Mater Lakes Academy Middle / High



Chapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 1 – Where Are Religions Distributed?Pgs. 168 - 178Define universalizing religion: Define ethnic religion: Universalizing ReligionsGive the percentage of the world’s Christian population belonging to each of Christianity’s 3 major branches.Regarding Eastern Orthodox churches, how many separate churches are there, and which has the largest membership?What percentage of Latin Americans are Roman Catholic?Protestants comprise 28% of North Americans. List the 5 largest plete the chart with names of smaller branches of Christianity and their location of concentration.Branch of ChristianityRegion of PredominanceHalf of the world’s Muslims live in the Middle East. The other half live in 4 countries outside the Middle East. Name them.Give the percentage of each of Islam’s 2 greatest branches: Sunni & Shiite (Shia).Only in 5 countries do Shiite Muslims number more than Sunni. What are they?Buddhism is built around “Four Noble Truths” as taught by the Buddha. Summarize plete this chart dividing Buddhism into its 3 main branches.Branch% of Global Buddhist PopulationRegions of PredominanceWhy are Buddhists difficult to count?Ethnic ReligionsWhere are Hindus concentrated? What percent of all Hindus live there?Where are most of the rest?Make a note or two (that seem of geographic interest) about each of the following ethnic religion listed in #’s 16 – 20.Confucianism:Daoism:Shintoism:Judaism:Animism:Chapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 2 – Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?Pgs. 178 – 191Origin of ReligionsComplete the chart below describing the origins and branches of the major universalizing religions.ChristianityIslamBuddhismYear of OriginFounderMajor Branches & Main Belief of Each BranchRegarding HinduismHow was its origin different than universalizing religions?When did it originate?Where did it originate?What 2 ancient peoples beliefs blended to form Hinduism?Diffusion of ReligionsGive 3 explanations for the diffusion of Christianity.Give 3 ways in which Islam spread.Give 2 reasons for the expansion of Buddhism.Provide 3 examples of cases in which religions, or religious practices, have blended.Religions Which Have BlendedLocationRegarding JudaismHow is its distribution very different from other ethnic religions?What was the diaspora?How were most Jews treated as they lived among other nationalities?What is the origin of the term ghetto?Holy PlacesWhat is a pilgrimage?Read the section Holy Places and make notes on 3 case studies: Buddhism, Islam & Hinduism.Holy SitesBuddhistIslamicHinduThe CalendarComplete the chart below regarding religious calendars.What is the most prominent feature of the calendar in an ethnic religion?What is the principle purpose of the calendar in a universalizing religion?How is the Jewish calendar typical of the ethnic use of the calendar?What is the solstice?Both the Jewish and the Muslims use a lunar calendar, yet in a different way and with very different results. Explain.How is the date of Easter related to physical geography (the natural world) through the calendar?Why do different Christian branches celebrate Easter on different days?How is this similar to Buddhism’s major holidays?Chapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 3 – Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?Pgs. 191 – 195In what 2 ways do religious structures often stand out in a landscape?Places of WorshipFor what 2 reasons does a church, the physical structure, play a more critical role than in other religions?Complete the following chart to express unique visible features of Christian churches.Christian Branch or RegionUnique Design/Typical FeatureOrthodox ChristianityProtestant (esp. N. America)Northeast U.S.Southeast U.S.Southwest U.S.Latin AmericaHow is a Muslim mosque viewed differently than a Christian church?Identify 4 specific, visible features of a typical mosque.How are Hindu temples different than both churches and mosques?List 3 typical visible features of a Hindu temple.What is the religious purpose of a Buddhist pagoda?How was pilgrimage a part of the development of pagodas?Formal worship in a pagoda is not typical. Where does it usually take place?Sacred SpaceChristian practice burial of the dead. Complete the flow chart below to indicate the history of this practice.??Complete the chart below with brief notes on the disposal of the dead in ways other than burial.HindusParsisMicronesiaComplete the chart below with brief notes on the religious settlements indicated.Utopian SettlementsSalt Lake City, UtahPuritansAdministration of SpaceDefine hierarchical religion:List the Roman Catholic hierarchy, indicating geographic region and leader who heads it.Why are parishes in Latin America so much larger than in Europe?Describe an autonomous religion:In the absence of a hierarchy, what is the only formal organization of territory in Islam?What holds Islam together?Complete the chart below to categorize other religions and denominations.Autonomous ReligionsHierarchical ReligionsChapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 4 – Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?Pgs. 195 – 203Religion Versus Government PoliciesIn what ways did the Taliban government of Afghanistan raise conflicts with Western/modern ideas after it took control of the country in 1996?What aspect of Hinduism has clashed with Western/modern ideas?What western groups criticized this aspect? Why?How has the Indian government