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Mr. McCormack Big Idea Worksheet

American Government Study Guide

Chapter Twenty-One – Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under the Law

Section One: Diversity and Discrimination in American Society (p 594-599)

Something that is __________ is composed of a mix of ingredients. This term applies to the US population, which is becoming __________ each year. Though the population is predominantly __________, it is less so than before. (594)

The __________ composition of the population has changed largely due to __________ who have arrived in near-record numbers every year since the __________. The nation’s __________, __________, and __________ populations have grown at rates several times that of the __________. (594)

A look at the __________ balance reveals that __________ are more numerous than __________. (594)

__________ have, until recently, constituted the largest __________ in the United States. They number more than __________ people today. They have also been the victims of consistent and deliberate __________ for a longer time than perhaps any other group of Americans. (595)

The __________ Amendment finally abolished slavery in 1865. However, that amendment did not end the widespread __________ in the United States. (596)

Today, more than __________ Native Americans live in this country. More than __________ of them live on or near __________, which are public lands set aside for their use. __________, __________, and __________ plague many of these places. The __________ of Native Americans on them is about __________ less than the national average, and the Native American __________ mortality rate is __________ that for white Americans. (596)

__________ Americans are those in this country who have a __________-speaking background; many prefer to be called __________. This group is among the most __________ grouping and now constitutes the largest __________ group of Americans. They can generally be divided into four main groups: __________-Americans, __________, __________-Americans, and __________ Americans. (597)

__________ is the process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture. (597)

__________ laborers were the first Asians to come to the United States in large numbers. Congress brought that immigration to a halt with the __________ of 1882. Thereafter, very few Asians were permitted to enter the United States for more than __________. (597-598)

Early in __________, the federal government ordered the __________ of all persons of __________ descent from the __________. Some __________ people, __________ of them native-born American citizens, were forcibly removed to __________. Years later, the government apologized and paid reparations to the survivors. (598)

Congress made dramatic changes in American __________ policies in __________. Since then, some __________ Asian immigrants have come to this country. Today, the Asian American population exceeds __________ and is the nation’s __________ minority group. They are a __________ of the population in __________, and __________ boasts the largest Chinese community outside of China. (598)

Historically, women have been treated as les than equal in matters including __________, __________, and __________. Efforts to improve this situation date from __________, when a convention on women’s rights met in __________, New York. Those who fought for __________ believed that, with the vote, women would soon achieve other __________. (598)

The __________ Act of 1963 requires employers to pay men and women equally, and the __________ Act of 1964 also prohibits job discrimination based on sex. Many studies suggest women still earn less than men for several reasons, including the fact that until now the male work force has been better educated and more experienced overall. Some also blame the __________, in which women put their careers on hold to have __________. (599)

Although women are still under-represented in many professions and political offices (and over-represented in others), that is changing. Women today constitute a majority of university students and many professional programs.

Mr. McCormack Big Idea Worksheet

American Government Study Guide

Central Dauphin High School

Chapter Twenty-One – Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under the Law

Section Two: Equality Before the Law (p 601-606)

Nothing, not even a __________ command, can make people __________ in a literal sense. Individuals differ in too many ways. Still, the __________ ideal demands that government must treat all persons alike. (601)

The 14th Amendment’s __________ Clause was originally meant to benefit newly __________, but now means that the __________ and their __________ cannot draw __________ distinctions between any classes of persons. The Supreme Court has held that the 5th Amendment puts the same restriction on the __________. (601)

Government must have the power to __________, and it does. It may not do so __________, however. Most often, the Supreme Court will decide equal protection cases by applying a standard known as the __________ Basis Test. This test asks: _________________________________________________________________________ (601-602)

The Court imposes a higher standard in some cases, however. This is especially true when a case deals with: (602)

1)____________________________________________________________________________________ or

2)____________________________________________________________________________________

In these instances, the Court has said the law must meet the “__________ Test.” The government must be able to show that some “__________ government interest” justifies the distinction between people. (602)

In the late 1800s, nearly __________ of the states passed __________ laws. These “__________ Laws” separated people on the basis of __________. While most targeted __________ Americans, some were also drawn to affect other groups. (602)

In 1896, the Supreme Court provided a constitutional basis for these laws by creating the __________ doctrine in its decision in __________ v. __________. This doctrine stood for nearly __________ years, even though most of the separate accommodations were not really equal. (602-603)

This doctrine was finally overturned it __________, in the decision of __________ v. __________. In that case, the Court struck down laws requiring segregation by race in __________. In 1955, the Court directed the states to end segregation with “ all deliberate __________.” This direction met with massive resistance, and challenging those reactions in court was both __________ and __________. The pace finally quickened with passage of the __________ Act of 1964. The Court finally ruled in __________ that the era had officially ended. (603-604)

By 1970, school systems characterized by __________ segregation had been abolished, but __________ segregation continues. It persists even though no law requires it, usually as a result of __________ patterns. Some favor redrawing district __________ or __________ students out of their neighborhoods as a response. (604)

|Please explain the effect of these later integration cases. (605) |

|Baltimore v. Dawson |1955 | |

|Gayle v. Browder |1956 | |

|Loving v. Virginia |1967 | |

|Lee v. Washington |1968 | |

|Palmore v. Sidoti |1984 | |

Most often, laws that treated men and women differently were intended to protect the “__________.” The Court upheld that view for many years, and only struck down its first sex-based classification in __________. (605)

