Anatomy & Physiology Notes



Notes: The Integumentary System

Skin structure: Organs include: Hair, Skin, Nails and associated structures

I. Intro: know your skin diagrams & info: pages 5-7 of these notes

Skin color

I. Determined by combo of:

A.

B.

C.

II. Pigments

A. melanin - 3 types (black, brown, yellow)

1. melanocytes in stratum basale transfer pigment to keratinocytes

2. freckles & pigmented moles caused by: _______________________

3. Define: solar elastosis - ____________________________________

B. Carotene - yellow to orange

1. lipid soluble vitamin A precursor

2. accumulates in ___________________and ______________ cells

C. Hemoglobin

1. ______________________ color of oxygenated blood

2. more obviously detected in ____________ skin

II. Blood circulation

A. increase in flow - _________________________________________

B. decrease in flow - ________________________________________

IV. Diagnostics

A. skin color is often used as a first line diagnostic tool

B. Influenced by ______________ or _______________ states.

List color of skin AND possible causes for each of the following:

1. cyanosis

2. erythema

4. jaundice

5. bronzing

6. bruises (hematomas)

End of Worksheet #1 Material

Derivatives of skin

I. Hair Structure & Info

a. Pigment

i. caused by proportions of 3 melanin types

ii. gray/white hair - melanin replaced by air bubbles in shaft

b. hair types

i. lanugo

ii. vellus

iii. terminal

c. hair growth

i. influenced by: (in this order)

1. nutrition - main influence

2. hormones

3. blood circulation

ii. cycles

1. growth phase: actively mitotic vs. resting phase: follicle atrophies

2. scalp - 4 year growth - eyebrows - 3 or 4 months growth

iii. baldness ( alopecia )

1. male pattern baldness - sex linked recessive genetic trait

2. minoxidil - know background, current use, & popularity

3. coarse repl. by vellus - progresses posteriorly

4. thinning – can be caused by medications, nutrition, stress, etc.

II. nails - know diagram

[pic]

III. Glands

[pic]

Integument functions

I. Protection

A. biological (cells)

macrophages(dermis) & Langerhan's cells (epidermis) engulf invaders

B. mechanical (physical)

1. continuity - special junctions (tight & desmosomes) form impermeable sheet

2. keratin - blocks diffusion of water & water soluble substances

C. chemical

1. skin secretions (acid mantle):

tears, sweats & oils lower pH and also contain lysozyme

2. melanin - pigment shield

II. Excretion - limited amounts of _________________ containing wastes and sodium chloride

III. Homeostasis of body temp.

A. Heat production - chief determinant - ________________________________

B. Heat loss/gain

1. 80% of heat transfer occurs through skin - rest through mucosa

2. regulated by regulating blood flow to skin (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)

IV. Vitamin D production - imp. in _____________ uptake from stomach into blood

_________________ molecules - when exposed to UV light become inactive vitamin D (precursor) - precursor is modified into active vitamin D in _________________

V. Sensation [pic]

End of Quiz #2 material

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__________________________________ smooth muscle regulated by cold/fright – contraction pulls hair upright causing “goose bumps”

Split Ends

__________________________________ expanded deep end of follicule

Hair shaft – above skin

Hair root – below skin

_________________________________ actively mitotic area in bulb – directly surrounds papilla

_________________________________ capillary in bulb for hair nourishment

Sebaceous (oil) glands

• waterproofing

• softens & lubricates skin and hair

• Open into ______________________

• bactericidal effect

• secretion stimulated by hormones

• List imbalance terms in ppt

sudoriferous (sweat) glands apocrine glands

• duct opens into ________________

• axillary & anogenital region - begin to function at puberty

• know sweat composition

sudoriferous (sweat) glands. eccrine glands

• duct opens to __________________

• know sweat composition & pH

• regulated by sympathic NS to assist in ______________________________

ceruminous glands (not on diagram)

• modified apocrine gland

• external 1/3 of ear canal

[pic]

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