Anatomy & Physiology Notes
Notes: The Integumentary System
Skin structure: Organs include: Hair, Skin, Nails and associated structures
I. Intro: know your skin diagrams & info: pages 5-7 of these notes
Skin color
I. Determined by combo of:
A.
B.
C.
II. Pigments
A. melanin - 3 types (black, brown, yellow)
1. melanocytes in stratum basale transfer pigment to keratinocytes
2. freckles & pigmented moles caused by: _______________________
3. Define: solar elastosis - ____________________________________
B. Carotene - yellow to orange
1. lipid soluble vitamin A precursor
2. accumulates in ___________________and ______________ cells
C. Hemoglobin
1. ______________________ color of oxygenated blood
2. more obviously detected in ____________ skin
II. Blood circulation
A. increase in flow - _________________________________________
B. decrease in flow - ________________________________________
IV. Diagnostics
A. skin color is often used as a first line diagnostic tool
B. Influenced by ______________ or _______________ states.
List color of skin AND possible causes for each of the following:
1. cyanosis
2. erythema
4. jaundice
5. bronzing
6. bruises (hematomas)
End of Worksheet #1 Material
Derivatives of skin
I. Hair Structure & Info
a. Pigment
i. caused by proportions of 3 melanin types
ii. gray/white hair - melanin replaced by air bubbles in shaft
b. hair types
i. lanugo
ii. vellus
iii. terminal
c. hair growth
i. influenced by: (in this order)
1. nutrition - main influence
2. hormones
3. blood circulation
ii. cycles
1. growth phase: actively mitotic vs. resting phase: follicle atrophies
2. scalp - 4 year growth - eyebrows - 3 or 4 months growth
iii. baldness ( alopecia )
1. male pattern baldness - sex linked recessive genetic trait
2. minoxidil - know background, current use, & popularity
3. coarse repl. by vellus - progresses posteriorly
4. thinning – can be caused by medications, nutrition, stress, etc.
II. nails - know diagram
[pic]
III. Glands
[pic]
Integument functions
I. Protection
A. biological (cells)
macrophages(dermis) & Langerhan's cells (epidermis) engulf invaders
B. mechanical (physical)
1. continuity - special junctions (tight & desmosomes) form impermeable sheet
2. keratin - blocks diffusion of water & water soluble substances
C. chemical
1. skin secretions (acid mantle):
tears, sweats & oils lower pH and also contain lysozyme
2. melanin - pigment shield
II. Excretion - limited amounts of _________________ containing wastes and sodium chloride
III. Homeostasis of body temp.
A. Heat production - chief determinant - ________________________________
B. Heat loss/gain
1. 80% of heat transfer occurs through skin - rest through mucosa
2. regulated by regulating blood flow to skin (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
IV. Vitamin D production - imp. in _____________ uptake from stomach into blood
_________________ molecules - when exposed to UV light become inactive vitamin D (precursor) - precursor is modified into active vitamin D in _________________
V. Sensation [pic]
End of Quiz #2 material
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[pic]
[pic]
[pic]
[pic]
__________________________________ smooth muscle regulated by cold/fright – contraction pulls hair upright causing “goose bumps”
Split Ends
__________________________________ expanded deep end of follicule
Hair shaft – above skin
Hair root – below skin
_________________________________ actively mitotic area in bulb – directly surrounds papilla
_________________________________ capillary in bulb for hair nourishment
Sebaceous (oil) glands
• waterproofing
• softens & lubricates skin and hair
• Open into ______________________
• bactericidal effect
• secretion stimulated by hormones
• List imbalance terms in ppt
sudoriferous (sweat) glands apocrine glands
• duct opens into ________________
• axillary & anogenital region - begin to function at puberty
• know sweat composition
sudoriferous (sweat) glands. eccrine glands
• duct opens to __________________
• know sweat composition & pH
• regulated by sympathic NS to assist in ______________________________
ceruminous glands (not on diagram)
• modified apocrine gland
• external 1/3 of ear canal
[pic]
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