Citations in Classics and Ancient History
Citations in Classics and Ancient History
The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page:
The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access.
While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing ancient Greek and Latin primary source material, including primary sources in translation.
Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example,
Homer's Iliad is divided into 24 Books (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each Book are numbered from line 1. Herodotus' Histories is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition?
Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced. This particular passage is taken from the G.C. Macaulay translation of 1890 and is identified as Herodotus i. 56 - 58 (1.56-58 is also acceptable). That is; Herodotus, The Histories,1 Book I (1 is also acceptable), Chapters 56 to 58 (line numbers are not necessary unless specific attention is being drawn to those lines).
1 But we do not give the title of the work if an author has only one extant text. We can simply cite Herodotus because the Histories is the only work we have by that author.
Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 2
Using this passage in your essay is even easier than using secondary sources. For example:
Herodotus (1.56) says that the Athenians were part of the Ionian tribe of Greeks. "...the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians had the pre-eminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian tribe" (Hdt. i.56). Herodotus (1.56) reminds us that "...the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians had the preeminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian tribe."
It isn't necessary to include the publication from which you took the quote since your audience can refer to any publication and find the same passage. So, if you are citing a passage of Thucydides from Apodexis Historia, you don't need to cite the collection itself, just the Thucydides passage. However, we sometimes compare various translations and, in that case, it is proper to include them in the Bibliography. The translator should be acknowledged in a footnote and the publications are listed as:
De S?lincourt, Aubrey, trans. 1972 (1954). Herodotus, The Histories. London, New York: Penguin Books.
Fitzgerald, Robert, trans. 2004 (1974). The Iliad, Homer. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Lattimore, Richmond, tans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shankman, Steven, Ed. 1996. The Iliad of Homer Translated by Alexander Pope.2 London, New
York: Penguin Books. Strassler, Robert B. Ed. 2007. The Landmark Herodotus, the Histories. Andrea L. Purvis trans.
New York: Anchor Books.3 Waterfield, Robin, trans. 1998. Herodotus, The Histories. Oxford University Press.
2 A more complicated scenario: Homer is the author, Alexander Pope the translator, but both have been dead long enough that they have no claim to copyright. The editor of the current edition, Steven Shankman, holds copyright and so the work is listed under his name.
3 Andrea Purvis may hold copyright to the translation, but in this particular publication the editor, Robert Strassler, holds copyright so the work is listed under his name.
Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 3
Standard Abbreviations
A Source Aelian Aeschines Aeschylus
Andocides
Antipon
Apollodorus Apollonius
Abbrev. Works (English/ Latin)
Abbrev.
Ael.
Historical Miscellany / Varia Historia
VH
On the Nature of Animals / De Natura Animalium NA
Aeschin. Against Timarchus
Aeschin. 1
On the Embassy
Aeshcin. 2
Against Cetisiphon
Aeshcin. 3
Aesch. Agamemnon
Ag.
Eumenides
Eum.
Libation Bearers / Choephoroe
Lib. / Cho.
Persians / Persae
Pers.
Prometheus Bound / Prometheus Vinctus
PB / PV
Seven Against Thebes
Seven / Sept.
Suppliant Women / Supplices
Supp.
Andoc. On the Mysteries
Andoc. 1
On His Return
Andoc. 2
On the Peace
Andoc. 3
Against Alcibiades
Andoc. 4
Antiph. Against the Stepmother
Antiph. 1
First Tetralogy
Antiph. 2
Second Tetralogy
Antiph. 3
Third Tetralogy
Antiph. 4
On the Murder of Herodes
Antiph. 5
On the Choreutes
Antiph. 6
Apollod. Library / Bibliotheca
Bibl.
Epitome
Epit.
Ap. Rhod. Argonautica
Argon.
Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 4
Aristides, Aelius Aristophanes
Aristotle
Ael. Ar. Ar.
Arist.
The Art of Rhetoric / Ars Rhetorica Orations (numbered from 1 to 50) Acharnians / Acharnenses Birds / Aves Clouds / Nubes Ecclesiazusae Frogs / Ranae Knights / Equites Lysistrata Peace Plutus Thesmophoriazusae Wasps / Vespae Athenian Constitution / Athenaion Politeia Economics / Oeconomica Eudamian Ethics Metaphysics Meteorology Nicomachean Ethics On Generation and Corruption On the Generation of Animals On the Heavens / De Caelo On the History of Animals On the Parts of Animals On the Soul / De Anima Physics Poetics Politics Problems Rhetoric Topics
Ars. Orat. Ach. Birds/ Av. Cl. /Nub. Eccl. Frogs Kn. / Eq. Lys. Peace Pl. Thes. Wasps Ath. Pol. Econ. Eud. Eth. Met. Mete. Nic. Eth. Gen. Corr. Gen. An. Cael. Hist. An. Part. An. De An. Ph. Poet. Pol. Pr. Rh. Top.
Arrian
Arr.
Athenaeus
Ath.
Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 5
Virtues and Vices The History of Alexander / Anabasis Alexandri Indica The Diepnosophists
Vir.. Anab. Ind.
B Bacchylides
Bacchyl.
Epinicians Dithyrambs
Ep. Dith.
C Callimachus Call.
Ctesias Quintus Curtius Rufus
Ctes. Curt.
Aetia Epigrams Hymn to Zeus Hymn to Apollo Hymn to Artemis Hymn to Delos Hymn to Athena Hymn to Demeter Photius' Epitome of the Persica of Ctesius History of Alexander
Aet. Epig. H. 1 Ap. H. 3 H. 4 H. 5 H. 6
D Demades Demosthenes
Demad. Dem.
On the Twelve Years Letters Olynthiac 1 Olynthiac 2 Olynthiac 3 Philippic 1 On the Peace
L. Dem. 1 Dem. 2 Dem. 3 Dem. 4 Dem. 5
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