responded to this issue?In Russia/Soviet Union, how did each of the following attempt to limit the influence of religion, specifically the Eastern Orthodox Church?Czar Peter the Great:Communism:What happened, and is continuing to happen, in each of the following regions of the Russian Empire/Soviet Union since the fall of Communism in the 1990s? Complete the chart below by adding THREE more countries to each category and then describing what is going on at the present time in that region.Historic Catholic RegionsHistoric Muslim RegionsCroatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, …Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, …Currently…Currently…How was the Vietnam War detrimental to Buddhism in Southeast Asia?How were Communist regimes detrimental to Buddhism in Southeast Asia?Religion Versus ReligionDefine fundamentalism:Fundamentalism is increasing in the world today and its growth contributes to conflicts. Why is it increasing?What are two religious groups in conflict in Ireland?Where are the majority of these groups located?What 3 religions are in constant conflict over the land in the Middle East?What was the military campaign by the Christians to recapture their Holy Land from the Muslims?Complete the chart below regarding the perspective on the Holy Land.Palestinian PerspectiveIsraeli PerspectiveChapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 1 – Where Are Religions Distributed?Pgs. 168 - 178Define universalizing religion: Religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. Define ethnic religion: Religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place.Universalizing ReligionsGive the percentage of the world’s Christian population belonging to each of Christianity’s 3 major branches. Roman Catholic – 51%; Eastern Orthodox 11%; Protestant 24% Regarding Eastern Orthodox churches, how many separate churches are there, and which has the largest membership? 14 self-governing churches; Russian OrthodoxWhat percentage of Latin Americans are Roman Catholic? 93%Protestants comprise 28% of North Americans. List the 5 largest denominations. Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, Lutheran & PresbyterianComplete the chart with names of smaller branches of Christianity and their location of concentration.Branch of ChristianityRegion of PredominanceCoptic Church of EgyptN.E. AfricaEthiopian ChurchN.E. AfricaArmenian ChurchLebanon, Armenia, northeastern Turkey & western AzerbaijanMaronitesLebanonChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsUtah & surrounding statesHalf of the world’s Muslims live in the Middle East. The other half live in 4 countries outside the Middle East. Name them. Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh & IndiaGive the percentage of each of Islam’s 2 greatest branches: Sunni & Shiite (Shia). Sunni 83%Shiite 16%Only in 5 countries do Shiite Muslims number more than Sunni. What are they? Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman & BahrainBuddhism is built around “Four Noble Truths” as taught by the Buddha. Summarize them. 1. All living beings must endure suffering; 2. Suffering leads to reincarnation; 3. Goal is to reach Nirvana through moral & mental self-purification; 4. Nirvana is achieved through Eightfold PathComplete this chart dividing Buddhism into its 3 main branches.Branch% of Global Buddhist PopulationRegions of PredominanceMahayana56%China, Japan & KoreaTheraveda38%Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand & Sri LankaTantrayana6%Tibet & MongoliaWhy are Buddhists difficult to count? Only a few people participate in Buddhist institutions; not a formal religious systemEthnic ReligionsWhere are Hindus concentrated? What percent of all Hindus live there? 97% of all Hindus live in IndiaWhere are most of the rest? NepalMake a note or two (that seem of geographic interest) about each of the following ethnic religion listed in #’s 16 – 20.Confucianism: Ethnic religion begun by Confucius in Chinese province of Lu; teaches ethical principles of following tradition, fulfilling obligations & treating others with sympathy & respect.Daoism: Begun by Lao-Zi & emphasizes mystical & magical aspects of life not importance of public serviceShintoism: Ethnic religion of Japan; was official state religion until end of WWII; political cult & religion; deceased became important deitiesJudaism: 14 million Jews worldwide; most in U.S. & Israel; 2 main universalizing religions find their roots in Judaism (Islam & Christianity); began in Canaan; 1st religion to support monotheismAnimism: Belief that inanimate objects, plants & stones or natural events like earthquakes have spirits & conscious life; practiced by 100 million Africans but is declining due to universalizing religionsChapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 2 – Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?Pgs. 178 – 191Origin of ReligionsComplete the chart below describing the origins and branches of the major universalizing religions.ChristianityIslamBuddhismYear of Origin4 BC – 30 AD6th Century5th Century BCFounderJesusMuhammadSiddhartha GautamaMajor Branches & Main Belief of Each BranchCatholicismGod conveys his grace to humanity via 7 sacramentsOrthodoxAccepts 7 sacraments but rejects Pope & doctrinesProtestantismSalvation achieved thru direct communication with God & faithSunniQuranShiiteQuran**Disagreement over line of succession of Islamic leadership is major differenceTheravadaTo become good Buddhist one must renounce worldly goods & become a monkMahayanaEmphasize teaching, compassion & helping othersRegarding HinduismHow was its origin different than universalizing religions? Didn’t originate with s a specific founderWhen did it originate? 