Chapter 26 Cold War Conflicts
Chapter 26 Cold War Conflicts
Time Period: 1945-1960
Pages: 806-836
Chapter Objective: To understand the international and domestic tensions resulting from the Cold War.
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Cold War at Home
Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge
Monday, January 24, 2011 Tuesday, January 25, 2011
Purple Day – ODD White Day – EVEN
Begin Class - Play some music from the 50’s / Hulla Hoop Play Off
Middle – Clip of show
End – Scrabble is someone brought game in
The Era Of:
Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Bill Haley and The Comets, Grand Old Opry, Mickey Mouse Club, I Love Lucy, 3-D glasses/movies like “Creature from the Black Lagoon” and “It Came From Outterspace”, and drive-in movies
McDonald’s, the GI Bill, V-8 Engines and cheap gas (19 cents), new interstate roads give way to Holiday Inn and Howard Johnson hotels, jet travel, and credit cards, Schwinn Bikes, Scrabble, Hulla hoops, fluoride, the Polio Vaccine, and Levitttowns
Arms Race - “Give Em Hell” – Harry Truman and “Uncle Joe” - Joseph Stalin
Richard Nixon - Checkers
Sputnik – first Russian satellite
“I Like Ike” Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Joseph McCarthy – “McCarthyism” vs. Comsymps (Communist Sympathizers)
Korean War – A United Nation police action – used to be known as the Korean Conflict
Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Brown v Board of Education
Copy down the Critical Thinking Cold War Transparency
Copy Information below…
Cold War – The State of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II (1945) until around
No fighting because of M.A.D. – Fear of Nuclear Weapons = Mutually Assured Destruction
TENSION MOUNTS
CHART – Page 810
U.S. Aims Verses Soviet Aims In Europe
Use the Chart on Page 810; Form a group of 2, Each student will write 3 sentences
1. Write the first sentence for what the United States Wanted To …
2. Write the first sentence for what the Soviets Wanted To…
3. Then discuss with your partner and collaborate on one sentence that explains the incompatibility of the aims.
Repeat Steps with each of the four aims. You should end up with 12 sentences total, 3 for each aim listed on the chart.
Copy Info Below - Add on to your notes
THE PLAN TO STOP COMMUNISM
CHART – Page 812
Truman Doctrine – US would have to abandon isolationism and oppose communism everywhere it threatened to spread. Began with Greece and Turkey – 400 MILLION dollars in aid given between 1947 and 1950.
Marshall Plan – (George Marshall) – Page 812, Give aid to all European nations that needed it. Over 4 years, 16 countries received around 13 BILLION
Marshall Plan credited with rebuilding Europe and eliminating conditions that may have spread to Communism in Western Europe. In 1953 George Marshal was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work.
Soviets Opposed – The Soviets felt that the United States would use the Marshall Plan to break their hold over their satellite countries in Eastern Europe.
Countries Considered satellite: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland
SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY
After WWII Germany divided into 4 zones occupied by the United States, Great Britian, and France in the West and the Soviet Union in the East.
[pic]Joseph Stalin, I see an opportunity…a loop hole, ahhh ha ha ha! I will have domination.
The 3 powers in the west (U.S., G.B., and France) had a legal right to UNIFY their zones BUT (LOOP HOLE) they did not have a written agreement with the Soviets guaranteeing free access to Berlin by road or rail.
BLOCKADE BEGINS June 24th, 1948 - Stalin closed all highway and rail routes to West Berlin. NO FOOD OR FUEL could reach that part of the city. 2.1 MILLION PEOPLE only had enough food for 5 weeks.
BERLIN AIRLIFT
American and British officials airlifted food and supplies for 327 days.
Every few minutes planes left, 277,000 flights and 2.3 MILLION tons of supplies (food, fuel, medicine, Christmas presents, you name it)
BLOCKADE ENDS May 11, 1949, Soviet Union lifts the blockade.
Western Part Of Germany Finally Unites and is called the Federal Republic of Germany OR WEST GERMANY
Soviet Union Creates the German Democratic Republic OR EAST GERMANY
Fear of the Soviets intentions / aggression (blockade) leds to an alliance…NATO
NATO – Map on 830
North Atlantic Treaty Association, Began 1949 as an alliance between 10 Western European countries, the U.S. and Canada.
