UNIT 2: CREATING THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC



UNIT 2: CREATING THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC

I. Events leading to American Republic (1773-1775)

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|C. Colonists upset: |

|claim “no taxation without representation” |

|violent protests- “Sons of Liberty” formed, |

|Daughters of Liberty formed- made clothe |

|Stamp Act Congress organized a boycott |

|of British goods |

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|D. Parliament repeals Stamp Act |

|1766 Declaratory Act in enacted- Britain had |

|the right to tax the colonists |

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|E. 1767 Townsend Acts- indirect tax on glass, paint, tea, etc. |

|Colonists revive their protests and boycotts |

|British send troops to Boston |

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|F. 1770 Boston Massacre- British soldiers kill 5 colonists |

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|G. British withdrew troops and dropped most of the Townsend taxes |

|except the one on tea |

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|H. 1773 Tea Act- British East India Company could sell tea cheaper than even the |

|Smugglers |

|Colonists responded with the Boston Tea Party |

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|I. 1774 Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)- |

|Boston Harbor was closed until the tea was paid for |

|Renewal of the Quartering Act (in Boston specifically) |

|Crimes by British officials committed in the colonies were tried in |

|Britain (not the colonies) |

|1774 First Continental Congress- Colonies met to renew the boycott of British goods |

|Colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a threat to their liberty and it united |

|them in protest against the Acts |

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|J. Battles of Lexington and Concord- |

|General Gage and British troops searched for John Hancock, Samuel |

|Adams and weapons |

|Patriot militia (Minutemen) kill/ wound more than 200 British soldiers and |

|follow them back to Boston |

|First shots of the war |

|Second Continental Congress- |

|Colonies meet and name George Washington commander of Continental |

|Army |

V. Strengths and Weaknesses of British and Patriots

|BRITISH STRENGTHS |PATRIOT STRENGTHS |

| | |

|Support of the loyalists |Superior weapons and marksmen |

|Strong, well-trained Army and Navy |Inspiring cause: Independence |

|Strong government with money |Leadership of George Washington |

|Indian allies |Familiarity of home ground |

| |Experienced officers and soldiers trained in past colonial wars |

|BRITISH WEAKNESSES |PATRIOT WEAKNESSES |

| | |

|3000 miles from Britain to the battle front |Short supply of food and ammunition |

|Unfamiliar battlefronts |Infant navy |

|Weak military leaders |No central government enforcing wartime policies |

|Inability to use loyalist effectively |Most soldiers untrained, undisciplined |

II. Ideas behind the Revolution

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IV. LOYALISTS

(10-20%)

Pg. 110

WHO WERE THEY

Artisans (craftsmen:blacksmiths,

silversmiths etc.)

Farmers

Wealthy elitists

Cultural minorities who feared oppression

Native Americans

Enslaved People

WHY WERE THEY?

Liked law and order.

Native Americans were Loyalists b/c the British kept the colonists from moving west and taking their land.

Slaves sought freedom by joining the British.

Thought the Patriots demanded more taxes than the British.

They were afraid of war and thought the colonists couldn’t defeat the British.

British allowed more free speech.

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VI. Revolutionary War Battles and Leaders

|GENERALS |BATTLES |OTHER |

|PATRIOTS |Early fighting in Mass. (Key battle: Lexington|Saratoga is important because: |

|Washington |& Concord) |1. turning point of the war |

|Marquis de Lafayette | |2. France recognized American |

| |British leave N. E. in Jan. 1776 |independence and joined the |

| | |War |

| |British attack the Middle colonies (seaports | |

| |of NYC & Philadelphia) |Ben Franklin convinces the French to join the war and help the patriots |

| | | |

| |Dec. 26, 1776 Washington crosses the Delaware |Winter of 1777-1778 Washington’s army endures difficult conditions at |

| |River and wins the Battle of Trenton |Valley Forge |

|BRITISH | | |

|Howe |Patriots win the Battle of Saratoga: April |1779 Spain joins the war as a French ally |

|Cornwallis |1777 | |

|Burgoyne | |Treaty of Paris 1783, ends the Revolutionary War |

| |Britain invades the South and win battles in | |

| |GA and SC | |

| | | |

| |Oct. 1781 Washington and the French led by | |

| |Lafayette force the British and Cornwallis to | |

| |surrender at Yorktown | |

National/ Federal/ Central Government- all mean the same, terms are interchangeable

