Holger Nehring - University of Cambridge
Holger Nehring
UN Sources concerning Germany
A Guide to Archives and Research
Table of Contents
1. Introduction : UN sources and contemporary German history
– towards connective history 2
2. General outline of the Federal Republic's and the GDR's position within the
UN 5
3. The UN and German foreign politics: the UN, Germany and international
relations 8
4. The UN and German domestic politics 13
5. Conclusion 16
Appendix I: Sources 17
A. Sources of General Interest 17
B. United Nations Sources 20
C. Government Sources 23
I. Federal Republic of Germany 23
II. German Democratic Republic 34
III. Britain 37
IV. France 39
V. United States of America 39
D. Sources pertaining to Political Parties and Associations 41
E. Memoirs and Letter Exchanges 50
Appendix II: West German Permanent Observers to the UN until 1962 51
Appendix III: Biographical Information of important civil servants 52
Appendix IV: Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany and the
German Democratic Republic into UN Organisations 54
1. Introduction: UN sources and contemporary German history – towards connective history
This paper has two main aims. First, it seeks to identify the variety of sources in Germany pertaining to the history of the UN and to the UN's role in international history. It incorporates four kinds of sources: private papers which are not kept in UN archives, e.g. the diaries and letters of former German diplomats with links to the UN; 'grey' literature relating to the regional UN offices; government records pertaining to UN history; and finally, possible guidelines for locating former UN personnel for oral history interviews. A list of these sources is provided in the appendix. Second, by doing so, this paper seeks to give a systematic overview of the use of UN sources for contemporary German history and to suggest some themes which would help historians to transcend both the institutional history of the United Nations system and the predominant state- and nation-centred historical research. It seeks to make the writing of global history more popular by encouraging an approach which is aware of the global nature of many seemingly national issues.[1] The main body of this paper discusses their possible use for a connective history of post-1945 Germany.[2] The appendices list the main archival and printed holdings and contain some important data on West German diplomats concerned with UN issues as well as the Federal Republic's and the GDR's accession to the UN's specialist organisations.
Nation-states and societies have never been the self-contained units as which historians, often following nationalist master narratives, have portrayed them. Especially since the beginning of the twentieth century, they have always been connected with each other in manifold ways: through official diplomatic links, through connections of scientists and exports, through the colonial sphere and exploration, through economic relationships and, not least, through communicating with each other.[3] With the League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s and with the foundation of the United Nations (UN) in San Francisco in summer 1945, this connectedness also found an institutional expression.[4]
The UN developed into a whole system of more specialist organisations which revolved around the UNO. Some of these, such as the Universal Postal Union (UPU) long pre-date UNO. The growth of specialist organisations as part of the UN framework throws social, economic and environmental changes into sharp relief: With the development of auxiliary UN institutions, such as UNESCO (November 1946) and UNICEF (December 1946), the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (December 1949), an International Atomic Energy Organisation (IAEO) and an International Development Association (IDA), new issue areas were covered which needed addressing and whose scale and scope went beyond the capabilities of nation-states. All institutions were held together by the UN's general aims as they developed after the UN's foundation in 1945: the securing of peace, human rights and human development, preventing discrimination and the protection of the environment.
In short, therefore, UN sources offer an ideal way for transnationalising German history after 1945. The UN has had special relevance for Germany after 1945. It held up the ideal of a united world when Germany was a divided nation. After the horrors of National Socialism and a total war which Germans had fought under the banner of racial supremacy in Europe, Germany was physically and morally destroyed and divided. Germany had unconditionally surrendered to the Allies and was now occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, each with their own zone of occupation. While the idea had been to govern Germany together, disagreements within the wartime alliance and the growing tensions between the superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, made a united Germany less and less feasible. In 1949, two German states, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were founded. During the 1950s, each German state was increasingly integrated into its own power bloc: the Federal Republic into the NATO system and the GDR into the Warsaw Treaty organisation. The building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 cast the division in stone. In 1989/90, both German states were re-united as part of a peaceful revolution in all East German societies, not least because the increased connectedness of both German states through communications had destabilised the East German regime.
Although both German states became members of the UN as late as 1973, the UN and its auxiliary and specialist organisations had more than symbolic relevance for the divided Germany. Most tangibly, for both German states the UN was a source of power in international relations: by integrating into a supra-national framework successive West and East German governments hoped to gain a freedom of manoeuvre which the international legal situation denied to them. Particularly, membership in the UN's auxiliary and specialist organisations served as an indicator of international reputation and was thus of high political importance. While the Third Reich had discredited the symbolics of power politics in domestic society, integration into the UN system was now an almost ideal way of using symbolic politics for more Realpolitik purposes.[5] In particular, competing for membership of the UN had symbolic significance for the competition of both German states with each other. The UN framework gave the German governments the opportunity to project their power to the post-colonial world by contributing to the development efforts there. Not least, the United Nations played an important role in the discussions about German re-unification during the 1950s. Also, the UN assumed an important role in re-building West Germany, by providing for refugees, for example.
But the relevance for the UN for both German states went beyond high politics. It lay in offering blueprints for certain domestic policies in key issue areas. Particularly in the field of legal affairs and the environment, the UN offered a forum for discussing issues before they achieved salience in German domestic politics. The UN's role in fostering the emancipation of women also deserves special mention.[6]
This paper introduces researchers to possible uses of UN-related source material in Germany and the material kept elsewhere relating to Germany's role in the UN. In order to provide researchers with a better orientation, it will start with a general outline of the Federal Republic's and the GDR's position within the UN. In the second section, use of UN-related source material for the UN and German foreign politics will be discussed. The third section discusses the relevance of the UN in German domestic politics. The paper closes with an appendix which lists the main unpublished and published sources for linking UN and German history.
Unfortunately, due to Germany's federal structure, there is no German equivalent to the British National Register for Archives. There is now, however, a very useful database of personal papers.[7] Most archives (not even the Federal Archives) do not have full online catalogues, although the availability of online resources is increasing. German governmental archives are divided between federal and state levels. On the federal level, the Federal Archives in Koblenz hold all material relating to the federal government and administrative institutions, except for the Foreign Office (FO) archives. These archives are kept in the Archives of the Foreign Office in Berlin. While these FO archives contain material on the GDR as well, the Federal Archive in Koblenz primarily holds material relating to the Federal Republic. The governmental and party files relating to the GDR are kept at the Federal Archives Berlin-Lichterfelde. Party, state and private archives are useful ways to complement these federal records.