Western European Countries in NATO: Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Luxemborg, West Germany, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Italy
HOMEWORK: Read Ch 26, Section 2 and 3. Complete workbook page 103 and 104. Complete Section A and B. QUIZ OVER CH 26, Sec 2 and 3Tomorrow
Wednesday, January 26, 2011 Thursday, January 27, 2011
Purple Day – Odd White Day – Even
Check homework: Workbook page 103
Ch 26, Section 2 The Cold War Heats Up, Pages Pages: 815-821
M*A*S*H
Info Below - *A*S*H_(TV_series)
M*A*S*H is an American television series. It follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the "4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital" in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War.
The series premiered on September 17, 1972, and ended February 28, 1983, with the finale becoming the most-watched television episode in U.S. television history with 105.97 million viewers[2] (though one estimate said 125 million viewers[3]); in 2010, Super Bowl XLIV surpassed the record with 106.5 million viewers.[2] The show is still broadcast in syndication on various television stations. The series, which covered a three-year military conflict, spanned 251 episodes and lasted eleven seasons.
Many of the stories in the early seasons are based on real-life tales told by real MASH surgeons who were interviewed by the production team. Like the movie, the series was as much an allegory about the Vietnam War (still in progress when the show began) as it was about the Korean War.[4] It took a number of minor creative liberties with the actual facts of the Korean War.
China Becomes a Communist Country - Chapter 26, Section 2 - Pages: 815-821
For 20 years (2 decades) Chinese Communists struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek.
CIVIL WAR
Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalist) vs. Mao Zedong (Communist)
Chiange Kai-shek (Nationalist)
• Chiang opposed communism
• Stood tall to resist the Japanese during the war
• United States supports – sends $3billion in aid
• Chiang’s government corrupt and inefficient
• Collected a grain tax from farmers, even during the famine of 1944
• When the people picketed against a 10,000 percent increase in the price of rice,
Chiang’s secret police opened fire and killed them all
• Chiang fled to the Island of Taiwan (Formosa)
Mao Zedong (Communist) also translated as Mao Tse-tung (SAME PERSON)
• Mao gains people support
• Encourages people to learn to read and write, and help to improve food production
• By 1945 so many people had become Communist that northern China was under communist control
• By 1949 the Communist rule all of mainland China and establish a new government, the People’s Republic of China
• The United States REFUSES TO ACCEPT the new government as China’s true government
United States Involvement
• 1945 – 1949, U.S. government sent the Nationalists approx $3 BILLION in aid.
• U.S. DID SEND $2 BILLION worth of military equipment and supplies
• Did not send troops
• To much corruption led civilians to join the communist side
• Americans stunned that China became Communist
• Containment had failed
• Republicans and Democrats blame Truman for only supplying limited aid to Chiang and not sending troops.
• Government say’s containment failed due to internal forces (corruption of gov’t)
• If sent troops it would’ve started a war that the U.S was not prepared to fight after the expense of WWII.
• Conservatives in Congress argue this reasoning and say there are Communist agents in our U.S. Gov’t and hence….the fear of Communism in the U.S. takes hold and soon McCarthyism will give birth. (Joseph McCarthy – Republican Senator from Wisconsin. He charges that Communists were taking over the government.
KOREAN WAR – Ch. 26, Sec. 2 PAGES 819-821
Why:
1910 Japan takes over Korea / Rules until August 1945
WWII ends…
1. Japanese Troops NORTH of the 38th Parallel (38 degrees North Latitude) surrendered to the Soviets.
2. Japanese Troops SOUTH of the 38th Parallel surrendered to Americans.
• Two nations developed – one Communist and one Democratic.
1948 Republic of Korea – South Korea – zone that had been occupied by the United States. Headed by: Syngman Rhee / based in Seoul, Korea’s capital
1948 Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea – North Korea – Headed by: Kim II Sung / based in Pyongyang.
After World War II, the U.S. cuts back its armed forces in South Korea. It leaves only 500 American troops there. The Soviets think that the U.S. would not fight to defend South Korea.
North Korea attacks South Korea on June 25, 1950
South Korea calls on the United Nations to stop the North Korean invasion. The Soviet Union did not attend the UN meeting. The Soviets boycotted the council in protest over the presence of Nationalist China (Taiwan). Since the Soviets did not attend…they could not veto the UN’s plan of military action. The Vote Passed.
June 27, Truman orders troops stationed in Japan to support the South Koreans. He also sends an American fleet in the waters between Taiwan and China.
16 nations sent 520,000 troops to aid South Korea. Over 90% of these troops were American. South Korean troops numbered an additional 590,000. The forces combined under General Douglas MacArthur, former WWII hero.
