CHAPTER 25 – WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH (1914-1929)



CHAPTER 25 – WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH (1914-1929)

KEY TERMS

Introduction

Why was World War I called “The Great War?

Why were the 1920’s called the “Roaring Twenties?”

THE GREAT WAR

1. What were the Alliances at the start of the war? How did this European War turn into a World War? How did European countries involve their colonies in the war?

2. What new technologies emerged before and during the course of the war? How did these contribute to the failure of the “cult of the offensive?”

3. What was the Schlieffen Plan? Why did the Germans think it would be effective?

4. Analyze Map 25.2, The Western Front. Notice how a good part of the war on the Western front was fought in northeastern France and understand the devastation and destruction in this region throughout the war.

5. Why did warfare on the Western Front turn into trench warfare? What did trench warfare involve? Why was this a particularly miserable experience for soldiers on both sides?

6. How was World War I fought on the sea? Focus on submarine (u-boat) warfare and the Battle of Jutland.

7. What were the results of the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme? Why were these so frustrating to strategists on both sides?

8. How did pre-war class distinctions become obsolete in the trenches?

9. What does “total war” mean? How did World War I turn into a “total war?”

10. Why did socialists and many feminists come to support World War I? Why was this the case?

11. How did propaganda at home affect World War I? Why do you suppose governments needed to resort to this to help the war effort?

12. How did women increasingly contribute to the total war of World War I? Why was WW I particularly difficult for those on the home front as the war dragged on?

Vocabulary / Important People, Places, Terms, and Dtaes

Lusitania --

Emmeline Pankhurst --

PROTEST, REVOLUTION, & WAR’S END, 1917-1918

1. What factors brought Russia to the brink of collapse / revolution in early 1917?

2. Study the Timeline Revolution in Russia. Develop an understanding of the basic events, dates, and happenings of the Russian Revolution.

3. What factors worked to prevent the success of the Provisional Government after the abdication of Nicholas II? What was the biggest failure of the Provisional Government?

4. Why was V.I. Lenin allowed to return to Russia in April, 1917? What impact did his presence have on the Bolsheviks?

5. What was the Bolshevik Revolution? Why was it successful? What new “style” of government did it bring to Russia?

6. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)? How did this impact Russia’s involvement in World War I? What did Russia cede in the treaty?

7. Who were the two opposing sides in Russia’s civil war? What various groups made up the “Whites” / Mensheviks? Why were the “Reds”, or Bolsheviks, successful in the long-run?

8. The result was a more __________________________________—a development that broke with ______________ promise that revolution would bring a “withering away” of the state.

9. The ______________________ were now in charge of a state as complex and

multinational as the old Russian Empire had been. But although the revolution had turned out the inept _________________ and the privileged ______________, the civil war and the resulting hunger and disease took millions of lives. Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks had made _______________ their political style, one at odds with ______________________________________________________________.

10. In the summer of _________, the Allies, now fortified by the ______________, pushed back the Germans all along the western front and headed toward ____________. The German armies, suffering more than __________________ casualties between spring and summer, rapidly __________________________.

11. What happened on November 11, 1918? What were some of the devastating human and economic tolls of World War I?

12. Besides illness, hunger, and death, the war also provoked tremendous ___________________________________. Soldiers returning home in 1918 and 1919 flooded the book market with their _______________, trying to give meaning to their experiences. Some twenty-five hundred war poets published in Britain alone. Whereas many had begun by emphasizing ________________________, others were ____________ and bitter by war's end. They insisted that the fighting had been absolutely _________________________. Total war had drained society of _____________________

_____________________and had sown the seeds of further _________________________.

Vocabulary / Important People, Places, Dates, and Events

Soviets --

“peace, land, & bread” --

“stabbed in the back” theory --

Easter Rising (1916) --

Grigori Rasputin --

Leon Trotsky --

Cheka --

Third International (Cominterm) --

Effects of the 1918 -1919 Flu Epidemic --

THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN AN ERA OF REVOLUTION

1. How did socialists, workers, and returning veterans contribute to the postwar turmoil in Europe?

2. What type of government emerged in Germany after World War I? What was it called? What were its characteristics? How did it hold onto its power?

3. What were the goals of the following as the Paris Peace Conference opened in 1919?

a. France --

b. Great Britain --

c. Italy --

d. USA --

4. Nevertheless, Wilson’s ________________________persuaded Germans that the settlement would not be _____________________. His commitment to _____________ as opposed to ____________________ wisely recognized that Germany was still the strongest state on the continent. Wilson pushed for a treaty that _______________ the strengths and interests of various European powers. Economists and other specialists accompanying Wilson to Paris agreed that, harshly _______________________________, Germany might soon become vengeful and chaotic — a combination that might be more _________________________________________________.

5. Analyze map 25.4, Europe and the Middle East after the Peace settlements of 1919-1920. Have a sense of the geographical and political changes that took place in Europe after the Paris Peace Settlement.

6. What was the Treaty of Versailles? What were its main provisions? How was Germany weakened militarily? What was Article 231, or the “War-Guilt Clause?” Why was this so controversial?

7. What was envisioned when the League of Nations was created? Why did it prove to be a weak organization?

8. What was the Mandate System? Why did some around the globe see this as another round of imperialism?

9. Why were colonized peoples around the world disappointed with the Paris Peace Settlement?

10. Why did the French occupy the Ruhr Valley in 1921 and 1923?

11. Explain why rampant inflation occurred throughout Germany in the 1920’s. What effect did this have? Notice the picture Inflation in Germany, 1923. How is this indicative of German financial condition in the 1920’s?

