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1. Go to

2. Click the Enroll in a Class link at the top-right corner of any page on the site.

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3. Enter your class code and click Enroll.

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4. The next page shows what class you are enrolling in. If you do not have an ExploreLearning account, you should click the Register Now to Enroll link. If you already have a username and password, click Login Now to Enroll instead.

5. If you need to create a new account, the next page lets you do that. Fill in your name and choose a username and password. (Remember, I can see all usernames and passwords!) Click Submit. You are done!

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You will be completing three Gizmo activities:

1. Mouse Genetics (One trait) – Dominance/Recessive & Monohybrid cross

2. Chicken Genetics – Codominance

3. Mouse Genetics (Two traits) – Dihybrid cross

* After you go through the following Student Explorations for each of the Gizmos, try the quiz. This will be submitted to your teacher who will record the mark. Ensure you have completed the Gizmo before you try the 5 quiz questions. *

Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (One Trait)

allele, DNA, dominant allele, gene, genotype, heterozygous, homozygous, hybrid, inheritance, phenotype, Punnett square, recessive allele, trait

Gizmo Warm-up

The rules of inheritance were discovered in the 19th century by Gregor Mendel. With the Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmo™, you will study how one trait, or feature, is inherited.

1. Drag two black mice into the Parent 1 and Parent 2 boxes. Click Breed several times. What is the phenotype of the offspring?

2. Click Clear, and drag two white mice into the parent boxes. Click Breed several times. What is the phenotype of the

offspring now?

|Activity A: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Patterns of inheritance |Drag a black mouse and a white mouse into the parent boxes, | |

| |but don’t click Breed yet. | |

1. Predict: What do you think the offspring of a black mouse and a white mouse will look like?

2. Observe: Click Breed several times. What do you see? _____________________________

3. Observe: Drag two offspring into the Holding Cages. These mice are called hybrids because their parents had different traits. Click Clear, and then breed the two hybrids. What do you see now?

4. Experiment: Turn on Show statistics. Click Breed until there are 100 offspring.

Cross: Hybrid x Hybrid How many offspring were: black? ________ white? ________

5. Explore: Try other combinations of mouse parents. Write the results of each experiment in your notes. When you have finished, answer the following questions. (Note: You can refer to the parents as “pure black,” “pure white,” or “hybrid.”)

Cross: _____________ How many offspring were: black? ________ white? ________

Cross: _____________ How many offspring were: black? ________ white? ________

Cross: _____________ How many offspring were: black? ________ white? ________

A. Which parent combination(s) yield only white offspring? _______________________

B. Which parent combination(s) yield only black offspring? _______________________

C. Which parent combination(s) yield a mixture of black and white offspring? ________

|Activity B: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Genetics basics |Drag a black mouse and a white mouse into the parent boxes. | |

Question: How do alleles determine fur color?

1. Observe: Turn on Show genotype. Move your cursor over a mouse to see its genotype.

A. What is the genotype of the black parent? _______ White parent? _______

These mice are _________________ for fur color, meaning both alleles are the same.

B. Click Breed. What is the genotype of the offspring mice? _______

These mice are _________________ for fur color, meaning the alleles are different.

2. Analyze: Dominant alleles are always expressed when present. Recessive alleles are not expressed when the dominant allele is also present. Look at the two alleles for fur color.

A. Which allele is dominant, and which fur color does it produce? _________________

B. Which allele is recessive, and which fur color does it produce? _________________

3. Predict: Place two of the Ff offspring into the Holding Cages. Click Clear, and then place them into the parent boxes.

A. Which allele(s) could the offspring inherit from parent 1? ______________________

B. Which allele(s) could the offspring inherit from parent 2? ______________________

C. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? ___________________________

4. Experiment: Click Breed several times, and look at the genotypes of the offspring. Did you find all the predicted genotypes? Explain.

|Activity C: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Modeling inheritance |Drag a black mouse and a white mouse into the parent boxes. | |

Question: How do scientists predict the genotypes of offspring?

1. Model: Scientists use a Punnett square to model the different possible offspring genotypes from a parent pair. The parent genotypes are written across the top and side of the square, as shown. The four possible offspring genotypes are then filled in.

The first square is filled in for you. Fill in the remaining squares.

A. What are the genotypes of the offspring? __________________________________

B. What percentage of the offspring will have black fur? _________________________

C. What percentage of the offspring will have white fur? _________________________

2. Experiment: Click Breed several times. Were your predictions correct? ________________

3. Model: Use the Punnett squares below to model each parent combination. After filling in each Punnett square, predict the percentages of black and white offspring.

