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Name: _______________________________Broad Run High SchoolWorld History and Geography IISocial Science DepartmentSOL Review PacketWhat was the Renaissance?The Rebirth of art and learningWhy did the Renaissance begin in Italy?Italy was very rich—rich popes and merchants became patrons to the artsWhy did the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe?People wanted a way to fix their problems from wars and the Bubonic Plague, important cities, bankersWho was Michelangelo?Renaissance artist-David and the ceiling of the Sistine ChapelWho were the Medici?A wealthy Italian merchant familyWho was Leonardo da Vinci?Renaissance artist-Mona Lisa and the Last SupperWho was Shakespeare?Renaissance authorWhat is humanism?Study of human potential and achievementWho was Erasmus?Dutch Humanist author- wrote Praise of FollyDescribe the major trade routes that linked Europe with Asia and Africa. Silk Road, Maritime (water) routes, Trans-SaharanWhat was the Silk Road?Roads that connected Asia with the Mediterranean SeaWhat important trade items were offered by the Chinese?Tea, porcelain, silk, paperWho invented the printing press and why was it so important?Johannes Gutenberg-it spread literacy and the ideas of the Renaissance and ReformationWhat conflicts challenged the authority of the Church in Rome?Usury, the church’s misuse of power, church corruption, the nobility in Italy and Germany resented the pope, merchant wealthWhy was Martin Luther so significant to the Reformation?He posted the 95 theses and started the Reformation—salvation by faith aloneWho was John Calvin?Created Calvinism. Predestination and a strong work ethicWho was Henry VIII? What was he known for?King of England, known for splitting away from the Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn’t give him a divorce, began the Anglican ChurchWho was Elizabeth I? What was she known for?Daughter of Henry VIII, she was known for making Anglicanism the official religion of England and defeating the Spanish ArmadaDescribe the Reformation in Germany.The Northern German Princes converted to ProtestantismWho were the Hapsburgs?German Catholic familyWhat was the Thirty Years War?A conflict between the German Protestants and the German Catholics over religion, territory and for powerHow did the Anglican Church come into existence?Queen Elizabeth I made it the official English religionWho were the Huguenots?French protestantsWhat was the Edict of Nantes?Huguenots were given the freedom to worshipWho was Cardinal Richelieu?A French cardinal who changed the 30 Years War from Religious to PoliticalBefore Martin Luther, there was ____John Hus_____ and __John Wycliffe___________ who called for reforms in the Catholic Church. What was the Counter Reformation?A series of reforms (fixes) made by the Catholic ChurchWhat was the Council of Trent?A meeting of the church that tried to fix the problems and reaffirmed the Catholic rules.Who were the Jesuits?(Society of Jesus) Priests who educated people about Catholicism and conducting missionary workWhat was the Inquisition?A court established to reinforce Catholic doctrine through punishment and tortureWhat factors contributed to the European discovery of land in the Western Hemisphere?A need for gold, spices, and natural resources; support for spreading Christianity; political and economic competition between European Empires; innovations in navigational artsWho was Prince Henry the Navigator?A Prince of Portugal who founded a school for navigation that helped start explorationWho was Vasco da Gama?Portuguese explorer who found a route to India Who was Christopher Columbus?Explorer for Spain who sailed to the AmericasWho was Hernando Cortez?Spanish conquistador who conquered the AztecsWho was Francisco Pizarro?Spanish conquistador who conquered the IncasWho was Ferdinand Magellan?Spanish explorer known for circumnavigating the worldWho was Sir Francis Drake?First British man to sail around the worldWho was Jacques Cartier?French explorer who discovered CanadaHow did Christianity spread to the “New World?”The Europeans forced it upon the native populations, missionariesWhat led to the demise of the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas?They were conquered by Spanish conquistadors; diseaseDescribe the rigid class system in Latin America.It was similar to Europe, with Europeans on top, and slaves on the bottom. Mining and farming, encomiendasWhat is a colony?A land controlled by a distant nationWhat was the Middle Passage?Trip to the Americas for slaves from Africa—middle leg of Triangular TradeWhy did Europeans turn to Africa for slaves?Africans had built up immunity to disease, had farming experience, and had little knowledge of America so it was harder for them to run awayWhat was the Columbian Exchange?Exchange of goods between the Americas, Africa, and EuropeWhere was the Ottoman Empire located?Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), spread to North Africa, parts of Europe, and the Middle EastWhat is the importance of the Ottoman Empire? (what contributions did they make?)Istanbul established, used Islam to unify the empire, traded coffee and ceramicsWhere was the Mughal Empire located?Northern IndiaWhat is the importance of the Mughal Empire? (what contributions did they make?)Spread Islam into India, built the Taj Mahal, Indian textiles influenced the BritishWhat did Southern India trade?Silks, gems, spicesDescribe the class system in Japan (shogunate).Weak emperors were ruled by military leaders (shoguns)Why did the Japanese and Chinese stay relatively isolated from Europe?They wanted to limit outside (foreign) influencesWhat is mercantilism?An economic policy where a countries’ power depends on its wealth. Increased by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they buyWhat is the Commercial Revolution?The expansion of trade and business based on trade, credit and banking, and colonies, that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuriesWho was Nicolaus Copernicus?Creator of the heliocentric theoryWho was Johannes Kepler?Discovered the laws of planetary motionWho was Galileo Galilei?Supporter of the heliocentric theoryWho was Isaac Newton?Discovered the laws of gravityWho was William Harvey?Discoverer of blood circulationWhat was the Scientific Revolution?A new way of thinking in Europe based on careful observation, a willingness to question widely held beliefs, and reasonWhat is absolutism and divine right?Ruling without limits and controlling all aspects of scoiety. DR: god gives kings the right to ruleWho was the Sun King?Louis XIV—King of France who built the palace at VersaillesWho was Louis XVI?Grandson of Louis IV—King of France during the French RevolutionWho was Frederick the Great?King of Prussia—focused society on the militaryWho was Peter the Great?King of Russia—focused on westernizing his country, built St PetersburgHow did the English Civil War promote the rights of Englishmen?Parliament vs. the King, created a limited monarchyHow did the Glorious Revolution promote the rights of Englishmen?The GR increased parliamentary power over royal power, and it led to the creation of the English Bill of RightsWho was Oliver Cromwell?The leader of the Puritans in the English Civil War. Executed Charles I and ruled as a military dictatorWhat was the Restoration?Charles II restored to the throne in EnglandWhat was the English Bill of Rights of 1689?Established the limits on the English monarchy.What was the Enlightenment?An intellectual movement in which thinkers tried to apply reason and the scientific method to societyWho was Thomas Hobbes? Wrote Leviathan—Humans are evil and primitive and consent to government for self-protection. Likes absolute monarchiesWho was John Locke?Wrote Two Treatisies on Government—People have the power in government. They also have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Who was Montesquieu?Wrote The Spirit of Laws—separation of powers in governmentWho was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?Wrote The Social Contract—Government is a contract between the rulers and the peopleWho was Voltaire?Enlightenment thinker—religious tolerance should be the rule; separation of church and stateHow did the Enlightenment influence Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence?TJ used Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence—life, liberty, and propertyHow did the Enlightenment influence the US Constitution and Bill of Rights?Those documents used Enlightenment ideas such as religious freedom, separation of powers, and government as a social contractWhat were the causes of the French Revolution?The Old Regime, Enlightenment ideas, influence of the American Revolution77. What was the Reign of Terror? The period in French history when the government was led by Maximillian Robespierre who, executed anyone who spoke against himDescribe the colonial system (government, religion, economy).The colonial system was a mirror of the mother country in terms of government and religion. Their economy existed to help the mother country.Describe the class structure in the colonial system.Peninsulars (men born in Spain)Creoles (Spainards born in USA)Mestizos (European/Indian)Mulattos (European/African)What two events influenced revolutions in Central and South America?The American and French RevolutionsWhat countries gained their independence in the 1800s?Haiti, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Mexico, BrazilWho was Toussaint L’Ouverture?Leader of a slave revolt in HaitiWho was Simon Bolivar?The general who led the revolution in VenezuelaWhat was the Monroe Doctrine?Written in 1823—American document that told