Some historians speculate …
The Russians gave North Korean leader Kim II Sung approval to invade the south, because they believed that the United States would not intervene since America’s main focus in Asia had been China, where Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek were making warlike statements over Taiwan.
The Korean War was an episode in the Cold War. It seemed to be a war between South and North Korea, but America and Russia were using it to fight without having a ‘hot war’.
The USA went to war in Korea for three reasons. The first reason was the ‘Domino theory’ – China turned Communist in 1949 and Truman feared that the next ‘domino’ would be Japan. The second was to undermine Communism and protect the American way of life – in 1950 the American National Security Council recommended that America start 'rolling back' Communism. Thirdly, Truman realized the USA was in a competition for world domination with the USSR.
Russia went to war because Stalin wanted Communism to grow. In 1949, Kim Il Sung persuaded Stalin and Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) to support an invasion of South Korea.
In 1950, Syngman Rhee threatened to attack North Korea. It was an excuse – the trigger for war: the NKPA (North Korea’s People Army) invaded South Korea
When: 1950 and 1953
Who: North Korea, China, and American-led United Nations forces.
The Six (6) Most Important Things To Remember About The Korean War
1. The Thirty-Eighth Parallel
The thirty-eighth parallel was the line of latitude that separated the northern and southern portions of the Korean peninsula. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet government influence in the north. On the other hand, America backed Syngman Rhee in the South. This would eventually lead to conflict when in June, 1950, North Korea attacked the South leading to President Harry Truman sending troops in to protect South Korea.
2. Inchon Invasion
General Douglas MacArthur commanded UN forces as they launched an amphibious assault codenamed Operation Chromite at Inchon. Inchon was located near Seoul which had been taken by North Korea during the first months of the War. They were able to push the communist forces back north of the thirty-eighth parallel. They continued over the border into North Korea and were able to defeat the enemy forces.
3. The Yalu River Disaster
The US Army led by General MacArthur continued to move their invasion further and further into North Korea towards the Chinese border at the Yalu River. As they neared the river, troops from China moved into North Korea and drove the US Army back south below the thirty-eighth parallel. At this point, General Matthew Ridgway was the driving forced that stopped the Chinese and regained the territory to the thirty-eighth parallel.
4. Stalemate
Once the American forces had regained the territory below the thirty-eighth parallel from the Chinese, the two armies settled into a prolonged stalemate. They continued to fight for two years before an official ceasefire occurred.
5. General MacArthur Gets Fired
Once America had regained the territory from the Chinese, President Harry Truman decided to make peace to avoid continued fighting. However, on his own General MacArthur disagreed with the president and demanded that China surrender or be invaded. He went to the press and spoke out against the president. His actions caused the peace negotiations to stall and caused war to continue for approximately two more years. Because of this, President Truman fired General MacArthur on April 13, 1951. As the president said, "...the cause of world peace is more important than any individual."
6. End of the Korean War
The Korean War did not officially end until President Dwight Eisenhower signed an armistice on July 27, 1953. Sadly, the boundaries of North and South Korea ended up being the same as before the war despite the huge loss of life on both sides. Over 54,000 Americans died and well over 1 million Korean and Chinese died. However, the war did directly lead to a massive military buildup per a secret document NSC-68 that greatly increased defense spending. The point of this order was the ability to continue to wage the quite expensive Cold War.