State/ Local Government- terms are interchangeable

Legislative- makes laws (legislature)

Executive- enforces laws

Judicial- interprets laws

| |ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATON |CONSTITUTION |

|1. Structure |1 Branch |3 Branches |

| |Legislature that carried out the duties of |Legislative |

| |legislative and executive branches |Judicial |

| | |Executive |

|2. Court System |No judicial branch |Judicial branch w/ Supreme Court and other courts|

| |Each state maintained its own court system | |

|3. How is representation in |One vote per state, but the states could send as |Senate: 2 per state |

|the legislature is |many representatives as they wanted |HOR: population |

|determined? | | |

|4. What were the powers of the |COULD NOT |POWERS ADDED |

|National government? |Collect taxes |Collect taxes |

| |Regulate trade |Regulate trade |

| |Force states to cooperate |Force states to cooperate |

|5. Procedures for |All 13 states had to agree to make a change |2/3 to propose |

|amendment | |3/4 to amend |

|6. Power to the state or |State |Federal |

|federal government? |WHY? They feared a strong central government | |

II. The Constitutional Convention

WHY?

1. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation (notes)

2. Problems with Great Britain (pg. 139)

• Britain would not leave forts in the Great Lakes area

• Britain tried to keep the rules of mercantilism and trade the same as before the Treaty of Paris

• Britain did not take the US seriously

3. Problems with Spain (pg. 139)

• Spain closed the Port of New Orleans to US traders

• Spain was worried about westward expansion into Louisiana

4. 1786- Shay’s Rebellion (pg. 140): significance of

• Demonstrated the lack of power of the federal government under the Articles

WHERE: Philidelphia HOW LONG: 17 weeks

WHEN: May 1787 HOW MANY: 55 delegates

CHAIRED BY: George Washington

A. Virginia Plan

• 3 branches of government

• Strong President

• Bicameral Legislature: Lower House elected by voters

Upper House elected by members of the Lower House

o Membership determined by the size of the population

• This plan gave power to the large states

B. New Jersey Plan

• Unicameral Legislature

• 1 vote per state

• Power to tax and power to regulate commerce to Federal government

• Federal government stronger than state government

• This plan gave power to the small states

C. Great/ Connecticut Compromise

• Bicameral legislature

• House of Representatives: based on population, 1 Rep. for every 40,000 people (power to large states)

• Senate: 2 senators per state (power to small states)

D. 3/5 Compromise

• For purposes of the House of Representatives slave will count as 3/5 of a person

E. Slave Trade Compromise

• Congress can regulate trade BUT cannot interfere with the slave trade for 20 years (1808)

• A duty tax of $10 per slave (benefit to North)

*Areas of conflict at the Constitutional Convention

|Who |What was the issue |How was it resolved |

|Large states v. Small states |Representation in Congress |Great Compromise |

|North v. South |Slave representation |3/5 Compromise |

|North v. South |Slave trade |Slave Trade Compromise |

III. Constitution

|Article I |Article II |Article III |

|Legislative Branch |Executive Branch |Judicial Branch |

| | | |

|Congress |President |Supreme Court |

|HOR & Senate |Vice President |Other Courts |

| |Executive Agencies | |

|Powers to Congress | | |

|Tax, trade, courts, necessary | | |

|Actions (Elastic Clause) | | |

|Article IV |Article V |Article VI |Article VII |

| | | | |

|Relations among the states |How to amend the Constitution |Federal law is the supreme law of the|Procedures for Ratification |

| | |land |(approval) |

| |2/3 propose | | |

| |3/4 approve | |9/13 states needed |

|Federalist arguments |Anti-federalist arguments |

|1. have a representative government |1. state power will be decreased |

|2. based on system of checks and balances and separation of powers |2. president will be like a king |

|3. strong central government that has the power to tax and regulate trade |3. no bill of rights |

|4. strong central government that can manage the nation’s problems |4. rich man’s government |

IV. The Bill of Rights (1st 10 amendments)

Were added to the Constitution so that some anti-federalists would support the Const.