2. General outline of the Federal Republic's and the GDR's position within the UN
It is important to be aware of the institutional framework in which the Federal Republic and the GDR acted towards the UN and its specialist organisations. Two factors in particular are important for West Germany: first, the fact that the Federal Republic was, from a strictly legal standpoint, only partially sovereign until unification in 1990.[8] Second, the fact that West Germany was a federal polity: not all issues were discussed on the federal level. Educational and cultural affairs were discussed at the state level. East German foreign policy was primarily an affair of the party and national front organisations, rather than the GDR's FO.[9]
The West German constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law), explicitly allows the Federal Republic to join international organisations (article 24). Such provisions can also be found in subsequent arrangements regarding West German foreign policy, such as the Petersberg Accords (1949) and the Deutschlandvertrag (article 3, i and ii, 26 May 1952).[10] The Final Protocol of the London Conference reaffirmed this by stating that the Federal Republic declared that it would conduct its policies in accordance with the fundamental tenets of the UN constitution.[11] Similar provisions were made in the GDR.[12] Some UN principles have been incorporated into the Basic Law, such as the prohibition to wage aggressive wars (article 26). The catalogue of fundamental rights contains (often verbal) formulations of the Universal Declaration for Human Rights, and the minutes of the West German constituent assembly show that the founders of the Federal Republic intensively discussed the implications of this Declaration.[13]
As far as the institutional framework of West German foreign policy was concerned, foreign policy was highly personalised in the 1950s, revolving around Konrad Adenauer, his foreign-political advisor Herbert Blankenhorn and, from autumn 1950, his advisor Walter Hallstein.[14] Due to the limitations of partial sovereignty, during the early years of his chancellorship, Adenauer also served as foreign secretary. The first administrative unit which dealt with foreign affairs in the Federal Republic was the Dienststelle für auswärtige Angelegenheiten in the Chancellor's Office.[15] Within this unit, there existed a department for the relations with international organisations. It was, however, in a rather uneasy position between the political and the consular sections of the unit.
Only with the foundation of the Foreign Office (Auswärtiges Amt) was a department created which was exclusively responsible for UN affairs. It was attached to the FO's Political Department, the Abteilung II (Politische Abteilung) as Referat V (Vereinte Nationen, Spezialorganisationen) from March 1952 onwards; from December 1952, its name was changed to Unterabteilung A: Friedensregelung, Restaufgaben der Verbindungsstellen zur AHK, Referat A 10 a): Vereinte Nationen and Referat A 10 b) Spezialorg. der UNO. From 6 June 1953, it was attached as Referat 203: Vereinte Nationen to the Unterabteilung 20 (Allgemeine Außenpolitik); from 7 June 1955 it was called Referat 212: UNO as part of the Unterabteilung 21: Zwischen- und überstaatliche Organisationen; from 15 February 1956 it changed its name again to Referat 214: Vereinte Nationen, internationale weltweite Organisationen to Abteilung 2; and from 15 July 1958, as part of a more thorough restructuring it became Referat 300: Vereinte Nationen, internationale weltweite Organisationen within the new Abteilung 3: West II.[16] From January 1963, it was attached to Abt. I: Politische Abteilung, Referat I B I: Vereinte Nationen, internationale und weltweite Organisationen.
The UN department's portfolio was primarily the administration of foreign policy developed in the FO's political section. It also dealt with gathering information on UN matters and reporting on them. During the sessions of the UN General Assembly, the Department was, therefore, joined by an attaché in order to ensure an adequate level of observation. The efforts of civil servants attached to this department to create public interest in UN matters were rather sporadic, however, although they were intensive. One of these attempts was the speech by the civil servant Heinz von Trützschler at a conference on the UN in 1954. He argued that Germany's work in the League of Nations had formed an important stepping stone on the way to the UN: the nation had been re-integrated into the international community, and the League of Nations had taken Germany out of the narrow corner of nation-state-centred thinking.[17]
What was the framework for German diplomacy towards the UN outside Germany? Some non-members of the UN established Permanent Observers at the UN in the late 1940s. This enabled them to participate in all sessions and to obtain all official UN documents. The observers were not, however, allowed to participate in votes and did not have the right to be heard by the UN.
In the Federal Republic, first discussions about sending a Permanent Observer to the UN emerged in late 1950. These discussions were based on the assumption that the UN had gained in importance due to its role in the Korean conflict. West German diplomats interpreted the conflict as a turning point in the history of the UN and therefore highly recommended West German participation.[18] In a letter dated 15 September 1951, the Allied High Commision allowed the Federal Republic 'd'établir à titre purement officieux un service de liaison auprès de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, a New-York City.'[19] After more negotiations, the West German Secretary of State Walter Hallstein wrote to the UN Secretary General on 8 October 1952, that General Consul Riesser had been named as the official observer.[20]
What did the observers' day-to-day work look like? Two, and later three civil servants worked from rooms in the German Consulate General in New York.[21] After 1955, Consulate General and the Mission were separated. The first Permanent Observer, Riesser, was still both Consul General and Permanent Observer until his retirement in 1955.[22] Only Riesser's successor, Felix von Eckardt, was responsible for the UN alone as Permanent Observer with the rank of an Ambassador.[23] The UN Secretariat General gave certain organisational privileges to the observers.[24] In 1973, both German states were formally admitted to the UN.[25] Permament representations to the UN were then established. Similar arrangements existed for the UN in Geneva and in Paris (UNESCO).
Although analogous structures existed in the GDR, they were less important for foreign-policy formation. An FO existed in the GDR, but GDR foreign policy was mainly conducted through the party machinery and the SED's Politburo and Central Committee.
3. The UN and German foreign politics: the UN, Germany and international relations
'I was aware of the fact that we Germans could only engage in foreign politics to a limited extent. Our foreign political goal, therefore, had to be to participate in the peaceful co-operation of the people within the United Nations as equals.'[26] These words of the Federal Republic's first chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, encapsulate West Germany's relationship with the UN from a foreign-policy perspective: getting involved in the UN and its specialist organisations was first and foremost a way of gaining power and reputation which, due to restrictions in sovereignty, could not be gained through the traditional bi- and multilateral channels. This policy was also framed by the constant competition between the two German states. This competition even extended to postal stamps with UN motifs.[27]
But the importance of the UN for German foreign policy does not end here. In many issue areas, such as development, international economic and environmental policies, the two German states' foreign policies were influenced by the UN.[28] The UN thus connected them to the world as a whole, and it provided a link when Germany was divided. There was a constant interaction between UN and German foreign policy-makers. It is, therefore, difficult to write the history of German foreign policy without incorporating UN sources, a fact which has too often been overlooked by diplomatic historians of Germany.