6th century B.C.Where did it originate? IndiaWhat 2 ancient peoples beliefs blended to form Hinduism? Aryans & DravidiansDiffusion of ReligionsGive 3 explanations for the diffusion of Christianity. 1. Relocation diffusion by missionaries from Palestine; 2. Contagious diffusion by daily contact between believers & non-believers; 3. Hierarchical diffusion thru acceptance by the emperorGive 3 ways in which Islam spread. 1. Conquering land in Palestine, Persia & India; 2. Relocation diffusion by missionaries in Sub-Saharan Africa & S.E. Asia; 3. Arab traders in IndonesiaGive 2 reasons for the expansion of Buddhism. 1. Missionaries in Ceylon; 2. Merchant traders to ChinaProvide 3 examples of cases in which religions, or religious practices, have blended.Religions Which Have BlendedLocationChristianity & African religionsEquatorial Guinea, Namibia & other African countriesBuddhism & ShintoismJapanHinduism, Islam & ChristianityIsland of MauritiusRegarding JudaismHow is its distribution very different from other ethnic religions? It’s practiced in many countries; not just place of originWhat was the diaspora? When Romans forced Jews out of the MediterraneanHow were most Jews treated as they lived among other nationalities? Many Jews were persecuted; forced to live segregatedWhat is the origin of the term ghetto? Neighborhood set up by law where Jews were required to liveHoly PlacesWhat is a pilgrimage? Journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacredRead the section Holy Places and make notes on 3 case studies: Buddhism, Islam & Hinduism.Holy SitesBuddhistImportant because they’re located where 8 particular events happened in Buddha’s life; Most located in northeastern India & southern Nepal; Lumbini is most important (Buddha’s birthplace)IslamicMakkah (Mecca) birth place of Muhammad; Ka’ba is religious shrine in center of Mecca housing black stone given to Muhammad by Gabriel; Median tomb of Muhammad; Every Muslim is expected to make hajj to MeccaHinduPlaces of importance are rivers & coastlines; Tirtha (pilgrimage) are acts of purification; Shrines are established by tradition, not doctrine; Hindus believe Ganges River is for purification; Mt. Kailas important (Siva lives there)The CalendarComplete the chart below regarding religious calendars.What is the most prominent feature of the calendar in an ethnic religion?What is the principle purpose of the calendar in a universalizing religion?Celebration of seasons – cycle of variation in climatic conditions for successful agricultureCommemorates events in founder’s lifeHow is the Jewish calendar typical of the ethnic use of the calendar? Holidays are based on agricultural events as well.What is the solstice? Astronomical event that happens in June & December resulting in the longest & shortest days of the year.Both the Jewish and the Muslims use a lunar calendar, yet in a different way and with very different results. Explain. Jews – calendar inserts extra month every few years so holidays fall at the same time; Islam – adheres to strict lunar calendar so holidays arrive at different seasons from generation to generation.How is the date of Easter related to physical geography (the natural world) through the calendar? Relates to agricultural cycle as a joyous time of harvest in southern Europe; time of anxiety over planting new crops in northern Europe & N. AmericaWhy do different Christian branches celebrate Easter on different days? Protestants & Catholics use Gregorian calendar while Orthodox use Julian calendar How is this similar to Buddhism’s major holidays? Different Buddhists observe & celebrate events on different calendar days as wellChapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 3 – Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?Pgs. 191 – 195In what 2 ways do religious structures often stand out in a landscape? Usually tallest & most elaborate buildingPlaces of WorshipFor what 2 reasons does a church, the physical structure, play a more critical role than in other religions? It’s an expression of religious principles & created in the image of GodComplete the following chart to express unique visible features of Christian churches.Christian Branch or RegionUnique Design/Typical FeatureOrthodox ChristianityHighly ornate topped with domeProtestant (esp. N. America)Simple with little ornamentationNortheast U.S.Built with woodSoutheast U.S.Built with brickSouthwest U.S.AdobeLatin AmericaStucco & stoneHow is a Muslim mosque viewed differently than a Christian church? Viewed as a location for the community to gather; not sanctifiedIdentify 4 specific, visible features of a typical mosque. Central courtyard; pulpit facing Mecca; Cloister for school/activities; minaret tower to call people to worshipHow are Hindu temples different than both churches and mosques? Built to house shrines for gods rather than for worshipList 3 typical visible features of a Hindu temple. Symbolic artifact (image of the god); structure for the caretaker; pool for ritual bathsWhat is the religious purpose of a Buddhist pagoda? House Buddha’s relics (portions of Buddha’s body or clothing)How was pilgrimage a part of the development of pagodas? People traveled to other countries to build pagodas to house relicsFormal worship in a pagoda is not typical. Where does it usually take place? At adjacent temple, monastery or at homeSacred