European countries to stay out of the Americas Who was Johann Sebastian Bach?A baroque composerWho was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?A classical composerWho was Eugene Delacroix?A Romantic artistWho was Voltaire?See number 77Who was Miguel de Cervantes?Europe’s first novelist—wrote Don QuixoteWho was Napoleon?The Emperor of France after the French Revolution. Known for the Napoleonic CodeWhat was the Napoleonic Code?A unifed code of law for all men; supported the idea of giving up personal rights for the good of the nationWhat happened at the Congress of Vienna?Restored Kings to power, redrew the map of Europe, and established a balance of power among European nationsWhat is the balance of power doctrine?The idea of not allowing any one country to be more powerful than anotherWhat is liberalism?The idea of wanting a government based on a constitutionWhat is conservatism? The idea of wanting governments to return to absolute monarchiesWhat was the significance of the Revolutions of 1848?The revolutions signify an increase in nationalistic tensionsWho was Count Cavour?Unified northern ItalyWho was Giuseppe Garibaldi?The leader responsible for uniting southern ItalyHow was Italy unified?Garibaldi gave southern Italy to Cavour, and the Papal States joined last, uniting the nation.How was Germany unified?Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of GE through war and by appealing to nationalistic feelingsWho was Otto von Bismarck?The leader of Prussia who followed Realpolitik and who was known for uniting GermanyWhat was Realpolitik?A philosophy that justifies all means to preserve powerWhat is the significance of the Franco-Prussian War?Germany unifiedWhat is the Agricultural Revolution?New designs in farm tools and technology led to an increase in foodWhat is the Industrial Revolution?The shift (beginning in England) from making goods by hand to making goods by machineWhat is the enclosure movement?The practice of hedging in fields in order to make larger and more productive fieldsWhat raw materials were important to industrialization?Water, iron ore, coal, steelWhy did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?England had the right raw materials, rivers for inland transportation, harbors for ocean tradeWho was James Watt?Creator of the steam engineWho was Eli Whitney?Creator of the cotton ginWho was James Hargreaves?Creator of the spinning jennyWho was Henry Bessemer?Creator of the process of making steelWho was Edward Jenner?Creator of the smallpox vaccineWho was Louis Pasteur?Discoverer of bacteriaWhat is urbanization?The movement of people from the country to the cities to find workWhat working conditions were workers dissatisfied with?Long hours, dangerous conditions, low pay, child laborWhat is capitalism?People freely investing money to make profitWho wrote Wealth of Nations?Adam SmithWhat is laissez-faire?No government interference in businessWho was Karl Marx and what did he write?The founder of the idea of Communism who wrote the Communist ManifestoWhat were the benefits of child labor?Costs were low and the profits highWhat caused the rise of labor unions?Dissatisfaction with working conditions and a desire for higher payWhat is collective bargaining?Labor and management working together to determine fair payWhat benefits do labor unions provide?They lobbied for laws to benefit workers, they encouraged strikes for higher wagesWhat is nationalism?Having pride/love for your countryWhat is imperialism?A stronger country taking over a weaker country for its own gainWhat are protectorates?Areas who has its own government, but its foreign policy is controlled by an outside nationWhat are spheres of influence? (think China)Areas whose trade and economy are controlled by an outside nation.How was Japan opened to trade in the 19th century?The United States forced it open What is the significance of the Suez Canal?It provided a direct sea route between Europe and AsiaWhat was the Boxer Rebellion?A rebellion by the Chinese peasants to protest foreign influences in ChinaWhat was the Sepoy Rebellion?A rebellion by Indian soldiers to protest British rule in India and led to harsher treatment of India by the British.What were the causes of World War I?IMANASS—Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, Alliances, Assassination of Archduke FerdinandWhat were the major events of WWI?Assassination of Ferdinand, US enters war in 1917, Russia leaves the warWhat were the effects of WWI?Increased colonial demands for independence, it ended the Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austria-Hungary Empires, and there was a HUGE cost of the war in lives, property, and social disruptionWhat is the Treaty of Versailles?A treaty after WWI that forced Germany to accept all guilt for the war, lose territory, limit their military, and pay reparations. It