This section aims to introduce researchers to the ways in which we may use UN-related sources to make sense of these developments. A first important area for which UN-sources can be used is the Federal Republic's and the GDR's foreign policy, which could be summarised under the heading 'power through integration'.[29] There is an abundance of sources available for both German states in the Political Archives of the German Foreign Office in Berlin.[30] In the early years of the Federal Republic, there existed no FO. The relevant files come from the Office for External Affairs of the Chancellor's Office, which are available in the FO Archives in Berlin. About 700 volumes in the FO archives concern West German UN policies up to the early 1960s alone, but not all of this material has been systematically examined.[31] Cabinet minutes of the Federal government have been published.[32] There are also selections of foreign-policy sources. Not all years have been covered yet, however. [33] The FO archives also hold the files on the activities of Germany's permanent mission to Geneva and New York, once they had been established. Because of the 30-year rule, most of the more recent files are not yet available. This affects the files of recent Permanent Observers and Permanent Representatives.[34] The representatives' names, however, can be gleaned from Kürschner's Gelehrtenkalender, and biographical information may be obtained through Munzinger's Archiv. Appendix II provides a list of the West German observers at the UN in New York with information on where their personal papers are kept. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (German UN Society) may be able to offer help with contacting former German UN observers and other civil servants involved with UN affairs for oral history interviews.[35] Their memoirs (Hans Riesser, Felix von Eckardt and Werner Dankwort) and a selection of personal reminiscences edited by the German UN society are available and offer first inroads into German policies towards the UN.[36]
Unfortunately there is no German equivalent yet for the British United Nations Career Records Project. However, the archives of the German UN Society may contain important important information, although no catalogue is available. The Society, named Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (DGVN) was founded by a group of Heidelberg international lawyers who, with the FO's help, wanted to create a German equivalent to United Nations Associations abroad.[37] In 1953, it joined the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA), in competition with the Deutsche Liga für die Vereinten Nationen, the East German counterpart of the DGVN which had been founded in 1954.[38] The DGVN was, until at least 1969, primarily concerned with national issues rather than UN issues.[39]
From June 1953 onwards, the DGVN published a monthly newsletter/journal (Mitteilungen), which was later renamed Vereinte Nationen.[40] Particularly this journal and newsletter offer an important source for further information. They are available at the Berlin office of the German UN Society and at major German university libraries. Apart from the German UN Society's information centre, the records of the German Library in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main[41] have many holdings relating to 'grey literature' relating to UN policies. The library of the Hessische Stiuftung für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Frankfurt am Main, may contain material as well. The Archiv für alternatives Schrifttum, Duisburg, and the Sammelstelle für unkonventionelle Literatur, Stuttgart, may hold material from the perspective of new social movements.[42]
The party archives, especially the Archiv der sozialen Demokratie, have comprehensive libraries which contains a wealth of relevant material. As in the Federal Archives in Berlin, there are often photo archive as well.
More specific information can be obtained from the party political archives, such as the Archive of Christian Democratic Politics in Sankt Augustin (near Bonn), the Archive of Social Democracy in Bonn-Bad Godesberg, the Archives of the Friedrich Naumann-Stiftung in Gummersbach for the West and East German liberal parties (most importantly, these archives hold the papers of Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German Foreign Secretary in the 1980s). These archival holdings do not only contain biographical material, but also important policy documents.
Press clippings relating to the UN are available from the Newspaper Archives of the Bundestag in Berlin. The German Council on Foreign Relations (Deutsche Gesellschaft für auswärtige Politik) also has an extensive collection of newspaper clippings.[43] Press clippings are also available at the Institute for Contemporary History, Munich and from the Institute for Newspaper Research, Dortmund.[44] For the GDR perspective, the East German Federal Archives in Berlin possess important holdings relating to the Socialist Unity Party's (SED) policies towards the UN.
The Government's Bulletin is particularly helpful. It is held by all major libraries in full.[45] The debates of the West German federal parliament, the Bundestag, are also available in major libraries.[46] The Bundestag has its own archives which have the relevant material on parliamentary committees.[47]
The American, French and British national archives contain important information on Germany's accession to the UN and offer useful ways of enlarging the scope of a national study. The German accession to the UN was a particularly divisive issue, as the West German government feared that it would lose its unique status as the embodiment of a united Germany if both German states joined the United Nations simultaneously.[48] It should, therefore, be embedded into the general discussions about Willy Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik, his policy of détente towards the Eastern bloc, and the Helsinki process.[49] Sources for these areas are again available from the relevant party archives, especially from the massive Willy Brandt archive in the Archives of Social Democracy, Bonn.[50] UN policies have also been important in the area of German re-unification policies, such as the debate about establishing a Commission for free elections as a first step to German re-unification in the early 1950s.[51]
Aspects of West and East German foreign policy which have not yet been sufficiently explored include Germany's interaction with UN special and subsidiary organisations. Here, the Federal Republic's claim to be the sole representative of Germany (the Hallstein Doctrine, Alleinvertretungsanspruch) framed West German foreign policies.[52]
Especially UNICEF and the UNESCO have offered ways for German foreign-policy makers to redefine Germany's foreign policy as oriented towards peaceful developments after the catastrophe of National Socialism. Here, the UNESCO archives in Paris offer a good starting point. After locating the main issues, the Federal Archives in Koblenz and Berlin are useful points of reference. The archival material relating to the German UNICEF and UNESCO committees is kept at the Federal Archives in Koblenz.[53] The Koblenz holdings also include material on the German Interior Ministry. However, as culture and education belong to the states' business, it is important to consult the holdings of the state archives. The relevant holdings of the GDR are available from the Berlin section of the Federal Archives. Another important port of call for this issue area is the Archives of the German Foreign Office in Berlin, especially the holdings relating to the foreign cultural policies of the Federal Republic. For the GDR, some of this material can be found in the relevant SED files.[54] Debates within the West German government in other issue areas can be found in the holdings of the relevant departments in the Koblenz Federal Archives. For example, the holdings of the Ministry of Atomic Energy contain material relating to the IAEO. The holdings of the Ministry for the Environment, founded only relatively recently, contain important sources on environmental discussions. The holdings pertaining to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry for Development are also kept in Koblenz. Particularly in the area of development policies, the SPD archives will be useful. Several of the key thinkers such as Fritz Baade and, most importantly, Willy Brandt had links to the SPD. Particularly for the latter issue areas, the policies of the Green Party, which emerged on a national level in the early 1980s, are of interest. They contain important material up to the last legislative period of the German parliament. Particularly the party archives will be helpful in finding out the location of politicians who were involved in UN-related policies. The German UN Society in Berlin is another important point of reference. Also, the relevant biographical dictionaries contain addresses of higher ranking politicians and civil servants.[55]
4. The UN and German domestic politics
The division between foreign and domestic politics is an analytical one: in historical reality, domestic and foreign politics are deeply interwoven. As soon as societies communicate about foreign political issues they become issues of domestic politics. For example, UN statistics about human development or about environmental hazards may create an awareness of certain social or environmental problems within Germany not so much through direct political actions but through communication. Communication about issues generated by the UN connected post-1945 German history with the history of other nations and, through the UN framework, with global developments.
The UN played an important, but often indirect role in the re-building of German democracy and in the efforts to create 'normal' conditions in German society after the experience of war. It is often overlooked that Germany was a society in movement in the period after the unconditional surrender. Millions of German refugees from Eastern and East-Central Europe, displaced persons and other migrants flooded into Germany, creating massive problems for the Allied occupation powers and for the emerging German administrations on the local and regional levels.[56] The question of prisoners of war was another pressing issue.[57] The UN, through its High Commissioner for Refugees, played an important role in this context. Here, the state archives are the most important points of references. The French, American and British national archives also contain material which informs us about the role of the UN in these efforts. Sources pertaining to this area of research can also be found in the Federal Archives in Koblenz and Berlin (for the Eastern zone of occupation).
