Early High School



Industrial RevolutionDaily Lecture and Discussion NotesEndI. Industrial RevolutionA. It was a period during which machinery and technology changed how people worked and produced goods. This was the change from making things by hand to making them by machine.B. The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s in Britain. C. The Industrial Revolution took hold in the United States in New England around 1800.1. Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run machinery in factories.2. New England was near needed resources, such as coal and iron from Pennsylvania and therefore had an advantage.3. The shipping conflicts before and during the War of 1812, created a need to make goods in the United States. New England shipped cotton from the Southern states and sent the finished cloth to markets throughout the nation.II. CapitalismA. Capitalism played a large part in the development of different industries. People put up capital, or their own money, for a new business in the hopes to make a profit, too.B. With the growth of industry came free enterprise. People are open to buy, sell, or produce anything of their choosing as well as work wherever they want. C. Competition, profit, private property, and economic freedom are all aspects of a free enterprise. D. Everyone has Social Mobility or the chance to move to a higher class in the economyIII. Textile IndustryA. Textile industry is the production of clothB. The Industrial Revolution could not have taken place without the invention of new machines and new technology or the scientific discoveries that made work easier.1. Britain created machinery and methods that changed the textile industry with inventions such as the spinning jenny and the water frame that spun cotton into thread, 2. The power loom that wove the thread into cloth.3. Most mills were built near rivers because the new machines ran on waterpower. However in 1785 the steam engine provided power for a cotton mill.IV. Factory SystemA. The factory system, or bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof, began here. This was an important part of the Industrial Revolution because it changed the way goods were made and increased efficiency.B. The technology of making interchangeable parts made it possible to produce many types of goods in large quantities. It also reduced the cost of manufacturing goods. In 1798 Eli Whitney devised this method to make 10,000 rifles in two years for the United States government. He was able to make huge quantities of identical pieces that could replace one another. The invention led to a new type of production called C. Mass production is where a product was created along an Assembly Line and each person did the same job over and over.V. Growth of CitiesA. Cities and towns grew as a result of the growth of factories and trade. Many developed along rivers and streams to use the waterpower. Cities such as New York, Boston, andBaltimore became centers of commerce and trade. Towns such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville became profitable from their proximity to major rivers.B. Cities and towns did not look like those today. Buildings were wood or brick. Streets were unpaved. Animals roamed freely.C. Problems of Cities1. Because there were no sewers and animals roamed freely the danger of diseases such as cholera and yellow fever grew.2. Fires could spread easily and could be disastrous.D. Why people moved to the cities1. Cities offered many types of shops, jobs, a steady income, and cultural opportunities.2. Many people left their farms and moved to the cities for the city life.VII. New England Factories A. Britain would not share the advances in technology. All factory workers and apprentices were required to sign an oath not to discuss the machinery. Designers and workers were not allowed to leave the country.B. Samuel Slater was able to copy the design of a machine invented by Richard Arkwright of Britain that spun cotton threads. Slater memorized the design while in Britain, came to the United States in 1789, and established Slater’s Mill.C. Slater’s Mill was located in Pawtucket, Rhode IslandD. Lowell’s Mill, another textile plant in Waltham, Massachusetts, was established in 1814. “Lowell Girls” did the work at the factory and were housed in dorm rooms near the plant.E. Women were discriminated against in the mills and factories even though they played a major role in the development of industry. They worked for less pay, were excluded from unions, and were kept out of the workplace to make more jobs for men. The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization in Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature for a 10-hour day in 1845. The legislature did not even consider the petition signed only by women.F. Working conditions worsened as factories grew. Employees worked an average 11.4-hour day, often under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. No laws existed to regulate working conditions or to protect workers.VIII. Moving West A. In 1790 most of the nearly 4 million people of the United States lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and near the Atlantic coast. In 1820 the population had more than doubled to about 10 million with almost 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains.B. Travel west was difficult. A pioneer family faced many hardships along the way.C. Good inland roads were needed. 1. Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads. In 1803, when Ohio became a state, it asked the federal government to build a road to connect it to the East.2. Congress approved a National Road to the West in 1806, but because of the War of 1812, roadwork stopped. The first section from Maryland to western Virginia opened in 1818, and years later it reached Ohio and then on to Illinois.D. Some people traveled along the rivers, loading all their belongings onto barges. 1. Travel was more comfortable by boat than on bumpy roads. 