|1st amendment |No establishment of religion |

| |Free exercise of religion |

| |Freedom of speech |

| |Freedom of press |

| |Freedom of assembly and petition |

|2nd amendment |The right to bear arms |

|3rd amendment |No quartering of troops |

|4th amendment |No unreasonable search and seizure |

|5th amendment |Right to remain silent |

|6th amendment |Right to a lawyer, etc. |

| |Right to a speedy trial |

| |Right to a trial by jury |

|7th amendment |Trial by jury in Civil Cases over $20 |

|8th amendment |No cruel or unusual punishment |

|9th amendment |People have rights that are not listed |

| |in the Constitution |

|10th amendment |Any power not mentioned in the Constitution belongs to the |

| |States |

The Constitution says nothing about slavery being right or wrong. The only place slavery is mentioned in the Constitution is in the 3/5 and Slave-Trade Compromise.

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|Hamilton |Jefferson |

|Favored balanced economy with government support of trade, |Disliked the world of commerce, sympathized with farmers |

|finance, and manufacturing | |

|Trusted only rich, educated and socially established people to |Had a lot of faith in the common person |

|govern | |

|Favored a strong central government |Favored a weak central government and strong state government |

|Looked for support from wealthy in the cities |Looked for support in rural areas. Believed cities corrupted |

| |people |

|Followers were known as the Federalist Party |Followers were known as Jeffersonian Republicans |

|Favors the British |Favors the French |

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A. Results of F-I War

1. Britain in debt

2. Proclamation of 1763 (reduce protection costs)

3. Colonists ignore and settle west of Appalachians

B. 1764 Sugar Act

1765 Quartering Act

1765 Stamp Act- 1st direct tax on the colonists

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John Locke of England

“Social Contract Theory”

All people have natural rights:

LIFE

LIBERTY

PROPERTY

People have the right to revolt when the government fails to protect these rights

Government exists to protect people’s natural rights

Powers of government should be clearly defined and limited

Baron de Montesquieu of France

Declaration

of

Independence

When: July 4, 1776

Where: Philadelphia

Who: Second Continental Congress

Historical Basis

Enlightenment philosophers:

John Locke

Written by:

Thomas Jefferson

4 Parts

1. Preamble

2. Political Ideas

3. List of complaints against the king

4. Formal resolution of independence

Purpose for writing

“When in the course of human events…”

To tell the world why they are declaring independence

Signers

Thomas Jefferson

John Hancock

Button Gwinnett

Risk

Life

Formal declaration of independence

“We therefore the Representatives of the United States of America…mutually pledge our lives, our fortune, our sacred honor”

List of Complaints

“He has…”

1. “For quartering large bodies of troops

among us”= Quartering Act

2. “For imposing taxes on us without our

consent”= Stamp Act

3. “For cutting off trade with all parts of the

world”= Intolerable Acts

Political Ideas

“We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal…”

1. Government gets its power from the

people

2. People can change their government if it

does not protect their natural rights

III. Declaration of Independence

George Washington’s Presidency

1789-1797

List

Treasury: Alexander Hamilton*

War: Henry Knox

State: Thomas Jefferson*

Attorney

General: Edmund Randolph

Precedents

1. set up a Cabinet

2. serve two terms

3. established tone of dignity

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan (3 parts)

1. funding to pay off national debt (N. states had the debt)

2. establish a national bank

3. excise tax on whiskey Whiskey Rebellion

The rebellion is crushed and it shows the Constitution is strong and working

Is the National Bank Constitutional?

Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

NO: Strict Construction YES: Loose Construction

10th Amendment says any power not Idea of implied powers in the

given to the national government belongs Constitution- if the government

to the states. can collect taxes, it should have

somewhere to keep the $

Result:

• Washington accepts Hamilton’s argument

• Differing views of constitution still exist today

• The two-party political system developed as a result of this conflict

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Avoid foreign alliances except in an emergency

• Warned about the dangers of political parties

John Adam’s

Presidency

1797-1801

XYZ AFFAIR

• French were seizing our ships

• We sent officials to France to negotiate

• French officials wanted a bribe

• American public became outraged and wanted to go to war

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

• Alien’s who spoke against the government could be arrested and deported

• Citizen’s who spoke against the government could be arrested

VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

• VA and KY nullified the Sedition Acts

• Demonstrated the on-going conflict between state power and national power

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