Key Events in the Korean War
[pic]
American soldiers and Korean civilians pass each other near the 38th parallel
|Event |Date |Significance |
|Korea divided between North and |September 1945 |Following Japanese surrender, Soviets maintained military presence in the |
|South | |North with American troops in the South. Temporary border at 38th parallel|
| | |established |
|Soviets & Americans withdraw |1949 |A pro-Soviet puppet government is left in charge of North Korea with a |
|military | |vastly superior army to U.S.-supported South |
|North Korea invades South Korea |June 24, 1950 |Whether North Koreans acted with Stalin's approval is still debated |
|Truman orders air and naval support |June 27, 1950 |With the Soviet Union absent from the Security Council, the U.S. was able |
|for South Korea & calls for UN | |to win agreement from UN to support South Korea. MacArthur appointed to |
|intervention | |command UN operations |
|U.S. troops invade at Inchon |September 15, 1950|In surprise landing behind enemy lines, US forces push North Korean army |
| | |back north of the 38th parallel |
|Pyongyang falls to UN forces |October 19, 1950 |North Korean capital now in UN control |
|Chinese divisions enter fighting |November 4, 1950 |With increased opposition, UN offensive stalls and then collapses. Chinese|
| | |troops push UN forces back across 38th parallel and capture Southern |
| | |capital of Seoul |
|MacArthur declares "There is no |March 1951 |In message to House Republican leader Martin, MacArthur expresses his |
|substitute for victory" | |frustration with the limited war U.S. is fighting against communists |
|Truman relieves MacArthur of command|April 11, 1951 |Following several warnings about insubordination, Truman angers public |
| | |(69% support MacArthur) by firing the US commander |
|MacArthur addresses Congress after |April 19, 1951 |In emotional speech, MacArthur declares "Old soldiers never die, they |
|being away from the U.S. since 1935 | |merely fade away". |
|Negotiations begin at Panmunjon |July 1951 |Talks drag on until 1953 and war is settled with the establishment of a |
| | |DMZ (demilitarized zone) on each side of the 38th parallel |
|Korea becomes campaign issue in 1952|Summer 1952 |Eisenhower pledges to go to Korea to end the war. VP candidate Nixon |
|presidential election | |contends Democrats had caved in to communists in Korea and that Democrat |
| | |presidential candidate Stevenson should be called "Adlai the Appeaser" |
|Armistice formally re-established |March 1953 |Formal peace treaty never signed. Over 1,000,000 Koreans and 54,000 |
|the division of Korea | |Americans killed in conflict plus thousands who die as prisoners of war |
Please cite this source when appropriate: Feldmeth, Greg D. "U.S. History Resources"
(31 March 1998).
[pic]
HOMEWORK
Students Complete: Page 821, Section 2 Assessment, #2 ONLY
Many Americans have questioned whether fighting the Korean War was worthwhile. What is your opinion? Why?
Think about:
• The loss of American lives
• The fear of communism that enveloped the country at the time
• The stalemate that ended the war
Use/Address EACH of the “Think About” suggestions to complete your short essay
Friday, January 28th, 2011 Monday, January 31, 2011
Purple Day – Odd White Day - Even
D.E.A.R. – 15 Minutes of Silent Reading
Read: Literature Selection from The Nuclear Age by Tim O’Brien
Discuss fears and anxiety people had in the height of the Cold War
Chapter 26, Section 3 The Cold War At Home Pages: 822-827
Ask students whether they have ever been put in a situation in which their guilt, rather than their innocence, is presumed and the burden is put on them to prove themselves innocent. Ask them to consider the power of a smear campaign, in which it is difficult to prove the truth once a lie has been told about a person. “One American’s Story”, Page: 822
Cartoon Assignment
Divide class up in to cartoon assignments for Alger Hiss or for the Rosenbergs. Create a cartoon that depicts Hiss or the Rosenberges. Make sure that your cartoon panel contains, who, what, when, where and how….make the characters try to prove their innocence.
OR
Joseph McCarthy – McCarthyism – Witch Hunt – Use the Causes/Effects chart on page 827 to create your cartoon panel.
OR
Loyalty Review Board – Cartoon Panel
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Cartoon Panel and use the Hollywood Ten in your cartoon panel
Tuesday, February 1, 2011 Wednesday, February 2, 2011
Purple Day White Day
Read Chapter 26, Section 4 Two Nations Live On Edge Pages: 828-833
“Duck and Cover” – Teacher Tube or School Tube
1950’s
Two Nations Live on the Edge Pages: 828-833
I. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
1. Race For The H-Bomb
A. Hydrogen Bomb (67X power dropped on Hiroshima)
B. U.S., November 1, 1952
C. Soviet Union, August, 1953
2. The Policy Of Brinkmanship
A. Eisenhower – both countries had H-Bombs
B. Dulles – Secretary of State, proposes use all force, includes nuclear weapons
against any aggressor nation
C. Cut back Army and Navy, increase Air Force (deliver bombs if necessary)
D. Brink of war
II. The Cold War Spreads Around the World
1. Covet Actions In The Middle East And Latin America
A. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – 1st mission Middle East
B. Mossadegh nationalized oil fields
C.British stop buying Iranian oil
D.U.S. funds Mossadegh / Shah returns control back over
E. Guatamala gov’t gives American owned land away, we invade, Army does not
protect President, Army leader becomes dictator
2. The Warsaw Pact
A. Death of Joseph Stalin - 1953
B. West Germany recognized, peace treaty w Austria & Japan, rearms and joins
NATO
C. Soviet Union fearful and forms its own military alliance w 7 Eastern European
countries, known as the Warsaw Pact
3. A Summit In Geneva
A. 1955 Eisenhower travels to Geneva, Switzerland to meet w Soviet Leaders
B. “open ski’s proposal – all flights over each other’s country
C. Soviets reject, but world hails meeting as a step toward peace
4. The Suez War
A.U.S. agrees to fund damn, finds out Abdel-Nasser, Egypts head is playing the
Soviets and the U.S. for more aid
B. U.S. withdrew offer
C. Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, was owned by France and Great Britain
D. Nasser refuses to let ships from Israel pass, Israel sends troops, Great Britain,
and France, all 3 seize the Mediterranean end of the canal
E. UN stops the fighting
F. UN Gives Egypt control of the canal
5.The Einsenhower Doctrine
A. Soviets support Egypt / grows support
B. Eisenhower declares WARNING, known as Eisenhower Doctrine, U.S. will defend the Middle East against any attack by any communist country.
