Chapter 6 Part 1: India’s First Civilizations
Chapter 6 Part 1: India’s First Civilizations
I. The Land of India
-subcontinent b/c separated from rest of Asia by Himalayas (highest mtn. in world)
-5 nations: India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, & Nepal
-2 fertile river valley created by Ganges River and Indus River
-monsoon- brings rain in summer
-1st civilization arose near Indus River after flooding left fertile soil
-Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro – large, well-planned cities in ancient India
-cities: wells, drains for wastewater, garbage chutes, organized government
-houses made from baked mud bricks
-most people farmers: grew wheat, barley, peas, & cotton
-city dwellers: artisans (made jewelry, pottery, tools, & cloth)
-Harappans traded with other lands
II. The Aryans Invade
-hunters, raised and herded cattle
-nomads and expert warriors; metal-tipped spears & wooden chariots
-destroyed Harappa; conquered Indian subcontinent except southern tip of India
-became farmers and raised cattle; declared cattle sacred
-invented iron plow & built canals
-Sanskrit- written language
-tribes led by a raja (prince)
III. Society in Ancient India
-caste- social group born into & cannot change
-4 levels of society:
-top- priests & warriors
-2nd- common people, such as merchants & farmers
-3rd- laborers & servants
-4th- Untouchables- did work others did not want to do
-men more important than women
-in most cases only men could inherit property, go to school, or become priest
-parents arranged marriages, divorce not allowed
Chapter 6 Part 2: Hinduism and Buddhism
I. Hinduism
-3rd largest religion in world
-roots in Aryan religion, which changed after borrowing ideas from conquered people of
India
-Brahman- universal spirit made up of thousands of gods & goddesses
-Upanishads- ancient religious writing- describe search for Brahman
-Reincarnation- pass through many lives to reach Brahman
-Dharma- divine laws of Hindus- you must perform duties of caste
-karma- consequences of how a person lives
II. Buddhism
-religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama- man who became known as Buddha
“Enlightened One”
-Gautama- prince- left family & wealth to travel- saw suffering & questioned its need-
meditated for 49 days- travel rest of life
-Nirvana- state of wisdom, occurs when give up all desires
-core of teachings in Four Noble Truths; Eightfold Path describes steps to eliminate
suffering
-Theravada Buddhism- Buddha was great teacher, not god
-Mahayana Buddhists- Buddha was a god who came to save people
-Tibet- country in central Asia; Mahayana Buddhism mixed with traditional Tibetan
religion & Hinduism create a special kind of Mahayana Buddhism
-Tibet- lamas (religious leaders) head gov’t; Dalai Lama gov’t leader; Panchen Lama
religious leader
-theocracy- form of gov’t where religious leaders head gov’t
Chapter 6 Part 3: India’s First Empires
I. The Mauryan Dynasty
-Chandraqupta Maurya- Indian prince, founded first empire after Alexander the Great
left; called Mauryan dynasty
-dynasty- series of rulers from same dynasty
-Chandraqupta- retained strong army & used spies
-Asoka- greatest king; turned away from violence; follow Buddhism; built hospitals,
roads, teachers sent throughout India to teach Buddhism
-empire weakens after Asoka’s death; dynast falls
II. The Gupta Empire
-500 yrs. fighting; another Ghandraqupta took power- founded Gupta dynasty
-son Samudraqupta will expand empire
-Gupta’s rule 200 yrs; wealthy from trade with China & kingdoms in southeast Asia &
Mediterranean
-Pilgrims used trade routes to travel to a religious shrine or site; pilgrims helped maek cities wealthy
-Guptas were Hindus; made Hinduism official religion
-golden age of art & learning in India
III. Indian Literature and Science
-Vedas- hymns & prayers; recorded in Sanskrit after Aryans came to India
-epic Mahabharata & Ramayana- poems still famous today; tell about warriors & their
brave death
-Kalidasa- writer; lived during Gupta dynasty; The Cloud Messenger; most popular
Sanskrit poem
-Aryabhata- mathmatician during Gupta dynasty- one of 1st to use algebra
-mathematicians in Gupta empire developed symbols for numbers 1 to 9 used today;
invented algorithms & idea of zero
-developed ideas in astronomy & medicine
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