The UN did not only play an important role in the efforts to re-integrate refugees into German society. It also assisted in the democratisation of German society. Most importantly, the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal was conducted under UN auspices, following a UN definition of genocide which had been developed in the 1930s and 1940s, partly under League of Nations auspices.[58]
Once the two German states had been founded, the UN and its specialist organisations often fulfilled specific functions in domestic political debates. The UN's global and trans-national character endowed it with a very good reputation within German society. This endowed UN policies with a special reputation within domestic political debates, particularly in the debates about German rearmament in the early and mid-1950s, on atomic armaments in the late 1950s and in the early 1960s.[59]
UN guidelines also played an important role for the development of economic and social statistics as well as for legal matters. In short, they played a crucial role in the ways in which German society began the observation of itself in various issue areas. UN publications offer both German society and policy-makers important means to reduce the complexity of the policy-making process and thus keep politics manageable. [60]
In the GDR, the UN's policies in the issue area of 'peace' were also a potent political device. They were important in two area: in the attempts to generate allegiance to the East German dictatorship, and, closely linked to this, in the competition for international reputation with the Federal Republic: the intention was to show the GDR as the real German state, as a peaceful state, while tainting the Federal Republic with the label of 'militarism'.[61] The foundation, as one of the many national front associations which were supposed to create social legitimacy, of the Liga für die Vereinten Nationen in der DDR (German League for the United Nations) highlights the high importance of the UN for the propaganda purposes of the regime.[62]
Opinion polls attest to the increasing popularity of the UN in West Germany from the 1950s onwards.[63] They show that, in its self-observation, German society looked beyond the national borders and became increasingly connected, even more so as the West German state structures grew.
Two UN organisations in particular have enjoyed a very high reputation in (West) German society: UNESCO and UNICEF.[64] UNESCO was so popular because its designations of world heritage sites allowed West Germans to refashion their national identity around cultural values rather than military ones, often tapping older roots of concepts of national belonging amongst the educated bourgeoisie. Sources relating to the efforts of achieving this re-definition from a governmental perspective can be found in the state archives, as cultural and educational affairs have been matters of the states, rather than the federal government.[65] Nevertheless, the archival material pertaining to the cultural section of the German FO, kept in Berlin and the Interior Ministry, should be consulted as well.[66] Particularly, studies of Chancellor Helmut Kohl's policy of a 'cultural-moral turn' in the 1980s may benefit from a transnational angle through a UNESCO perspective. These West German institutions were in constant competition with the GDR for international prestige on the cultural front. Most material pertaining to the GDR's policies relating to UNESCO is kept at the Berlin division of the Federal Archives. UNICEF, the children's section of the UN, has enjoyed a similarly high reputation within West Germany, with many actors and public intellectuals taking roles as UNICEF ambassadors.[67]
More recent research has shown the importance of the UN system for the formation of West German environmental policies by creating a forum for expert discussions before environmental measures were taken on a federal level. Here, the interactions between states, federal government and international level are important. The state of North-Rhine Westfalia was particularly affected by questions of clean air, and it was primarily from here that experts were sent to international conferences.[68] The North-Rhine Westfalian State Archive has the relevant holdings.[69]
UN conferences acted as a forum in which West German experts first obtained information on US environmental policies.[70] Since the mid-1960s, the UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Agricultural Organisation (FAO) discussed problems of water pollution, culminating in the European Water Charter of May 1968. In 1968, the United Nations began with their preparations for a world environmental summit in Stockholm in 1972. In September 1968, UNESCO held a conference in Paris on "Man and the Biosphere" which emphasised the importance of maintaining the equilibrium between man and nature on a global scale.[71] In the Federal Republic it was primarily Hans-Dietrich Genscher, as Minister for the Interior, and his party, the FDP (Free Democratic Party), which translated the UN policies into the West German political sphere.[72] The SPD and the trade unions and the CDU adopted these ideas far more hesitantly.[73] The archival records can be found in the relevant party archives as well as in the ministry files of the Koblenz Federal Archives.[74] Environmental issues also formed an important part of the agreements for détente between the Federal Republic and the GDR, and the UN's role in these policies is a topic which still awaits more thorough examination.[75]
This level of analysis is particularly important for two reasons. First, international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) have assumed an increasingly important role in international politics, and some of them have obtained an official status within the UN system.[76] Second, for these social movements and INGOs, UN policies have often been an important argument in domestic political discussions. The fact that the UN and its specialist organisations had agreed on specific policies gave their position legitimacy and endowed them with reputation. As they could not fall back on the more conventional political channels and work through political parties and parliaments, this endowed them with special leverage in public debates, particularly when the West German government did not implement. Conversely, this has also meant that these INGOs and social movement injected certain pieces into the German political and social systems which would not have been there otherwise: by communicating about specific issues they connected German society with developments elsewhere. The importance of communication and agenda-setting has not only been highlighted by historians of social movements. Historians of East Germany have also emphasised the importance of dissident communication for contributing to the break-up of the regime. The role of the UN, specifically with regard to environmental issues, in this process is still awaiting its historian. Possible points of reference for this are the office of the German section of Greenpeace, of Amnesty International and the German UN society.
5. Conclusion
It is hoped that this compilation will encourage two kinds of researchers: first, historians of post-1945 German history who think that German history is intimately connected with global developments; and, second, scholars working on global issues and UN issues who try to gain a truly international angle and seek to locate source material in Germany. This paper can, however, only be a first step in establishing a more comprehensive stock-taking of sources pertaining to UN history around the world.
Appendix I: Sources
NOTE: The following compilation of primary and secondary sources pertaining to Germany and the UN contains the most important source material. Its main focus is on the UN, UNESCO and UNICEF. The information on each archive varies according to the information available online and according to the information supplied by the archivists. Personal enquiries are recommended in order to establish the holdings of a specific archive. Internet addresses have been provided, although only very few archives offer search engines on the web.
In order to avoid repetitions this list follows an archive-by-archive rather than an issue-oriented systematic. While an issue-oriented approach offers many advantages, the archive-by-archive perspective allows a use of the compilation which is tailored to individual needs, rather than one which follows the personal emphases of the author. The scarcity of information on some archival holdings also made an issue-oriented approach less feasible.
A. Sources of General Interest
a. Searching for published material
Karlsruhe virtual library catalogue (can search different libraries within Germany and in Europe at once):
b. Searching for personal papers
Search engine for personal papers:
c. Biographical Sources
Internationaler Biographischer Index = World Biographical Index (Munich, 1994 ff.)
Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender (Leipzig et al., 1925 ff.)
