Tangipahoa Parish School Board
Name___________________________________________ Date___________________ Hour_____________A & P Ch. 14: Lymphatic/Immune System NotesIntroductionThe ___________________________ is closely associated with cardiovascular system because it includes a network of vessels that assist in circulating body fluids.____________________________ transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces (small, narrow spaces between tissues or parts of an organ) and return it to the bloodstream. _________________ are lymphatic capillaries in the lining of the small intestine & function to transport fats to the venous system.The organs of the lymphatic system also ________________________ against infection from disease-causing agents.II. Lymphatic PathwaysLymphatic Capillaries_______________________________ are microscopic, closed-ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces.The walls of lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries; walls are thin which makes it possible for tissue fluid (__________________) from interstitial space to enter lymphatic capillaries.B. Lymphatic VesselsThe walls of lymphatic vessels are similar to those of veins; have __________ that prevent backflow of lymph.Larger lymphatic vessels lead to lymph nodes then merge together to form lymphatic trunks.C. Lymphatic trunks & Collecting ducts_____________________ drain lymph from lymphatic vessels and are named for the regions they serve.Examples of lymphatic trunks are lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.Lymphatic trunks join one of two collecting ducts, _______________ duct or _______________________ duct.___________________________ located along side of aorta in abdominal & thoracic cavity and empties into the left subclavian vein. _____________________________________ _____ including intestinal, lumbar, intercostal, left subclavian, left jugular, & left bronchomediastinal trunks.___________________________________ is located on right side of thorax and empties into the right subclavian vein; ________________________________ right arm and the right side of the chest, neck and head, and lower left part of the lungRight lymphatic duct _______________ right jugular, rt. subclavian, & rt. bronchomediastinal trunks.After leaving the 2 collecting ducts, lymph enters the venous system & ________________________________.D. Lymph formationFiltration from the plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the formation of _____________________.Tissue fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries because of interstitial fluid ___________________ pressure.Lymph formation prevents ______________________ (___________________).E. Lymph functionLymphatic vessels in small intestine play major role in absorption of ________________________.Lymph ________________ very small __________________ that blood capillaries filtered to the bloodstream.Lymph ________________________________________ to lymph nodes.Lymphatic capillaries can ______________________________________ that blood capillaries cannot because epithelial cells that form walls of lymphatic vessels overlap each other but are not attached.___________________ of lymphatic capillary remains open because their epithelial cells are attached to surrounding connective tissue cells by protein filaments.III. Lymph movementIntroduction___________________________ of tissue fluid drives lymph into lymphatic capillaries_____________________________ largely influences movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels.B. Lymph flowLymph is under relatively low hydrostatic pressure; _____________________ skeletal ___________________ compress lymphatic vessels & _________________________________________Lymph does not flow back because of __________________ by creating a relatively low pressure in thorax & a relatively high pressure in abdomen during inhalation.C. Obstruction of Lymph MovementConditions that interfere with lymph movement causes fluid to accumulate within interstitial spaces.Continuous movement of lymph from interstitial spaces into blood & lymphatic capillaries stabilizes volume of fluid in interstitial spaces.IV. Lymph NodesLocated along lymphatic pathwaysContain _______________________ and __________________________ which fight invading microorganismsStructure of lymph node 1. Hilium of lymph node is indented region2. ____________________vessels carry lymph to a node; __________________ vessels carry lymph away from a node. 3. Lymph _________________ are divisions of a lymph node.4. __________________________________ contain dense masses of actively dividing lymphocytes and macrophages.5. ____________________ composed of partially encapsulated (enclosed) lymph nodules; three pairs-pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, & lingual; main function of tonsils is to trap germs (bacteria and viruses) which you may breathe in; proteins called antibodies produced by the immune cells in the tonsils help to kill germs and help to prevent throat and lung infections.6. Peyer’s patches located in mucosal lining of the distal portion of small intestine are composed of M cells (help remove large variety of pathogens from gastrointestinal tract), macrophages, & lymphocytes.7. Lymph sinuses are chambers & channels through which lymph circulates.D. Functions of Lymph Nodes_________________ potentially harmful particles from lymph AND_________________ body fluids.Along with ____________________________, lymph nodes are __________________________________; lymphocytes ____________________________________________________________________________.__________________________engulf & destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, & cellular debris.V. Thymus & SpleenA. ThymusComposed of lymphocytes & connective tissues & is located in the mediastinum (behind your sternum and between your lungs), & is most active ________________________. