KEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion



Name:_______________________________________ Class Period:____Due Date:___/____/____Guided Reading & Analysis: Ch 19-Islamic Gunpowder EmpiresBasic Directions:Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter. Skim:Flip through the chapter and note the titles and subtitles. Look at images and their read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read.Read/Analyze:Read the chapter. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read!Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided.Key Concepts For Period 4 1450-1750Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and ExchangeKEY CONCEPT 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of ProductionTraditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.KEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial ExpansionRulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.III. Competition over trade routes (such as Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean and piracy in the Caribbean), state rivalries (such as the Thirty Years War or the Ottoman-Safavid conflict), and local resistance (such as bread riots) all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.European Interests in the AmericasNotes page 353-359AnalysisKEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial ExpansionII.Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.KEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial ExpansionII. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.KEY CONCEPT 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of ProductionI.Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.Gunpowder empires: Which 3 empires are categorized as “gunpowder” empires?Despite both being land-based empires how was Russia different than the gunpowder empires?5 characteristics shared by Gunpowder empires?1.2.3.4.5.Who was Tamerlane and where did his empire emerge from?What was the primary reason Tamerlane and the other empires were able to expand? Besides focusing on the expansion of military what else did the gunpowder empires focus on? What led to the fall of Tamerlane’s empire? Where was the Ottoman empire centered out of? How long did it last?What city did Mehmed II conquer in order to establish the Ottoman empire?What role did gunpowder play in it’s defeat? What did he change the name of that city to? What areas did he expand into? What was the devshirme? Why was it implemented? Who were the janissaries? What areas did Suleiman I expand into? Why was he given the name of “lawgiver”? How did the economy and trade increase under his rule? How did the ottomans pay for such a large army? Which merchants had to pay additional taxes? How did coffee houses emerge under the Ottoman empire? Where did coffee originate?Describe the social structure under the Ottomans:(draw a pyramid and identify)Describe gender roles:What does harem politics refer to? The large slave class was comprised of people from:What religious groups lived in the Ottoman empire?Who fought in the Battle of Lepanto? What was the outcome?Identify changes under the Ottoman empire:Identify continuities under the Ottoman empire:Give examples of a cultural “golden age” under the Ottoman empire:What long term consequence does that difference make? How would this legitimize their power in similar ways that Peter the Great and Louis XIV did? Why was its’ location a key factor in empire building?Why did they recruit from conquered Christian territories? Why might the janissaries cause problems to Ottoman leaders later?How would these reforms help unify his empire? How does this tribute system compare to the tribute system under the Golden Horde? How did this effect the peasants? Would you consider this evidence of religious tolerance-why or why not? Why did the Ottomans start to lose their trade advantages by the 16th century?How does the Ottoman slave trade compare to the Trans-atlantic slave trade?Why do you think the Ottomans allowed those groups to stay?Why is this a turning point in Ottoman history? Why do they get the nickname “sickman of Europe”?2. Safavid & Mughal EmpiresKey Concepts & Main IdeasPages 359-362AnalysisKEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial ExpansionII.Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.KEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial ExpansionRulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power..What two disadvantages did the Safavid empire have?1.2. Who started the Safavid empire and how did it originate? What is a shah? What religion did he use to legitimize his power? As a result of this who was a frequent rival of the Safavid? How did Shah Abbas build up his empire? How is this similar to how the Ottomans built up their army? Why would the Safavid be considered a theocracy? Describe the significance of Isfahan: What connection began between the British and Iran? What led to the decline of the Safavid empire? Describe the role of women under the Safavid: Who was Akbar and what empire did he lead? What time period? What capital did he establish? Describe the government system he implemented: Zamindars: What was the religious policy under Akbar? What religions existed in his empire? What reforms did he create? Din-i-llahi: Describe the economic system under the Mughals: Who built the Taj Mahal and why? What evidence of a “golden period” under the Mughal empire exists? What challenges did Shah Jahan’s son Aurangzeb face? What new religious policy did he institute? Who did this decline lead the Mughals vulnerable to and why? Summarize the factors that led to the decline of the Gunpowder empires? What is the long term legacy of Ismail following this religion? *What issues has this caused today??What advantages did their rival have over them? In what ways is he similar to Peter the Great? How does this compare to Istanbul?How does this compare/contrast to the fall of the Ottoman empire? What is happening in Europe during this same time period? How is this evidence of an established bureaucracy? Why did the Zamindars lead to increased government corruption? Why did he adopt this policy? How is this similar to Ottoman religious policies? Why do you think this religion did continue for very long? How was the Taj Mahal a similar symbol as the Versaille palace? Why would they focus on geometric designs and not people like in the European Renaissance? How did that policy lead to more instability? Which were more successful-land based or sea-based empires and why?Historical Perspectives: Why did the Islamic Gunpowder empires rise and decline? The term “Gunpowder Empires” was coined by marshall G.S. Hodgson in the 1970’s to refer to the large land empires of Southwestern and South Asia that flourished during the period from 1450-1750 Trade and the Rise of Empires: As described by Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik in their 2005 book “The World that Trade Created”, the empires became part of the growing global economy of the period. These authors, taking economic and social perspectives, used coffee as one example of the international character of consumer goods: “Coffee’s role in sociability and prestige in Europe was enhanced by the arrival of emissaries of the Ottoman sultan in France and Austria in 1665-166 who poured the exotic liquor for their aristocratic European guests during extravagant soirees.” Reasons for Decline: However, the prosperity achieved by the Gunpowder Empires was not enough to sustain their independence indefinitely. Historians have given various reasons for their declines, but most fall into three categories: 1. Ineffectiveness 2. Intolerance of minorities 3. Failure to modernize. One reviewer summarized historian Vladimir Minorsky’s reasons for the decline of the Safavid Empire:1. decline of theocratic ideology2. opposition between old and new elements in the military class3. disturbance in equilibrium among the service classes, which lost interest in the cause they were supporting4. the shadow of government represented by the harem5. degeneration of the dynasty as a result of it’s insular natureMilitary weakness: William McNeil pointed out that rulers and military administrators did not try to keep up with “subsequent European innovations in military and naval matters, leaving them woefully exposed to attack.” McNeill reminded his readers that the Ottoman’s guns were able to defeat their Islamic rivals, the Safavids because “until about 1600, the Ottoman army remained technically and in every way in the very forefront of military proficiency.” Nevertheless after the time of Sueliman, leaders did not themselves lead their men in battle and military discipline declined at the same time that efficiency and technology began to lag behind Western EuropeTolerance and Intolerance: A recent work by Amy Chua, suggested a somewhat different reason for the eventual failure of the Gunpowder Empires. Her thesis was that intolerance ultimately became an obstacle to retaining great power. She suggested that the empires were succesfful in holding their power when theywere at their most religiously and ethnically tolerant. This thesis can be used to explain why the Ottoman empire, with it’s relative tolerance, outlived the more conservative Safavid and Mughal empires. Explain two reasons for the decline of the Gunpowder empires? Support with evidence for both1)2) ................
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