2. Some difficulties were thata. Traveling upstream, against the flow of the current, was slow and difficultb. Most major rivers flow in a north-south not east-west directionE. Steamboats provided a faster means of river travel. 1. In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a steamboat with a newly designed powerful engine. The 150-mile trip from New York to Albany was shortened from 4 days to 32 hours. 2. Steamboats improved the transport of people and goods. Shipping became cheaper and faster. River cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis also grew.F. Canals are artificial waterways built by man. Traveling the existing river system would not tie the East with the West, so a New York business and government group planned to link New York City with the Great Lakes region by building a canal. This artificial waterway across New York State would connect Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. Dewitt Clinton was the planner of the Erie Canal. The 363-mile canal, called the Erie Canal, was built by thousands of workers. A series of locks to raise and lower ships to different water levels was used to move ships along the canal where water levels changed. Early on, steamboats could not use the canal because their powerful engines might damage the embankments. Teams of mules and horses on the shore pulled the boats and barges. In the 1840s, the canal’s banks were reinforced to accommodate steam tugboats.As a result of the success of the Erie Canal, by 1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals. They lowered shipping costs and brought growth and prosperity to towns along their routes. These canals also helped unite the country, tying the East and West together.G. Advances in transportation sparked the success of many new industries.1. Robert Fulton’s steamboat, developed in 1807, enabled goods and passengers to move along the inland waterways more cheaply and quickly. Canal builders widened and deepened the canals in the 1840s so steamboats could pass through. Steamboats created the growth of cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo.2. Clipper, or sailing, ships were built in the 1840s to go faster, almost as fast assteamships. They could travel an average of 300 miles per day.3. The first steam-powered locomotive, the Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829. Peter Cooper designed and built the first American steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, in 1830.4. A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles of track-linked cities in the North and Midwest. Railway builders tied the eastern lines to lines built farther west so that by 1860, a network united the East and the Midwest. Railways transformed trade and settlement in the nation’s interior. IX. American Technology and Industry A. Industrialization changed the way Americans worked, traveled, and communicated. In the North, manufacturers made products by dividing tasks among workers. They built factories to bring specialized workers together. Products could be made more quickly. The factory workers used machinery to do some of the work faster and more efficiently.B. New Inventions and Inventors1. In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. One worker using the machine could clean cotton as fast as 50 people working by hand. Cotton production in the south increased from 3,000 bales a year to 300,000 bales a year.2. Mass production (making the product in large quantities) of cotton textiles began in New England after Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846. By 1860 factories in the Northeast produced about two thirds of the country’s manufactured goods.3. People needed to communicate faster to keep up with the industrial growth and faster travel methods. Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844. It used electric signals to send messages along wires. To transmit messages, Morse developed the Morse code, using a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet. By 1860 the United States had constructed more than 50,000 miles of telegraph lines.4. The patent law passed in 1790 protected the rights of people who created inventions. A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time.5. Bessemer Steel Process – Developed by William Kelly and Henry Bessemer in the mid-1800s. The process used blasts of cold air to burn off impurities from heated iron. Steel could be made more cheaply, and steel production soared. Cheap, durable steel became the basis for other industrial advances. (Steel train rails lasted longer, bigger, heavier bridges and buildings could be built, new machinery)D. Improvements in Agriculture Farmers were able to sell their products in new markets as a result of the railroads and canals. With the Erie Canal and railway network between the East and West, grain, livestock, and dairy products moved directly from the Midwest to the East. Prices were lower because goods traveled faster and more cheaply. People settled into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and as the population of the states grew, new towns and industry developed in the Midwest.New inventions changed farming methods and also encouraged settlers to develop larger areas in the West thought to be too difficult to farm.1. John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in 1837. Its steel-tipped blade cutthrough hard soil more easily than previous plows, which used wood blades.2. The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. Cyrus McCormick designed and constructed it and made a fortune manufacturing and selling it. The mechanical reaper harvested grain four times faster than men using handheld sickles. Farmers began planting more wheat because they could harvest it faster. Growing wheat became profitable.3. The thresher separated the grain from the stalk.E. Midwestern farmers grew large quantities of wheat and shipped it east. Farmers in theNortheast and Middle Atlantic states increased production of fruits and vegetables because they grew well in Eastern soil. ................
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