Neue Deutsche Biographie, ed. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1953 ff.). The digital register is available at
Munzinger Online Biographical Database [subscription needed, available on CD-ROM or in hardcopy from all major libraries], available at
Most comprehensive up-to-date biographical database.
d. Parliamentary papers
Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung (Bonn) (Bulleting of the Government's Press and Information Office)
Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Stenographische Berichte [parliamentary debates]
e. Journals and newspapers
- Newspaper archives
Press Archives of the German Federal Diet (Bundestag)
Deutscher Bundestag
Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus, room 2.701
Nordallee/Schiffbauerdamm
Berlin-Mitte
Postal address:
Deutscher Bundestag
Parlamentsarchiv
Platz der Republik 1
11011 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 227-32641
Fax: +49 30 227-36192
Institut für Zeitgeschichte [Institute for Contemporary History]
Leonrodstraße 46b
D-80636 Munich
Germany
Phone: +49 89 12688113
Fax: +49 89 12688191
e-mail: archiv@ifz-muenchen.de
Institut für Zeitungsforschung [Institute for Newspaper Research]
Königswall 18
D- 44122 Dortmund
Germany
Phone: +49 231 50-2 32 21
Fax: +49 231 50-2 60 18
(closed Mondays)
e-mail: zeitungsforschung.dortmund@stadtdo.de
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e.V. [German Council on Foreign Relations]
Rauchstraße 17-18
D-10787 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 254 231-0
Fax: +49-30 254 231-16
e-mail: info@
Archive of Newspaper Clippings
- UN-related journal
Vereinte Nationen (journal of the German UN Society)
f. 'Grey' literature
Library of the
Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung
[pic]Leimenrode 29
[pic]D-60322 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
Phone: +49 69 95 91 04-0
[pic]Fax: +49 69 55 84 81
[pic]E-Mail: info@hsfk.de
[pic]Internet:
Archiv für alternatives Schrifttum in NRW
Schwarzenberger Straße 147
D-47226 Duisburg
Germany
Phone: +49 2065 74715
Fax: +49 2065 74737
Email: afas-archiv@t-online.de
By appointment only.
Brochures, leaflets, journals relating to new social movement. May have holdings relating to specific UN policies. Focus is on North Rhine Westfalia.
Dokumentationsstelle für unkonventionelle Literatur
Biobliothek für Zeitgeschichte in der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek
Gaisburgstraße 4a
D-70047 Stuttgart
Germany
Phone: +49 711 212-4480 or –4481
Fax:+49 711/236-4450
E-Mail: bfzdoku@wlb-stuttgart.de
Brochures, leaflets, journals relating to new social movement. May have holdings relating to specific UN policies.
B. United Nations Sources
1. UN Archives and Records Management Section
Archives and Records Centre
304 East 45th Street
Ground Floor
New York, New York 10017
USA
Phone: 1 212 963-8683; 1 212 963-8685; 1 212 963-4024
Fax: 1 212 963-4414
E-mail: arms@
Monday – Friday, 9.00 – 17.00
Note: Some of the files may be restricted. It is recommended that one make an
appointment prior to the first visit.
a. Primary Unpublished Sources
• Urquhart Records
• Waldheim Records
b. Primary Printed Sources
• Alger, Chadwick F., Lyons, Gene M. and Trent, John E. (eds.), The United Nations System: The Policies of Member States (Tokyo, 1995)
• United Nations (ed.), Yearbook of the United Nations (Lake Success, NY, later New York, 1946/7-).
• Krakau, Knud, von Wedel, Henning, and Göhmann, Andreas (eds.), Resolutionen der Generalversammlung der UNO. Eine Auswahl der wichtigsten Resolutionen aus den Jahren 1949-1974 (I – XXVIII. Sitzungsperiode) (Frankfurt a.M., 1975).
c. Relevant Secondary Literature
• Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, Presiding over a Divided World: Changing UN Roles, 1945-1993 (Boulder, CO and London, 1994)
• Amos Yoder, The Evolution of the United Nations System, 2nd edn (Washington, DC, 1993)
2. UNESCO Archives
Contact: Jens Boel
UNESCO Archives
UNESCO
7, Place de Fontenoy
F-75352 Paris 07SP
France
Phone: +33 1 45681950
Fax: +33 1 45685617
e-mail: j.boel@
There is now a UNESCO history project. Further information can be obtained at
3. World Health Organization, Historical Collection
Contact: Head of Information and Reference Services
Library and Information Networks for Knowledge (LNK)
World Health Organization
CH-1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Phone: +41 22 791 20 62
Fax: +41 22 791 41 50
3. Ständige Vertretung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Permanent Mission of
Germany]
In New York:
The Permanent Mission of Germany to the UN
871 UN Plaza
10017 New York
USA
Phone: 212 9400400
Fax: 212 9400402
In Geneva:
28 c, chemin du Petit-Saconnex
CH-1209 Geneva
Switzerland
Phone: +41 22 7301111
Fax: +41 22 734 30 43
In Paris
Ständige Vertretung Deutschlands bei der UNESCO
13-15 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt
F-75008 Paris
France
Information on more recent German UN policies.
Useful links.
5. Deutsche UNESCO-Kommision [German Commission for UNESCO]
Deutsche UNESCO-Kommision
Colmanstraße 15
D-53115 Bonn
Germany
e-mail: info@unesco.de
Was founded in 1950. Material kept in the Federal Archives, Koblenz (B336).
6. Deutsches UNICEF-Komitee [German UNICEF Committee]
Deutsches UNICEF-Komitee
Höninger Weg 104
50969 Köln
Telefon 0221-93650-0
Fax 0221-93650-279
E-Mail: mail@unicef.de
Kept in the Federal Archives (B189). The Committee itself has archives, too.
7. Karlsruhe Virtual Library Catalogue
Can search several national and international libraries for printed UN material
8. Hessische Stiftung für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (Hesse Foundation for
Peace and Conflict Research)
Contact:
Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung
[pic]Leimenrode 29
[pic]D-60322 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
Phone: +49 69 95 91 04-0
[pic]Fax: +49 69 55 84 81
[pic]E-Mail: info@hsfk.de
[pic]Internet:
Good library which may contain some 'grey' literature.
C. Government Sources
I. Federal Republic of Germany
1. Bundesarchiv, Koblenz
(Federal Archive, Koblenz)
Bundesarchiv
Potsdamer Str. 1
D-56075 Koblenz
Germany
Postal address:
Bundesarchiv
56064 Koblenz
Phone: +49 261/505-0
Fax: +49 261/505-226
E-mail: koblenz@barch.bund.de
a. Primary Unpublished Sources
B 102 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, 1949 ff. [Ministry for
Economic Affairs)
B 106 Bundesministerium des Innern 1949 ff. [Ministry of the
Interior]
B 138 Bundesministerium für Atomfragen [Federal Ministry for
Atomic Questions]
Information pertaining to German-IAEO relations
B142 Bundesministerium für das Gesundheitswesen [Federal
Ministry of Health],
UNICEF-related: particularly B141/445: Rachitis
prohylaxis (UNICEF programme, 1951-1959);
B142/4104 (UNICEF programme for handicapped
children, 1953-55)
UN Economic Commission for Europe
B142/4963 (problem of water
pollution in Europe, report of the UN Economic
Commission for Europe, 1955-57);
B142/4958 (recommendation of UN Economic
Commission for Europe for the foundation of an
International Water Protection Commision in Europe,
1959-60);
UN Economic and Social Council (Drug
Commission)
B142/1388
(drug Commission of the UN Economic and Social
Council, here: opium commission, 1951-1960).
