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ANSWER KEY: succession webquest yes, you DO want to open this file! Look for the effect of temperature and rainfall on succession.Next: Visit the web link . How is primary succession different from secondary succession? Primary succession starts with no soil while secondary succession is when there is a disturbance but the soil remains2. Describe the example of secondary succession indicated in the simulation a boreal forest is burned by fire. Over time mosses/lichens, grasses, weeds, shrubs, then taller trees grow back.3. How does the rate of secondary succession compare to primary succession? Much faster4. Imagine a lawn on campus or in someone's yard. Are there any examples of succession there now? If no one maintained it for five years, what might it look like? What would it look like after 10 years? 50? 100? Within 5 years you might see weeds start to overtake the lawn. Eventually tree seeds would find there way there and you should start to see forest by the end. Visit the link above, read the introduction, watch the animation, take the quiz, and answer the following questions: 5. What are some of the “pioneer” species in glacial moraines? those that have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules on their roots such as dryas.6. How do alder trees affect nitrogen content in soil? They increase the nitrogen in the soil7. How do the alder trees influence spruce tree growth? The increased nitrogen allows spruce trees to grow (which need more nitrogen)8. Write the answers to the two quiz questions. Increase in soil nitrogen content The development of a plant community on a newly formed volcanic island the link above and click on the ANIMATION, watch the animation, and answer the following questions: 9. Is a glacier and example of primary or secondary succession? Why? Primary because the glacier removes everything down to the bedrock10. Describe the pattern of primary succession the Glacier Bay area. Are all of the regions of the bay at same stage of succession process? What factors might explain this? They are not all at the same stage! The southern part where the glacier retreated from first will have had a longer time for plants to colonize and make soil. So the southern part will be further along in succession.11. What is the general pattern between the direction of glacial retreat and stage of primary succession? Southern end has been undergoing succession for a longer time. 12. Compare and contrast the general plant communities from the far North and upper portions of Glacier Bay vs. the middle and lower bay areas of Glacier Bay. Far north has dryas and alder while middle has spruce and lower part has hemlock. This spruce will eventually replace alder in the far north and hemlock will replace spruce in the middle and far north eventually.13. How the presence or absence of soil critical of identifying an area as either primary or secondary succession? Having soil already means plants can grow. So succession will be much faster. the link above and answer the following questions: 14. Is the story of bog succession and example of secondary or primary succession? Why secondary because there was soil to start with.15. What are some characteristics of a “bog” area? Wet and waterlogged. Contain lots of organic matter16. Describe how water is diverted and how that contributes to the death of trees and many plants. Beavers dam up the river and the water flows into the forest. Too much water eventually kills the trees.17. How is the bog in the animation eventually changed into a bog forest? The beaver pond eventually gets filled in as plants start to grow on the edges and organic matter builds up. When enough organic matter and soil builds up, then trees can grow again. Visit the link above and answer the following questions: 18. What is the disturbance illustrated in this animation? Forest fire19. Is this an example of secondary or primary succession? Why? Secondary-the soil remains20. Over what time period does the course of succession take place in this temperate forest example? Up to 800 years21. Describe what happens in the post disturbance phase from 1-20 after the initial disturbance. A new generation of trees, shrubs, and plants starts to grow – the pioneer species. Around here it would likey be Douglas Fir.22. Over time describe what happens to the complexity/biodiversity of the temperate forest over the course of hundreds of years after the initial disturbance. Biodiversity increases and larger organisms can live there.23. Fire is one cause of secondary succession. List at least four other examples of secondary succession. Farming and crop renewalLogging a forestDisease / insect infestation killing plantsVolcanic eruption (Mt St Hellens) Visit the link above and answer the following questions: Make sure to look at the map and pictures at the bottom of the page after reading the basics of the Buell study on the webpage. 