A survey of the Court’s decisions reveals this: classification by sex is not in and of itself __________. Those classifications will only be upheld if they are intended to serve an __________ governmental objective and they are __________ related to achieving that goal. (606)

Mr. McCormack Big Idea Worksheet

American Government Study Guide

Central Dauphin High School

Chapter Twenty-One – Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under the Law

Section Three: Federal Civil Rights Laws (p 608-612)

From the late __________ to the late __________, Congress did not pass a single piece of meaningful __________ legislation. That historic logjam was broken in __________, largely as a result of the pressure brought to bear by the movement led by __________. (608)

Of the many pieces of legislation that followed, the most far-reaching is the __________. Beyond its __________ rights provisions, the law outlaws discrimination in a number of areas. With later amendments, the laws has three major sections: (608-609)

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is often called the __________ Act. With minor exceptions, it forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, or because they have __________. (609)

In an effort to make up for past discrimination, the federal government has often resorted to a policy of __________. The resulting rules typically required assigning certain numbers of jobs or promotions to members of certain groups. Ironically, these programs require __________-based or __________-based classifications. Critics argue that amounts to __________ and should be unconstitutional. (609-610)

The Supreme Court has wrestled with the inherent contradiction of using race-based classifications to amend for previous acts of racial discrimination since 1978 (see, generally, pages 610-612).

The latest precedent on the issue was issued on June 24, 2013 in Fisher v. University of Texas. The Court insisted that a race-based admissions policy at a public university had to survive “strict scrutiny.” Not only must the state demonstrate that it is using the race-based classification to satisfy a compelling government interest, it must also prove that its classification was narrowly tailored to achieve that interest. “The reviewing court must ultimately be satisfied that no workable race-neutral alternatives would produce the educational benefits of diversity.”

The Court is currently reviewing a state constitutional amendment, adopted by Michigan in 2006, forbidding the state from “taking account of race and gender in public education, employment and contracting…” That case, Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, should be decided by next summer.

Chapter Twenty-One – Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under the Law

Section Four: American Citizenship (p 613-618)

As it was originally written, the Constitution mentioned both “citizens of the __________” and “citizens of the __________.” Neither was defined, and for many years it was agreed that __________ citizenship followed that of the __________. This changed with the adoption of the __________ Amendment in 1868. It declares that a person can become an American citizen either by __________ or __________. (613)

Citizenship by birth is determined in one of two ways: (613-614)

Jus soli:_________________________________________________________________________________

This covers anyone born in the __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________. It also includes American __________ and __________ anywhere in the world.

Jus sanguinis:____________________________________________________________________________

__________, the legal process by which a citizen of one country becomes a citizen of another, is most often an __________ process. More than __________ aliens go through this process each year. Children under 16 who live in the United States automatically become citizens if their __________ do. Children adopted by American parents from overseas also automatically become citizens.(614-615)

At various times entire groups have been granted citizenship en masse. The most recent instance occurred in __________, when Congress granted citizenship to more than 16,000 residents of the __________. Congress had earlier granted citizenship to __________ born on reservations in 1924. (614, 613)

Though it rarely happens, American citizens may __________ (voluntarily __________) his or her citizenship. This process is called __________. The government cannot impose this process as a penalty, however. If someone became a citizen by __________ or __________, though, they may be stripped of their citizenship through the process of __________. (614-615)

__________ has the exclusive power to regulate immigration. It alone has the power to decide who may be __________ and under what conditions. (615)

It made no serious attempt to regulate immigration for more than a __________ after __________ because land was __________ and expanding industry demanded more __________. By 1890, however, conditions had changed. The first major restrictions came in 1882, when Congress barred the entry of __________, __________, __________, __________, and others likely to become __________. Over the following years more “__________” were added to the law. (615-616)

As immigration continued to mount, Congress added __________ limits to the __________ restrictions already in place. The quotas were purposefully drawn to favor __________ and __________, but did not apply to the __________. Congress ultimately eliminated this system in the Immigration Act of __________. (616)

The Immigration Act of 1990 governs current policy. It allows __________ immigrants each year, at least one third of whom must be the __________ of American __________ or resident __________. Those who have __________ in short supply in the US also receive special __________. (616)

What are some characteristics that can result in exclusion? (616) __________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Some __________ non-immigrants also come here each year for various reasons - __________, __________, and __________. (617)

Most of the civil rights in the Constitution are guaranteed to __________, which includes __________ as well as __________. Aliens, however, can be subjected to __________. Common reasons for this today include illegal __________ as well as conviction of any serious crime. Because this is a __________, not a __________, matter, several constitutional safeguards do not apply. For example, an immigrant facing deportation can be __________ and held without __________ even without a court hearing. (617)

No one knows how many __________ reside in the United States today. Most of them enter the country by slipping across the __________ or __________ borders, though some enter the country legally and then overstay their visas. Well over half of the undocumented aliens come from __________. (617)

This population often accepts work for __________ wages and in bad conditions. They place added stress on the __________ and __________ services of several states, notably __________, __________, __________, and __________. (618)

Although recent laws have tried to crack down on this population in many ways, the situation shows no signs of resolution. What are some ways in which the government discourages illegal immigration? (618) _______________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

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