SpaceChristian practice burial of the dead. Complete the flow chart below to indicate the history of this practice.Catacombs – in ancient Rome when Christianity was illegal?Church Yards – when Christianity became legal?Cemeteries – operated by public management beginning in 19th centuryComplete the chart below with brief notes on the disposal of the dead in ways other than burial.HindusUse of cremationParsisExposure of dead to scavenging birds & animalsMicronesiaDisposal of body at seaComplete the chart below with brief notes on the religious settlements indicated.Utopian SettlementsIdeal community built around a religious way of lifeSalt Lake City, UtahEstablished by Mormons with church related buildings at strategic pointsPuritansNew England settlers that placed church in center of the settlement next to public open space called a commonAdministration of SpaceDefine hierarchical religion: Has well defined geographic structure & organizes territory into local administrative units.List the Roman Catholic hierarchy, indicating geographic region and leader who heads it. Priest heads a parish Bishop heads a diocese that have parishes Archbishop heads a province with several diocese Pope head of Roman Catholic Church in RomeWhy are parishes in Latin America so much larger than in Europe? Lower population density in Latin America than in EuropeDescribe an autonomous religion: Religion without central authority but shares ideas & cooperates informallyIn the absence of a hierarchy, what is the only formal organization of territory in Islam? Religious territory with secular statesWhat holds Islam together? Islamic doctrineComplete the chart below to categorize other religions and denominations.Autonomous ReligionsHierarchical ReligionsBaptistUnited Church of ChristJudaismHinduismRoman CatholicEpiscopalianLutheran MethodistChapter 6 Learning Guide – ReligionKey Issue 4 – Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?Pgs. 195 – 203Religion Versus Government PoliciesIn what ways did the Taliban government of Afghanistan raise conflicts with Western/modern ideas after it took control of the country in 1996? Imposed strict laws & punished people for participating in Western valuesWhat aspect of Hinduism has clashed with Western/modern ideas? Caste SystemWhat western groups criticized this aspect? Why? British administrators & Christian missionaries because caste system contributed to health & economic neglect for untouchable casteHow has the Indian government responded to this issue? Legally abolished untouchable caste & these people now have equal rightsIn Russia/Soviet Union, how did each of the following attempt to limit the influence of religion, specifically the Eastern Orthodox Church?Czar Peter the Great: Incorporated the church into the government & replaced the church leader with a nominated committee appointed by the czarCommunism: Pursued antireligious programs; Marxism became official doctrine; 1918 church-state connection was eliminatedWhat happened, and is continuing to happen, in each of the following regions of the Russian Empire/Soviet Union since the fall of Communism in the 1990s? Complete the chart below by adding THREE more countries to each category and then describing what is going on at the present time in that region.Historic Catholic RegionsHistoric Muslim RegionsCroatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, …Poland, Slovakia, SloveniaKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, …Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanCurrently…Confiscated property by Communist gov’t reverting back to church ownership & church attendance has increasedCurrently…Most people are Muslims & struggling to determine what laws should conform to Islamic customHow was the Vietnam War detrimental to Buddhism in Southeast Asia? Air raids destroyed Buddhist shrines; Buddhists immolated themselves to protest governmentHow were Communist regimes detrimental to Buddhism in Southeast Asia? Discouraged religious activities & have allowed monuments to decayReligion Versus ReligionDefine fundamentalism: Literal interpretation & strict adherence to basic principles of a religion Fundamentalism is increasing in the world today and its growth contributes to conflicts. Why is it increasing? Because a group wants to maintain a distinctive cultural identity in a global culture & economyWhat are two religious groups in conflict in Ireland? Catholics & ProtestantsWhere are the majority of these groups located? Protestants in northern Ireland & Catholics in Republic of IrelandWhat 3 religions are in constant conflict over the land in the Middle East? Judaism, Islam & ChristianityWhat was the military campaign by the Christians to recapture their Holy Land from the Muslims? CrusadesComplete the chart below regarding the perspective on the Holy Land.Palestinian PerspectiveIsraeli Perspective- Sees themselves as legitimate rules of Israel- PLO created under Yassir Arafat t fights Israelis- Some Palestinians (Fatah Party) are willing to recognize Israel’s Jewish majority in exchange for territory taken in 1967- Hamas Party doesn’t recognize Israel’s right to exist- No intention of giving up claim to Jerusalem- Sees themselves as a small country with Jewish majority surrounded by hostile Muslims- Israel maintains military control over Golan Heights & West Bank- Majority of Israelis support construction of a barrier to deter Palestinian attacks- No intention of giving up claim to Jerusalem ................
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