6. The Hungarian Uprising
A. Hungary revolts, calls for a democratic government
B. 1956, Nagy, liberal Hungarian Communist leader, forms new government,
calls for free elections
C. Nagy demands Soviets leave, Soviets kill 30,000 people
D. Truman Doctrine, promised to support free peoples who resist communism,
but U.S. did nothing to help Hungary
III. The Cold War Takes To The Skies
The Space Race
A. competition for international prestige
B. Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite in Oct, 1957
C. U.S. try to launch fail
D. January 1958 successful launch
A U-2 is Shot Down
A. CIA secret high altitude flights over Soviet territory
B. Frances Gary Powers, U2 pilot, shot down, 10 yrs Soviet prison
Renewed Confrontation
A. Eisenhower denies at first, Khrushchev demands apology
B. Eisenhower agrees to stop flight, but refuses to apologize
C. U.S. deny spying, Khrushchev cancels summit meeting
D. 1960’s open’s tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
Read: Primary Source from Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Statement on the U-2 Incident
1. What reasons does Eisenhower give for gathering information about the Soviet military?
2. In your opinion, was the United States right to spy on the Soviets during the Cold War? Support your opinion with FACTS and REASONS.
HOMEWORK: Review Sheet – Chapter 26. Test…next class period.
Thursday, February 3, 2011 Friday, February 4, 2011
Purple Day White Day
Chapter 26 TEST, when done complete vocabulary for Chapter 27 The Post War Boom and create a chapter coversheet.
HOMEWORK: Complete vocabulary for Chapter 27
Chapter 27 The Postwar Boom
Time Period: 1946-1960
Pages: 838-870
Chapter Objective: To understand the economic, social, and cultural changes that occurred in postwar America.
Section 1: Postwar America
Section 2: The American Dream in the Fifties
Section 3: Popular Culture
Section 4: The Other America
Review Sheet For Chapter 26 THE COLD WAR
Brinkmanship
CIA
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower Doctrine
Francis Gary Powers
H-Bomb
John Foster Dulles
Mao Zedong
McCarthyism
Nikita Khrushchev
North Korea
South Korea
Truman Doctrine
U-2 Incident
Warsaw Pact
What group consisted of Eastern European nations that were dominated by the Soviet Union?
What action provided vital supplies to a region blockaded by the Soviet Union?
What organization did the United States and the Soviet Union join after WWII?
Who arranged for about 400 million dollars in aid to be sent to postwar Turkey and Greece?
What defensive military alliance was the first military alliance that the United States ever entered during peacetime?
This aid program was directed “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.”
What term refers to the indirect but hostile conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that began at the end of World War II?
Who believed that the best way to avoid a third world war was to create a new world order in which all nations had the right to self-determination?
Although Mao Zedong won the hearts of the Chinese peasants, he failed to win American support because he ______________________________________.
The failure of Chiang Kai-shek’s forces in the Chinese Civil War can largely be blamed on ___________________________________________________.
Who was forced to retreat to Taiwan (Formosa)?
The 38th parallel became an important dividing line between __________________ and __________________.
In the Korean War, which countries fought on the side of the Communists?
General Douglas MacArthur argued that the Korean War _______________________________________________________________________.
Alger Hiss
Blacklist
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
HUAC
Hollywood Ten
McCarthyism AND Senator Joseph McCarthy
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