24. Describe the time associated with Buell small succession study as compared to an example of primary succession. Which takes longer? The Buell small succession study is much faster because there is soil already on the old farmland!25. In general describe the progression of plant species in the secondary succession process. That is, which plants are first, second, third, fourth, etc., all the way up to the formation of the climax community. Often grasses, then weeds, then shrubs, then trees. Finally large trees will dominate and be the climax community.Fire Succession in San Diego county Click on each of the links and answer the associated questions Chaparral . What is the difference between and obligate seeder and obligate sprouter? Obligate seeders require fire to pass through in order to germinate. This means there will be room to grow as the older plants have died. Obligate sprouters die back in a fire but do not die completely. They will then sprout new growth after the fire.27. According to the article what has been the impact of fire suppression strategies in general in chaparral communities in San Diego. Fire suppression (i.e. stopping wildfires) has led to buildup of leaf litter and other flammable materials. As such wildfires are now worse and more frequent than they otherwise would have been.28. According to the article, what might happen if human population in chaparral areas continues to increase, and the frequencies of wildfires become more prevalent? “If the interval between fires drops below 10 to 15 years, many plant species are eliminated and chaparral is destroyed, typically being replaced by non-native, weedy grassland.”Mixed Coniferous Forest 29. How have fire suppression efforts in coniferous forest influenced shade tolerant plants? “Fire exclusion has allowed the persistence of shade-tolerant species (species that can live in shade and do not need direct sunlight) that would otherwise be rare in a mixed conifer forest with a fire regime of frequent surface fires.”30. In National Forests, government policy has been to suppress forest fires whenever possible for the last century. Now some regions are starting to allow fires to burn. Based on what you know about succession, what impact do you think this might have in the mixed coniferous forests of Sand Diego and areas like it? If we allow fires to burn, then there will NOT be a massive buildup the kind of leaf litter and other flammable materials since fires will be more frequent. This in turn mean fires will be less destructive and the chances of a “crown fire” (when the fire reaches all the way up to the tops of tall trees) are decreased. A crown fire wipes out the entire ecosystem while a ground fire only destroys low-lying vegetation. Therefore increased fires (by allowing wildfires to burn) could lead to a HEALTHY ecosystem. 31. List the 3 species of conifers and 3 species of oak common to the mixed coniferous forest of San Diego county. Coulter pine, Jeffery pine, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, and white fir are the conifers. Coastal live oak, canyon live oak, and black oak are the oak species.Click on the link? (Fire Ecology)32. What are some of the adaptations common to plants and trees in fire prone areas? For example, serotinous cones, fire resistant bark, fire resistant foliage, or rapid growth and development enable various kinds of plants to survive and thrive in a fire prone environment.33. According to the article, how does wildfire and the wildfire recovery process influence animal biodiversity? Wildfires allow small plants to grow. These plants produce seeds that can be eaten by small animals. The small animals in turn have predators that live there. So forest fires allow for animal biodiversity by providing the habitat necessary for small and large animals. Without the fires, the small plants would not exist and neither could the small animals. Thus there would be no big animals either.34. How do “mature” coniferous forests or the coniferous forest climax community rate in terms of biological productivity compared to other states of coniferous forest succession stages. What implications do you see this having on fire suppression programs or controlled burn programs? Less productivity and less biodiversity. Fire suppression is possibly not worth it, though it IS important to landowners who don’t want their houses burned! But biologically speaking, fires are an important to the ecosystem. Controlled burns can allow for the removal to excess combustable material and possibly allow for biodiversity to continue WHILE STILL PROTECTING PEOPLES’ PROPERTY. Of course there is the risk that the fire will get out of control!35. List the six major U.S. fire-adapted ecological communities. Tallgrass prairire, chaparral, ponderosa pine in the interior west, douglas fir in the pacific northwest, loblolly and shortleaf pine in the southeast, and jack pine in the great lakes area36. What is your opinion of prescribed fires and their role after reading the article? This is open-ended. ................
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