FAO/WHO (food standards)
B142/4535, 4466 (FAO/WHO standards for Codex
Alimentarius)
B 145 Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (on
Inter Nationes) [Press and Information Office of the
Federal Government]
B 149 Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (1946
ff) [Federal Ministry for Work and Social Order, and
predecessors], likely to contain material on relations
with UN Economic and Social Committee and other
social-welfare and social-work related UN activities.
B 150 Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und
Kriegsgeschädigte, 1947-1975 [Federal Ministry for
Expellees and Refugees]. Likely to contain material on
relationship with UN High Commissioner for Refugees
B 154 Deutscher Ausschuß für das Erziehungs- und
Bildungswesen Laufzeit: 1953-1965 [German
Committe for Educational Affairs]
B 153 Bundesministerium für Familie und Jugend,
1950-1971 [Federal Ministry for Family and Youth]
May contain more material on UNICEF
B 189 Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und
Jugend, 1950 ff. [Federal Ministry for Pensioners, Women and Youth],
Women's policy generally
B189/24832-24839 (Frauenpolitik, speeches by ministers) and B189/21776-21777
German UNICEF Committee
B189/10943-47 (German UNICEF Committee), B189/21776-77, B189/4585 (German UNICEF Committee meetings), B189/10943 (Conference of European UNICEF Committees, 1973), B189/21775 (UNICEF contacts, visits of UNICEF representatives in the Federal Republic)
UN Women's Rights Conferences
B189/26513 (34th and 37th UN Women's Rights Conference); B189/25539, 25494-96, 25498-99 (UN Women's Conference, Nairobi, July 1985).
UN and social services/social work
B189/2591 and 4595 (European UN seminar on voluntary social services, 1965-1972);
UN questionnaire
B189/2584 (UN questionnaire on family, youth and children's welfare, 1969-70).
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
B189/2613 (Compensations by UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 1961-1973); B189/2613 (Administration of agreement on compensations for refugees with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 1964-1970)
UN European Social Development Programme
B189/4600 (European Social Development Programme of the UN; compilation of interesting material concerning German social work for foreign visitors, 1967-69)
UN International Year of Youth (1985)
Material on the international year of youth (1985) and the German contributions to UN activities.
FAO/WHO (food standards and safety, other issues)
B189/9630, 9589, 17630, 17406-07, 9624-26, 9630-32, 9634, 9636, 9638, 28754, 28754, 28770, 28784: Material on FAO/WHO standards for food standards (Codex Alimentarius) and on the Federal Republic's accession to the World Health Organisation in 1951 as well as on the GDR's accession to the WHO (includes information on contributions). Also: sponsorship for WHO reference centre for rheumatic diseases in Mainz, for the WHO reference centre on rabies at the Federal Research Institute for viral diseases in animals, Nuremberg, for the WHO reference centre for water protection at the Federal Institute for Water Sciences in Koblenz and similar institutions.
Chernobyl accident (FAO, WHO, IAEO)
Material on the consequences on the reactor accident in Chernobyl/Ukraine: co-operation with international bodies (IAEO, WHO, FAO)
B 181 Deutschlandfunk Laufzeit: 1962-1983 (radio station)
B 208 Bundesgesundheitsamt [Federal Health Office] [here also
[material on WHO]
B 212 Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (1949ff). [German
Academic Exchange Service]
B 213 Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und
Entwicklung, 1961 ff. [Federal Ministry for Economic
Co-operation and Development] Information relating to
International Development
B 251 Deutscher Bildungsrat, 1965-1977 [German
Council on Education]
B 257 Bundesministreium für Post und Telekommunikation
UN stamps, particularly
B257/478 (vol. 17, 1959-60), 42202 (vol. 48, 1965-68)
and 42283 (vol. 36, 1968-9); here also relations to UPU
B 295 Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und
Reaktorsicherheit (1986 ff., includes files of
predecessors as well) [Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Protection and Reactor Security]
B336 Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission files
B371 Jugendministerkonferenz / Arbeitsgemeinschaft der
Obersten Landesjugendbehörden (1967 ff.) [Conference
of state youth ministers]. May contain material relating to UNICEF
B 373 Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Landesflüchtlingsverwaltungen,
1952-1990 [Working Group of state refugee
administrations]
Pers 101 Personalakten von Beschäftigten des öffentlichen
Dienstes, 1830 ff. [personnel files]
Private papers of people involved in German UN policies:
Carstens Papers
Blankenhorn Papers
Published primary sources:
• Booms, Hans (ed.), Die Kabinettsprotokolle der Bundesregierung (Boppard am Rhein, 1982 ff.)
• Vol. 1: Enders, Ulrich and Reiser, Konrad (eds.), 1949 (1982).
• Vol. 2: Enders, Ulrich and Reiser, Konrad (eds.), 1950 (1984).
• Vol. 3: Enders, Ulrich and Reiser, Konrad (eds.), 1950/II (Wortprotokolle) (1986).
• Vol. 4: Hüllsbüsch, Ursula (ed.), 1951 (1988).
• Vol. 5: Jena, Kai von (ed.), 1952 (1989).
• Vol. 6: Enders, Ulrich and Reiser, Konrad (eds.), 1953 (1989).
• Vol. 7: Hüllbusch, Ursula and Trumpp, Thomas (eds.), 1954 (1993).
• Vol. 8: Hollmann, Michael and Jena, Kai von (eds.), 1955 (1997)
• Vol. 9: Hüllbusch, Ursula (ed.), 1956 (1998)
• Vol. 10: Enders, Ulrich (ed.), 1957 (2002)
• Vol. 11: Enders, Ulrich (ed.), 1958 (2002)
• Vol. 12: Henke, Josef (ed.), 1959 (2002)
• Vol. 13: Behrendt, Ralf (ed.), 1960 (2003)
[some of these volumes are now available online via
]
2. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Berlin
(Foreign Office Archive)
Berlin
Contact: Politisches Archiv
Auswärtiges Amt
Werderscher Markt 1
10117 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 1888 17 217
Fax: +49 18888 17 3402
poststelle@auswaertiges-amt.de
Unpublished Primary Sources
• Division 2
• Division 3
• Files on the Permanent Missions to the UN in New York, Geneva and to the Permanent Mission to the UNESCO in Paris
• Material on foreign cultural affairs relating to UNESCO
• Material on International Development policies
• Personal papers of UN observers, in particular Hans Riesser papers, Werner Dankwort papers and Sigismund von Braun papers
Note: There are over 10150 files for the period 1953 – 1973.