12. How did the Washington Conference and the Locarno Pact east political tensions in Europe in the 1920’s?

13. The public international agreements of the 1920s sharply contrasted with old-style diplomacy, which had been conducted in ______________________________

_____________________________. The development of a system of open, _____________

______________________ suggested a diplomatic revolution that would promote peace in international relations. Yet openness allowed diplomats of the era to feed the press information calculated to arouse the masses … Although international meetings such as the one at Locarno aimed to promote peace, they also exposed the diplomatic process to _________________________who wanted to ____________________ political passions rather than contribute to rational public discussion.

Vocabulary / Important People, Places, Dates, and events

Collective security -

David Lloyd George --

Woodrow Wilson --

Fourteen Points --

Little Entente (1921) --

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) --

THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR: EUROPE IN THE 1920’S

1. Although contemporaries referred to the 1920s as the _____________________ or the Jazz Age, the sense of cultural release masked the serious problem of ___________________. The real challenge of the 1920s was coming to terms with the political, economic, and social ___________________________.

2. Make note of the timeline called Women Gain Suffrage in the West. Get a sense for when the various European countries granted suffrage to women.

3. How did European governments expand their welfare states after World War I? What does the term “economic democracy” mean? Why would economic democracy be difficult to maintain?

4. What problems plagued Eastern Europe in the 1920’s?

5. Why did the newly formed country of Poland face a series of ethnic and cultural problems in the 1920’s?

6. Why did right-wing groups become popular in Germany in the 1920’s?

7. What agreement was reached between Ireland and Great Britain in the early 1920’s? Why was this disliked by many Irish nationalists? Notice the map The Irish Free State and Ulster, 1921.

8. Despite resistance, the 1920s marked the high tide of _______________. Britain and France, enjoying new access to ______________colonies in Africa and to territories of the fallen _______________________in the Middle East, were at the height of their global power. No matter how battered by the war, all the imperial powers took advantage of the growing profitability that enterprises around the world could bring. Middle Eastern and Indonesian _________, for instance, heated homes and fueled the growing number of __________________________________________________________. Products like __________________ and ________________________ became regular items in the diet, and by extracting them from the colonies, some ________________________ built fortunes.

9. What are some examples of Japan’s rise to world power status during the 1920’s.

10. What were two Giant European companies formed in the aftermath of World War I?

11. “When I left the factory, it followed me,” wrote one worker. “In my dreams I was a machine.” Interpret this quote in relation to worker production during the 1920’s.

12. The world to which the veterans returned differed from the home they had left: the war had blurred ___________________________, giving rise to expectations that life would be ______________________afterward. The massive casualties had fostered ___________________________by allowing commoners to move up to the ranks of officers, positions often ______________________by the prewar _____________________.

13. What were some society changes that faced returning veterans in society in the 1920’s?

14. Politicians believed in the stabilizing power of _______________________

_______________________ and supported social programs such as _______________,

unemployment benefits, and _______________ for veterans.

15. How did male-female relations and Europeans’ thoughts on sexuality change during the 1920’s?

16. What new consumer items arrived in the 1920’s?

17. Housework became more ______________________, and family intimacy increasingly depended on machines of mass communication like _______________, _________________, and even _______________. These new products not only transformed private life but also brought changes in the public world of mass _____________ and mass ________________.

Vocabulary / Important People, Places, Dates, and Events

Installment buying --

Frederick Taylor --

MASS CULTURE AND THE RISE OF MODERN DICTATORS

1. The ______________ had the potential for creating an informed _____________ and thus strengthening ____________________. At the same time, it had the potential for allowing _______________to use it as a tool to keep ________ and _________________ foremost in people's minds.

2. What widened the scope of national culture in the 1920’s?

3. How did films contribute to a new national and international culture?

4. Analyze the graph The Growth of Radio, 1924-1929. What effect would the mass production of radios have on people’s lives in the 1920’s and 1930’s?

5. Who was George Grosz? What was Dada? How did his art during the 1920’s reflect Dada?

6. Why did Petrograd workers and Kronstadt sailors revolt against Bolshevism? What does this tell you about the relationship between Bolshevism and the communist revolution preached by Karl Marx?

7. Why did Lenin institute the New Economic Policy (N.E.P.) in 1921? What were its features?

8. How did Communist Party leaders Bolshevik leaders work to make the Communist revolution a cultural reality in people's lives and thinking?

9. In _________________ regions of central Asia, incorporated from the old Russian Empire into the new Communist one, Bolsheviks urged _______________ women to remove their _________, but fervent Muslims often attacked both Zhenotdel workers and women who followed their advice.

10. When & how was the U.S.S.R. created? What does the abbreviation stand for? Who was its primary architect?

11. How did Joseph Stalin emerge as the leader of the USSR after Lenin’s death?

12. What conditions existed in Italy that allowed Benito Mussolini to come to power in 1922?

13. What are the characteristics of the Fascist state that emerged in Italy under Mussolini’s leadership?

14. How did Mussolini and his government use censorship, threats, and violence to get and keep their grip on power?

15. How did Mussolini use propaganda to enhance his own and the Fascist Party image?

16. What were feature of Mussolini’s “corporate state?

17. How did Mussolini’s success in Italy in the 1920’s inspire Adolph Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) in Germany?

Vocabulary / Important People, Terms, Dates, and Ideas

Stream of consciousness --

Charlie Chaplin --

Gugliemo Marconi --

All Quiet on the Western Front (1928) --

Lateran Agreement (1929) --

Mein Kampf (1925) --

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download