also formed the League of Nations.Who was Woodrow Wilson?President of the US in WWI—created the 14 PointsWhat is the League of Nations?An international peacekeeping group without an army to enforce its decisions and the US was not a memberWhat caused the Bolshevik Revolution?Landless peasantry, the incompetence of Nicolas II, military defeats and high casualties in WWIWho was Lenin?The leader of the BolsheviksWhat is communism?An economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people—everything is sharedWhat is the mandate system?After WWI, large parts of the former Ottoman Empire in the Middle East were temporarily divided and ruled by Great Britain or FranceWhat were the causes of the worldwide depression of the interwar period?high German reparations, high tariffs, too much credit being given out, and the dominance of the U.S. economy that crashed with the Stock Market Crash of 1929Who was Joseph Stalin? Describe his policies.Russian/Soviet dictator in the Interwar and WWII years. Policies-strong Communism, 5 year plans, collectivization of farms, secret police, state industrialization.Who was Adolf Hitler? Describe his policies.German Nazi dictator. Policies-anti-semitism, Nazism, extreme nationalism, occupation of nearby countriesWho was Benito Mussolini? Describe his policies.Italian Fascist dictator. Policies—ambition to restore the glory of Rome, invasion of EthiopiaWhat is fascism?A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, denial of individual rights and a one party ruleExplain how Japan was imperialistic prior to and in WWII.It was imperialistic because it needed raw materials. It invaded Korea, China, ManchuriaWho was Hideki Tojo? Hirohito?Tojo-military general of Japan Hirohito-Emperor of JapanWho was Douglas Mac Arthur?U.S. General during WWII—responsible for the PacificWho was Winston Churchill?Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWIIWho was Dwight D. Eisenhower?U.S. General during WWII—responsible for EuropeWho was George Marshall?U.S. General—creator of the Marshall PlanWhat was the Holocaust?The extermination of Jews, blacks, gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped, etc during WWII through the Final Solution.What is genocide?The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural groupWhat was the final solution?The plan for carrying out the Holocaust in germany involving the use of extermination camps with gas chambersGive two examples of genocide. (other than the Holocaust)Cambodia (Pol Pot)—genocide of the educated, Rwanda—Hutus killing the Tutsis, Armenians by the Ottoman Empire, The Great Purge by Stalin in the Soviet Union, What was D Day?June 6, 1945--The day of the largest amphibious landing in world history that led to an Allied victory in WWII. Who was FDR? Harry Truman?U.S. President at the beginning of WWII; U.S. President at the end of WWII and for the beginning of the Cold WarWhy is the invasion of Poland significant?It marked the beginning of WWIIWhy is Stalingrad significant?The German loss stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union—turning point of the warWhere were the atomic bombs dropped?Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan)What was the outcome of WWII?The Allies won, leading to the collapse of European Empires and the establishment of the U.S. and the USSR as the two big powersWhat is the United Nations?An international cooperative organization dedicated to keeping peace What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?Made by the UN—it provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of a government.What is NATO?North Atlantic Treaty Organization—created by democratic nations to cooperate against CommunismWhat is the Iron Curtain?A “wall” between the communist countries in the East and the democratic countries in the West of EuropeWhat happened at Nuremburg?WWII war crimes trials where Nazis were tried for their actions in WWIIWhat was the Yalta Conference?US, Britain, and USSR met to create a postwar plan—divided up Germany between them and France, gave the USSR Eastern European countriesWhat is the Marshall Plan?The U.S. plan to give aid to any European nation that needs it after WWII to prevent Communism from spreading to themWhat is containment?The policy of keeping communism from spreadingWhat was the Cold War?Political and ideological rivalry between the U.S. (democracy/capitalism) and the USSR (Communist)What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?A confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War. The Soviet Union was placing nuclear missiles in Cuba only 90 miles away from the USWhat is significant about the Korean War?Fought between North Korea(communist) and South Korea(Democratic)—ended with the country divided at the 38th parallelWhat is significant about the Vietnam War?Started due to the domino theory—the