There is a finding aid for this material available in the Political Archive. In order to make an appointment, telephone the reading room at the number provided.
Non-archival Sources
a. Published Primary Sources
• Schwarz, Hans-Peter (ed.), Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vols. 1-2 (Munich, 1989-90).
• Vol. 1: Adenauer und die Hohen Kommissare 1949-51 (Munich, 1989)
• Vol. 2: Adenauer und die Hohen Kommissare 1952 (Munich, 1991)
• Schwarz, Hans-Peter (ed.), Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich, 1993-)
• 1949/50: September 1949 bis Dezember 1950 (1997)
• 1951 (1991)
• 1952 (2000)
• 1953, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.06. (2001)
• 1953, vol. 2: 01.07. bis 31.12. (2001)
• 1963, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 31.05. (1994)
• 1963, vol. 2: 01.06. bis 30.09. (1994)
• 1963, vol. 3: 01.10. bis 31.12. (1994)
• 1964, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.06. (1995)
• 1964, vol. 2: 01.07. bis 31.12. (1995)
• 1966, vol. 1: 01.07 bis 30.06. (1997)
• 1966, vol. 2: 01.07. bis 31.12. (1997)
• 1967, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 31.03. (1998)
• 1967, vol. 2: 01.04 bis 31.08 (1998)
• 1967, vol. 3: 01.09. bis 31.12. (1998)
• 1968, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.06. (1999)
• 1968, vol. 2: 01.07. bis 31.12. (1999)
• 1969: vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.06. (2000)
• 1969, vol. 2: 01.07. bis 31.12. (2000)
• 1970, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.04. (2001)
• 1970, vol. 2: 01.05 bis 31.08. (2001)
• 1970, vol. 3: 01.09. bis 31.12. (2001)
• 1971, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.04. (2002)
• 1971, vol. 2: 01.05 bis 30.09. (2002)
• 1971, vol. 3: 01.10. bis 31.12. (2002)
• 1972, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 31.05. (2003)
• 1972, vol. 2: 01.06. bis 30.09. (2003)
• 1972, vol. 3: 01.10. bis 31.12. (2003)
• 1973, vol. 1: 01.01. bis 30.04. (2004)
• 1973, vol. 2: 01.05. bis 30.09. (2004)
• 1973, vol. 3: 01.10. bis 31.12. (2004)
• Vereinte Nationen (periodical) (ed. by the German UN Society)
b. Document collections:
• Auswärtiges Amt (ed.), Die Auswärtige Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Cologne, 1972).
• Auswärtiges Amt (ed.), Deutschland in den Vereinten Nationen, 2nd edn (Bon, 1995).
• Braun, Sigismund von, Die Vereinten Nationen und das Deutschland-Problem in den sechziger Jahren (Bonn, 1991).
• Brückner, Jens A. and Doeker, Günther, The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic in International Relations, vols. 1-3 (Dobbs Ferry, NY and Alphen aan den Rijn, 1979).
• Bundesministerium für gesamtdeutsche Fragen (ed.), Die Bemühungen der Bundesrepublik um Widerherstellung der Einheit Deutschlands durch gesamtdeutsche Wahlten. Dokumente und Akten, 3rd edn (Bonn, 1953).
• Bundesministerium für gesamtdeutsche Fragen (ed.), Ddie gesamtdeutsche Frage vor den Vereinten Nationen. Bericht über die Sitzungen des Politischen Sonderausschusses der Vollversammlung vom 4. bis 19. Dezember 1951 (Bonn, 1952).
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik: aus perönlicher Sicht, deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten (Bonn, 1991)
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), 10 Jahre Vereinte Nationen von 1945 bis 1955. Deutschland und die Vereinten Nationen (Frankfurt a.M., 1956).
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik – aus persönlicher Sicht. Deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten.
• Deutschland und die UNO, compiled by Ingo von Münch (Berlin, New York, 1973)
• Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung (ed.), Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Mitglied der Vereinten Nationen: eine Dokumentation (Bonn et al., 1973)
• Scheuner, Ulrich and Lindemann, Beate (eds.), Die Vereinten Nationen und die Mitarbeit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich, 1973)
• Trützschler, H. von, 'Deutschland und die Vereinten Nationen' in Gegenwartsprobleme der Vereinten Nationen. Vorträge gehalten im Rahmen der vom Institut für Völkerrecht der Universität Göttingen gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen, Landesverband Niedersachsen, vom 25. bis 29. Oktober 1954 in Göttingen veranstalteten Seminarwoche über die Vereinten Nationen (= Institut für Völkerrecht an der Universität Göttingen (ed.), Göttinger Beiträge für Gegenwartsfragen, vol. 10) (Göttingen, et al, 1955), pp.29-48.
• Verbindungs- und Informationsstelle der Deutschen Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und das Erweiterte Programm für technische Hilfeleistung der Vereinten Nationen (Bad Godesberg, 1957).
c. Relevant Secondary Literature
• Bethke, Ralph, Das Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über die Rechte des Kindes und seine Umsetzung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich, 1996).
• Böhmert, Sabine, Das Recht der ILO und sein Einfluß auf das deutsche Arbeitsrecht im Zeichen der europäischen Integration (Baden-Baden, 2002).
• Czempiel, Ernst-Otto, Macht und Kompromiss: Die Beziehungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zu den Vereinten Nationen 1956 – 1970 (Düsseldorf, 1971).
• Dröge, Heinz, Münch, Fritz and Puttkamer, Ellinor von, Die Bundesrepublic Deutschland und die Vereinten Nationen (Munich, 1966)
• Freuding, Christian, Deutschland in der Weltpolitik: die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als nichtständiges Mitglied im Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen in den Jahren 1977/78, 1987/88 und 1995/96 (Baden-Baden, 2000).
• Köster, Klaus, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Vereinte Nationen 1949 bis 1963 (Frankfurt a.M. and Oxford, 2000).
• Pawelka, Peter, Die UNO und das Deutschlandproblem: Das Deutschlandproblem im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und den Vereinten Nationen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Aussenpolitk der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1949-67 (Tübingen, 1971).
• Scherf, Manfred, Die Umsetzung des internationalen Paktes über wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte vom 19. Dezember 1966 in die Rechtsordnung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt a.M., et al., 1987).
3. Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich
(Institut for Contemporary History)
Contact:
Institut für Zeitgeschichte
Leonrodstraße 46b
D-80636 Munich
Germany
Phone: +49 89 12688113
Fax: +49 89 12688191
e-mail: archiv@ifz-muenchen.de
Primary Unpublished Sources
Böker Papers
Archive of Newspaper Clippings
4. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik
(Document Depository of the German Council for Foreign Relations)
Contact:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e.V.
