Research and Analysis of the Benefits of International ...
Research and Analysis of the Benefits of International Education Opportunities
A literature review on opportunities for international experience in the UK, and comparison with the US and Germany
For more information about this report please contact:
CFE Research, Phoenix Yard, Upper Brown Street, Leicester, LE1 5TE
T: 0116 229 3300 E: info@.uk .uk
? British Council, 2014
The members of the research team that contributed to this review are:
Dr Guy Birkin, CFE Tristram Hughes, CFE John Brennan, LSE Enterprise.
CONTENTS
Executive Summary .................................................................................... 5
Introduction
5
Understanding Intercultural Experience
5
International Opportunities in the UK
6
Comparison of UK with Other Countries
8
The Impact of International Experience
9
Summary of Evidence
9
01. Introduction ..................................................................................... 10
Methodology
11
02. Understanding Intercultural Experience .......................................... 12
Defining Intercultural Experience
12
Models of Intercultural Experience
13
Intercultural Experience in European Policy
14
Key Concepts
15
03. International Opportunities in the UK .............................................. 18
Pre-Primary Education
18
Primary Education
19
Secondary Education
22
Further Education
25
Higher Education
26
Gap Years
37
Volunteering
40
Working
41
04. Comparison of UK with Other Countries...........................................44
Global Context
44
Comparison with the US and Germany
46
05. Impact of International Experience .................................................. 57
Individuals
57
Employers
60
The UK Economy
61
06. Summary of evidence ........................................................................ 63
Page 3
Opportunities for further research
64
Developments in UK Outbound Mobility
65
References ................................................................................................67
Appendix 1: Common Learning Outcomes of Intercultural Education .......................................................................................... 74
Appendix 2: Examples of Intercultural Awareness Raising (IAR) Activities ........................................................................................... 75
Appendix 3: Myths and Misconceptions of International Education .......................................................................................... 77
Page 4
Executive Summary
Introduction
The British Council commissioned CFE Research and LSE Enterprise in May 2014 to conduct research to examine the impact of international experiences on individuals, employers, the economy and society. The purpose of the research is to provide evidence to inform a report that will be produced by the British Council setting out the benefits of international experiences to a UK audience of senior policymakers, business leaders/employers, education and culture sector stakeholders, think tanks and the media. The findings presented in this document draw on a literature review that investigates the evidence on the provision, scale and benefits of different types of international experiences. The findings complement a second literature review of key evidence on the UK's competitive position and the role of skills within this.1 The literature reviews helped to inform the design of primary research with individuals with and without international experiences and a series of case studies.2 The aim of this literature review is to provide a summary of the nature and scale of international activity in the UK, and to compare this with activity in the US and Germany. The focus is on outward mobility of UK-domiciled learners and the benefits offered by these international education experiences. The review is based on analysis of approximately 150 reports and papers on international education opportunities, and information from websites of organisations that provide or monitor international experiences. We find that there is a lack of data collection and research on the scale and impact of international experiences, at both national and international levels. The most evidenced topic is international higher education, which is also the largest area of activity.
Understanding Intercultural Experience
DEFINING INTERCULTURAL EXPERIENCE The benefits of international experience can be understood in terms of the development of intercultural skills. These are the set of cognitive, affective and behavioural skills that support effective and appropriate interaction in a variety of cultural contexts. The key factor in the development of these skills is the experience of other cultures ? using new languages, meeting people of other cultures or nationalities, and learning new customs. Such experiences offer the potential to develop communication skills, cultural awareness, behavioural flexibility, and social responsibility.
1 CFE Research and LSE Enterprise (2014) Research and Analysis of the Benefits of International Education Opportunities: A literature review on UK competitiveness and skills (needs). London: British Council. 2 CFE Research and LSE Enterprise (2014) Research and analysis of the benefits of international educational opportunities: A report for the British Council. London: British Council.
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