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.Hormones secreted by thymus gland are called thymosins which _____________________ maturation of _________________________________________. B Spleen_________ lymphatic organ; located in upper left portion of abdominal cavity; resembles a large lymph node.________________________ contains many lymphocytes.___________________contains red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.Functions to ________________ foreign particles, damaged red blood cells, & cellular debris from the blood.VI. Body Defenses Against InfectionAn infection is the presence of _______________________ defenses & protect against many types of pathogens An infection is the presence of pathogens (disease causing agents like bacteria, viruses, & fungi).___________________ defenses are general defenses & protect against many types of pathogens & include surface barriers (skin, hair, nails), species resistance, mechanical barriers, enzyme actions, interferon, fever, natural killer cells, inflammation, & phagocytosis._____________________ defenses are very precise and are carried out by lymphocytes (B cells & T cells). ________________________________=resistant to diseases that affect other species because its tissues fail to provide hospitable environment _________________________________________ entrance of some infectious agents; 1st line of defense (Ex. Hair, nails, & skin)_________________________=body fluids containing enzymes or antimicrobial substances (Ex. Gastric juices)._________________=begins when viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocyte production; prevent pathogens from obtaining iron by reducing blood serum iron ________________________________________=small population of lymphocytes; protect the body against cancer & viruses _________________________________=produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain; prevent the spread of infection, clear infection, and promote healing of damaged tissues; _______________ is result of accumulation of WBC’s, bacterial cells, & cellular debris.VII. Immunity Immunity is _____________________ to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products.An immune response is based on the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of body from foreign invaders.___________________ are molecules that can elicit an immune response; receptors on lymphocyte surfaces enable cells to recognize foreign antigens; could be proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids._________________________ eliminate viral infections & tumor cells; ____________________ _____ stimulate B cells to produce ___________________ & to secrete cytokines; _________________________ respond to antigen during future exposure & differentiate immediately into cytotoxic T cells.Plasma cells secrete ____________________; immune response may include several types of antibodies manufactured against single microbe because pathogens have different antigens on their surfaces._________________________ are soluble, globular proteins that bind to antigens; can directly attack antigens, activate enzymes that attack antigens, or stimulate changes that prevent spread of antigens; in a direct attack, antibodies combine with antigens and cause them to clump so phagocytic cells can engulf them.___________________________________ results when person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal; may take form of maternal antibodies crossing placenta to baby, or antitoxin or immunoglobulin injection (also called?gamma globulin?or immune globulin; substance made from human blood plasma & contains antibodies that protect the body against diseases)________________________________________ develops following direct exposure to pathogenic agent; agent stimulates body’s immune response, series of different mechanism’s all geared to neutralize the agent; example-person typically can catch chickenpox only once because once the body has successfully fought virus it will be able to recognize and kill it more quickly in the future. __________________________ or________________________ are special types of active acquired immunity; instead of actually being exposed to infectious agent and having disease, person is exposed to modified or weakened pathogen still capable of stimulating immune response but not actually causing disease.J. Immune responseDisease-causing agents are recognized as being foreign because they display proteins that are different from person’s own natural proteins.Foreign proteins, called _____________________, stimulate immune response; consist of 2 distinct & different processes: ____________________________ (or antibody-mediated immunity) and _______________________________ (or cell-mediated immunity).______________________________________ refers to production of ______________________________ respond to antigens by producing protective protein, antibody; antibodies combine with antigen to form ____________________________________; complex either targets foreign substance for phagocytosis or prevents infectious agent from damaging healthy cells.Cellular immunity involves production of T cells and ___________________________________; these defense cells are ______________________, meaning they physically attack & destroy pathogenic cells.K. Allergic ReactionsAllergic reaction= immune response against a _____________________________________; allergens trigger allergic reactions; autoimmunity refers to inability to tolerate self-antigens.________________________________ is severe form of immediate reaction allergy that may lead to death.___________________________=tissues of transplanted tissues are rejected because they are detected as foreign invaders.Immunosuppressive drugs used to reduce rejection of transplanted tissues, with rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, asthma, etc… ................
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