

b. Philippians 4:15-19 AMP “And you Philippians yourselves well know that in the early days of the Gospel ministry, when I left Macedonia, no church (assembly) entered into partnership with me and opened up [a debit and credit] account in giving and receiving except you only. (16) For even in Thessalonica you sent [me contributions] for my needs, not only once but a second time. (17) Not that I seek or am eager for [your] gift, but I do seek and am eager for the fruit which increases to your credit [the harvest of blessing that is accumulating to your account]. (18) But I have [your full payment] and more; I have everything I need and am amply supplied, now that I have received from Epaphroditus the gifts you sent me… (19) And my God will liberally supply (fill to the full) your every need according to His riches in glory in Christ Jesus.”

c. 2Cor 9:6-10 AMP “[Remember] this: he who sows sparingly and grudgingly will also reap sparingly and grudgingly, and he who sows generously [that blessings may come to someone] will also reap generously and with blessings. (7) Let each one [give] as he has made up his own mind and purposed in his heart, not reluctantly or sorrowfully or under compulsion, for God loves (He takes pleasure in, prizes above other things, and is unwilling to abandon or to do without) a cheerful (joyous, ``prompt to do it") giver [whose heart is in his giving]. [Prov. 22:9.] (8) And God is able to make all grace (every favor and earthly blessing) come to you in abundance, so that you may always and under all circumstances and whatever the need be self-sufficient [possessing enough to require no aid or support and furnished in abundance for every good work and charitable donation]. (9) As it is written, He [the benevolent person] scatters abroad; He gives to the poor; His deeds of justice and goodness and kindness and benevolence will go on and endure forever! [Ps. 112:9.] (10) And [God] Who provides seed for the sower and bread for eating will also provide and multiply your [resources for] sowing and increase the fruits of your righteousness [which manifests itself in active goodness, kindness, and charity]. “

d. Mark 10:29-30 AMP Jesus said, Truly I tell you, there is no one who has given up and left house or brothers or sisters or mother or father or children or lands for My sake and for the Gospel's (30) Who will not receive a hundred times as much now in this time--houses and brothers and sisters and mothers and children and lands, with persecutions--and in the age to come, eternal life.

It is in light of this, that the Apostle Paul strived to “please the Lord Jesus.” Knowing the Lord’s desire to have this pleasure with His people, Paul labored to give that to Him, also aware that, in return, he (Paul) would receive very special rewards from the Master.

Col_2:18 “Let no man beguile you of your reward… (3:14) Knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ.”

1Cor 9:24-27 “You've all seen the athletes race. Everyone runs; but not everyone wins. We run to win. (25) Every outstanding athlete trains hard. They do it for a temporal gold medal that tarnishes. You're after an eternal one. (26 I'm giving it everything I've got. No sloppy living for me! (27) I'm staying alert and in top condition. I'm not going to get caught napping, telling everyone else all about it and then missing out on the prize myself.”

2Co 5:9 AMP “Therefore, whether we are at home [on earth away from Him] or away from home [and with Him], we are constantly ambitious and strive earnestly to be pleasing to Him.”

Paul told the believers, “You are not alone in this race! Yet, God will not just do it for you… it is a partnership.”

Philippians 2:13-16 AMP “[Not in your own strength] for it is God Who is all the while effectually at work in you [energizing and creating in you the power and desire], both to will and to work for His good pleasure and satisfaction and delight. (14) Do all things without grumbling and faultfinding and complaining [against God] and questioning and doubting [among yourselves], (15) That you may show yourselves to be blameless and guileless, innocent and uncontaminated, children of God without blemish (faultless, unrebukable) in the midst of a crooked and wicked generation [spiritually perverted and perverse], among whom you are seen as bright lights (stars or beacons shining out clearly) in the [dark] world, (16) Holding out [to it] and offering [to all men] the Word of Life, so that in the day of Christ I may have something of which exultantly to rejoice and glory in that I did not run my race in vain or spend my labor to no purpose.”

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