U.S. had to back out of the war and Vietnam became communistWhat is the domino theory?If one country falls to communism, the others will followWhat is the Warsaw Pact?USSR’s response to NATO—an alliance of Eastern European communist countriesWhat was the Berlin Wall?Wall separating East and West Berlin--symbol of Communist tyranny to the WestWho was Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)? Where did he go?Chinese Nationalist leader—he fled to southwest China (Taiwan)Who was Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)?Chinese Communist leaderWho was Ho Chi Minh?Vietnamese Communist leaderWho is Krushchev? Brezhnev? Gorbechev?Soviet leaders. Kruschchev—Cuban Missile Crisis and destalinization; Gorbachev—glasnost and perestroikaWho is Indira Gandhi?Prime Minister of India during Cold WarWho is Margaret Thatcher?Prime Minister of Great Britain during Cold WarWho is Deng Xiaoping?Leader of China after Mao—relaxed some of Communist rulesHow did Indian independence come about?Indian demands for self-rule and the change in British policies led to India’s independenceWho was Mohandas Ghandi?Leader of the independence movement in India—nonviolent techniquesWhat is civil disobedience and passive resistance?CD—deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust. PR—nonviolent noncooperationWhat divides Pakistan and India?Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines Describe Indian democracy.Largest democratic nation in world; most power held in the central governmentExplain the independence movements of Africa.Right to self-determination led to both peaceful and violent moves for independence. Prompted by: pride in African cultures and heritage resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation, loss of coloniesExample of West Africa?Nonviolent protests, strikes and boycotts against BritainExample of Algeria?FLN violence against FranceExample of Kenya?(Britain)—violent struggle under the leadership of Jomo KenyattaExample of South Africa?Black South Africans struggle against apartheid—led by MandelaWhat is apartheid?Complete legal segregation of races in South AfricaWho is Nelson Mandela?Leader of South African independence movement; jailed for many years but becomes SA’s first black presidentWhy is the Middle East a world “hot spot”?Competing religious and ethnic divisionsExplain the Arab-Israeli conflict.Dispute over Palestine between the Jews (Israel) and the Muslims(Palestinians)Who is Golda Meir?Israeli prime minister during the Yom Kippur WarWho is Nasser?Egyptian President who nationalized the Suez Canal and built the Aswan DamExplain Judaism. (location?)Founder: AbrahamBook: TorahLocation: Israel, North AmericaBeliefs: monotheistic, Ten CommandmentsExplain Christianity. (location?)Founder: Jesus ChristBook: BibleLocation: Europe, Middle East, North AmericaBeliefs: monotheistic, Ten Commandments, Jesus as son of god, life after deathExplain Islam. (location?)Founder: MohammedBook: KoranLocation: Middle East, Africa, AsiaBeliefs: monotheistic, Five Pillars of Islam, Mecca and MedinaExplain Hinduism. (location?)Founder: no one founderBook: Upanishads, Vedas Location: IndiaBeliefs: polytheistic, Moksha, Caste System, Karma, reincarnationExplain Buddhism. (location?)Founder: Buddha, Siddhartha GautamaBook: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold PathLocation: East, Southeast AsiaBeliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Pat, Nirvana, Ashoka spread BuddhismWhat is a refugee?People seeking safety from war or persecution in another nationWhat is the difference between a developed and a developing nation?A developed nation has everything needed for the advanced production of industrialized goods and a developing nation is in the process of obtaining what’s needed to become industrializedWhat environmental challenges face the world today?More pollution, loss of habitat, global climate changeWhat social challenges face the world today?Poverty, poor health, illiteracy, famine, migrationWhat is the European Union?Example of regional integration—economic and political union of 27 member nationsWhat is NAFTA?North American Free Trade Agreement—eliminated trade restrictions between USA, Canada, MexicoWhat is the WTO?Int’l organization created to supervise international trade and support free tradeWhat is the IMF?International Monetary Fund—gives out emergency loans to countries in a crisisWhat is terrorism?Use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasonsGive 5 examples of international terrorism.Munich Olympics, 9/11 attacks, suicide bombings, airplane hijacking, car bombingsGive 3 government responses to terrorist activities. Surveillance increased, personal rights decrease, security increased, identification requiredKnow your geography skills!!!!!!!! ................
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