Parent 1: Heterozygous black (Ff)

Parent 2: Heterozygous black (Ff)

Predicted % black offspring: ______

Predicted % white offspring: ______

Parent 1: Heterozygous black (Ff)

Parent 2: Homozygous white (ff)

Predicted % black offspring: ______

Predicted % white offspring: _____

4. Experiment: Turn on Show statistics and Show as approximate percentage. For each combination, breed approximately 500 offspring. Record the results in the table below. (Hint: To obtain an Ff mouse, breed an FF mouse to an ff mouse. Place two Ff offspring into the holding cages, click Clear, and then drag the Ff mice into the parent boxes.)

|Parent 1 Genotype |Parent 2 Genotype |% Black offspring |% White offspring |

|Ff |Ff | | |

|Ff |ff | | |

5. Draw conclusions: How well did the Punnett squares predict the offspring percentages for each parent pair?

6. Summarize: In your own words, explain how traits are passed from parents to their offspring.

Student Exploration: Chicken Genetics

allele, codominance, dominant, genotype, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, probability, Punnett square, recessive, trial

Gizmo Warm-up

There are many different ways traits can be inherited. Some traits are governed by alleles that are dominant over other alleles. Other traits are governed by alleles that share dominance. These alleles follow a pattern of inheritance called codominance. With the Chicken Genetics Gizmo™, you will study how codominance affects the inheritance of certain traits.

1. Turn on Show genotype. The genotype is the allele combination an organism has. Point to the red chicken.

A. What is the red chicken’s genotype? __________________________

B. What is the white chicken’s genotype? ________________________

2. What do you think the letters F, R, and W stand for in the genotypes?

|Activity A: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Drag a red chicken and a white chicken into the parent boxes, but don’t click Breed yet. | |

|Codominant traits | | |

Question: What inheritance patterns do codominant traits display?

1. Predict: What do you think the offspring of a red chicken and a white chicken will look like?

2. Observe: Click Breed. What are the offspring genotypes? ___________________________

Describe the offspring’s phenotype.

3. Experiment: Drag four offspring to the Holding Cages. Click Clear, and then drag one of the offspring to a parent box. Drag a white chicken to the other box. Click Breed several times. Describe the resulting genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

4. Revise and Repeat: Click Clear. Drag another chicken from the Holding Cages to the parent box. Drag a red chicken to the other box. Click Breed several times. Describe the resulting genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

5. Explain: In dominant/recessive inheritance patterns, the dominant allele is always expressed when present. The recessive allele is only expressed when the dominant allele is not present. Use your observations from this activity to describe how codominant inheritance patterns differ from dominant/recessive inheritance patterns.

|Activity B: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Codominant crosses |Drag the remaining chickens from the Holding Cages into the parent boxes. | |

Probability is the likelihood that a specific event will occur. Scientists use probability to predict the outcomes of different genetic crosses.

Question: How can you use probability to predict the outcome of a codominant cross?

1. Model: A Punnett square is used to model the possible offspring genotypes from a genetic cross. The parent genotypes are written at the top and side of the square, as shown. The possible offspring genotypes are then filled in. The first square is filled in for you. Fill in the remaining squares. (Note: FR FW is equivalent to FW FR.)

2. Analyze: A homozygous chicken will have the same alleles for feather color.

A heterozygous chicken will have two different alleles for feather color.

A. Are the parents homozygous or heterozygous? Explain how you know.

B. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? __________________________

C. Will the offspring be homozygous or heterozygous? _________________________

3. Calculate: Punnett squares can be used to predict probable outcomes of genetic crosses. To calculate probability, divide the number of one kind of possible outcome by the total number of all possible outcomes. For example, if you toss a coin, the chance it will land on heads is equal to 1 ÷ 2. This probability can be expressed as ½, 0.5, or 50%.

Look at the Punnett square above.

A. How many total possible outcomes are there? _________________

B. How many of the possible outcomes are for each of the following genotypes?

FR FR _______________ FW FW _____________ FR FW _____________

C. What is the probability for each of the following outcomes? (Record answers as both fractions and percentages.)

FR FR _______________ FW FW _____________ FR FW _____________

4. Test: Use the Gizmo to test your predicted outcomes. Turn on Show statistics and Show as approximate percentage. Click Breed. What are the results of the cross?

5. Evaluate: Did the results of the cross match your prediction? If not, why do you think that was the case?

6. Collect data: Click Breed 19 more times until you have generated 100 offspring. How do the percentages match your prediction now? Have they gotten to be more or less similar to your original prediction?

7. Compare: Click Breed until you have generated at least 1,000 offspring. Compare the statistics on the Gizmo with your original predictions. How close are they?

8. Draw conclusions: Each time you bred the parent chickens, you completed a trial. A trial is single time that you conduct an experiment. Random chance often causes identical trials to have different outcomes. Because of this, scientists repeat experiments many times in order to make sure that chance alone is not responsible for the results of a trial. How did your results change as the number of trials you completed increased? Why was it important for you to breed the chickens repeatedly in this experiment?

Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

1. A single coin is flipped four times. What do you think is the most likely outcome?

a. Four heads

b. Three heads, one tail

c. Two heads, two tails

d. One head, three tails

e. Four tails

f. All are equally likely

2. What do you think are the odds of getting four tails in a row? Explain your answer.

Gizmo Warm-up

On the Mouse Genetics (Two Traits) Gizmo, drag mice into the Parent 1 and Parent 2 spaces, and then click Breed to see their offspring. Experiment with different combinations of parent mice.

1. What must be true to have offspring with black fur? ________________________________

2. What must be true to have offspring with white fur? ________________________________

3. What must be true to have offspring with black eyes? ______________________________

4. What must be true to have offspring with red eyes? ________________________________

5. What must be true to have offspring with red eyes and white fur? _____________________

|Activity A: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Exploring inheritance |Turn on Show genotype. | |

Question: What patterns appear when two traits are inherited?

1. Observe: Breed a black-fur, black-eye mouse with a white-fur, red-eye mouse. Click Breed several times, and then drag two of the offspring into the Holding Cages below. Move the cursor over a mouse to see its genotype, or allele combination.

A. What is the genotype of the black-fur parent? _______________________________

B. What is the genotype of the white-fur parent? _______________________________

C. What are the genotypes of the offspring? __________________________________

2. Analyze: The probability of an event is the likelihood that it will happen. Probability can be expressed as a percentage, such as 75%, as a decimal (0.75), or as a fraction (3/4).

What is the probability that an offspring mouse will have black fur and black eyes? _______

3. Predict: Click Clear, and move the two mice from the Holding Cages into the parent box.

What do you expect the offspring of these mice to look like?

4. Experiment: Click Breed, and record the genotypes of the offspring on a sheet of paper. Repeat this several times to see a variety of offspring. What genotypes do you see?

5. Extend: Turn on Show statistics, and click Breed until there are 100 offspring.

A. How many offspring have black fur and black eyes? __________________________

B. How many offspring have black fur and red eyes? ___________________________

C. How many offspring have white fur and black eyes? __________________________

D. How many offspring have white fur and red eyes? ___________________________

|Activity B: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Probability and genetics |Use the Gizmo to create a Ff Ee parent and a Ff ee parent. | |

If two events are independent, the probability of both events occurring together is equal to the product of their independent probabilities. For example, if there is a 1/2 chance of getting “heads” on a coin flip, there is a 1/2 • 1/2 = 1/4 chance of getting two heads in a row.

1. Model: To determine the probability of a trait combination such as black fur and red eyes, consider each trait separately. Fill in the Punnett square for each trait. Then determine the probability of black fur and the probability of red eyes. Express each probability as a fraction.

Parent 1 fur genotype: Ff

Parent 2 fur genotype: Ff

Probability of black fur: ——

Parent 1 eye genotype: Ee

Parent 2 eye genotype: ee

Probability of red eyes: ——

2. Predict: Now multiply the probabilities together to find the probability of black fur and red eyes.

Express your answer as a fraction and as a percentage: —— _____%

3. Experiment: Turn on Show statistics. Check that the parent mice genotypes are FfEe and Ffee.

Click Breed until there are 500 offspring.

A. How many of the offspring had black fur and red eyes? _______

B. What percentage of offspring had black fur and red eyes? _______

4. On your own: Use this method to find the probabilities of other offspring trait combinations, such as black fur/black eyes, white fur/black eyes, and white fur/red eyes. Compare each predicted percentage to the actual percentage. In general, did this method work well?

|Activity C: |Get the Gizmo ready: |[pic] |

| |Click Clear. | |

|Expanded Punnett square |Use the Gizmo to create two FfEe parents. | |

7. Model: Each parent mouse will contribute one allele for fur color and another for eye color. If a parent mouse is FfEe, there are four possible allele combinations the parent could pass to its offspring: FE, Fe, fE, and fe. The combinations are written along the top and sides of the expanded Punnett square, as shown below. Fill in the empty spaces to complete the square. Then write the probability of each offspring’s phenotype (physical appearance) in the spaces to the right. Express each probability as a fraction and as a percentage.

Black fur, black eyes: —— _____%

Black fur, red eyes: —— _____%

White fur, black eyes: —— _____%

White fur, red eyes: —— _____%

8. Experiment: Check that Show statistics is turned on. Be sure there are two Ff Ee parents. Click Breed until there are 500 offspring. Write the results in the table below.

|Trait combination: |Black fur, black eyes |Black fur, red eyes |White fur, black eyes |White fur, red eyes |

|Number: | | | | |

|Percentage: | | | | |

9. Analyze: How well did the results match the predictions of the Punnett square?

10. On your own: Try other parent combinations. Use any method to predict the percentages of each offspring’s phenotype.

Use the Gizmo to test your predictions.

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Class Codes

SBI3U1-01 Ms. Lorenowicz 3RBZXJNMTF

SBI3U1-02 Ms. Papaiconomou NBM9HJYAHK

SBI3U1-03 Ms. Lorenowicz AVD22AJW9F

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| |FR |FW |

|FR | | |

| |FR FR | |

|FW | | |

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