Rauchstraße 17-18
D-10787 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 254 231-0
Fax: +49-30 254 231-16
e-mail: info@
Archive of Newspaper Clippings
5. Bundestag (Federal Diet)
Deutscher Bundestag, Parliamentary Archives
Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus
Nordallee/Schiffbauerdamm
Berlin-Mitte
Postal address:
Deutscher Bundestag
Parlamentsarchiv
Platz der Republik 1
11011 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 227-32320 or 32319
Fax: +49 30 227-36817
All parliamentary debates and committee minutes.
6. Goethe Institute/Inter Nationes
Goethe-Institut e.V.
Dachauer Straße 122
80637 München
Phone: +44 89 / 1 59 21 - 0
info@goethe.de
goethe.de
Goethe Institute (founded 1951) and Inter Nationes (founded 1952) merged in January 2001 to form the largest organisation of German cultural policy.
No information on archives available, likely to be in the FO archives. Inter Nationes papers are in the B147 section of the Federal Archives (Press and Information Office of the Federal Government)
7. State archives (important for cultural, educational affairs and environmental affairs)
Baden-Württemberg
Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart
Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 4
D-70173 Stuttgart
Germany
Phone: +49 711 212-5335
Fax: +49 711 212-5360
Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe
Nördliche Hildapromenade 2
D-76133 Karlsruhe
Germany
Phone: 0721/926-2206
Bavaria
Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv München
Schönfeldstr. 5
D-80539 München
Phne: +49 089 28638-596
e-mail: poststelle@bayhsta.bayern.de
Berlin
Landesarchiv Berlin
Eichborndamm 115 - 121
D-13403 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 21283-0
e-mail: info@landesarchiv-berlin.de
Bremen
Staatsarchiv der freien Hansestadt Bremen
Am Staatsarchiv 1
D-28203 Bremen
Germany
Phone: +49 421 361-6221
Fax: 0421 / 361-10247
E-Mail: zentrale@staatsarchiv.bremen.de
Hamburg
Staatsarchiv Hamburg
Kattunbleiche 19
D-22041 Hamburg
Germany
Phone: +49 40 3681-3200
Fax: +49 40 3681-3201
Hesse
Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv
Mosbacherstr. 55
D-65187 Wiesbaden
Phone: +49 611 881-0
Fax: +49 611 881145
e-mail: poststelle@hhstaw.hessen.de
Lower Saxony
Niedersächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv
Am Archiv 1
D-30169 Hannover
Phone +49 0511 120-6601
Fax: +49 511 120-6699
E-Mail: poststelle@staatsarchiv-h.niedersachsen.de
North Rhine Westfalia
Nordrhein-Westfälisches Hauptstaatsarchiv
Mauerstr55
D-40476 Düsseldorf
Phone: +49 211 9449-02
Telefax: +49 211 9449-7002
E-mail: hsa@lav.nrw.de
Published primary sources:
Kabinettsprotokolle der Landesregierung Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1946 ff. (1992 ff.)
Rhineland-Palatinate
Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz
Karmeliterstr. 1/3
56068 Koblenz
Germany
Postal address:
Postfach 201047
D-56010 Koblenz
Germany
Phone: +49 261 91290
Fax: +49 261 9129112
e-mail: post@landeshauptarchiv-ko.de
Saar
Landesarchiv Saarbrücken
Dudweilerstraße 1
D-66133 Saarbrücken-Scheidt
Germany
Postal address:
Postfach 10 24 31
D-66024 Saarbrücken
Germany
Telefon: +49 6 81 98 03 9 - 0
Telefax: +49 6 81 98 03 9 - 1 33
Email: landesarchiv@landesarchiv.saarland.de
Homepage:
Schleswig-Holstein
Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein
Schloß Gottdorf (Prinzenpalais)
24837 Schleswig
Tel.: +49 4621/86-1800
Fax: +49 4621/86-1801
e-mail:LASH-SL@t-online.de
Opening hours: Monday to Friday 8:30 to 17:00
II. German Democratic Republic
Bundesarchiv, Berlin-Lichterfelde
(Federal Archives, Berlin-Lichterfelde)
Addresss:
Finckensteinallee 63
12205 Berlin-Lichterfelde
Germany
Postal address:
Bundesarchiv
Postfach 450 569
12175 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 18887770-0
Fax: +49 18887770-111
Contact: Frau Gräfe
s.graefe@barch.bund.de
++49 (01888) 7770 415
Note: There are on-line finding aids available at the website listed above.
Telephone the number listed above in order to make an appointment.
Primary Unpublished Sources
• German Democratic Republic Division
DA 1 Volkskammer der DDR, 1949 - 1990
[GDR 'Parliament']
DA 5 Staatsrat der DDR, 1960 – 1990
[State Council]
DK 1/ DK 1 MD Ministerium für Land-, Forst- und Nahrungsgüterwirtschaft (MLFN) [Ministry for Agriculture and Food]
DK 5 Ministerium für Umweltschutz und Wasserwirtschaft
[Ministry for Environmental Protection and Water]
DK 500 Institut für Umweltschutz (Institute for Environmental Protection) (1971-1990), formerly Zentrum für Umweltgestaltung (Centre for Environmental Design), liaison with UNESCO, particularly DK500/68 (brief for the Counsel on Environmental protection with the Minister's Council on the UNEP-UNESCO Congrees, 1988), DK500/108 (Realisation of UNESCO plans, 1982-1990).
UNEP-UNESCO courses (at the Technical University, Dresden), particularly DK500/55, 77, 79, 92-92, 94-95
UNESCO Human Biosphere Programme, particularly DK 500/96, 106 (participation in UNESCO conference), 54 (World Commission for Environment and Development). Director of the National Committee for the UN Human Biosphere Programme, Professor Seidel, was also director of the Zentrum für Umweltgestaltung.
DQ 117 Nationales WHO-Büro des Ministerium für Gesundheitswesen, 1974 – 1990 [National WHO Office of the Ministry for Health]
DM 3 Ministerium für Post- und Fernmeldewesen [Ministry for Post and Telecommunications], particularly DM3/9315: UNICEF stamp (1970-71)
DR 1 Ministerium für Kultur (MfK), 1954 - 1990
[Ministry of Culture]
may contain material pertaining to UNESCO
DR 122 Kulturfonds der DDR, 1950 - 1990
[GDR Culture Fund]
may contain material pertaining to UNESCO
DR 123 Zentrum für Kunstausstellungen der DDR
(ZfK), 1973 - 1990 [Centre for Cultural Exhibitions in
the GDR]
may contain material pertaining to UNESCO
DR 106 Zentrum für kulturelle Auslandsarbeit beim Ministerium für Kultur (1975 – 1990)
[Centre for international cultural relations at the Ministry of Culture]
may contain material pertaining to UNESCO
DR 136 Kommission des Ministeriums für Kultur zum Schutz des Kulturgutes, 1946 - 1994
[Commision of the Ministry of Clture for the Protection of Culture]
DR 138 Büro für den Schutz des Kulturgutes der DDR beim Ministerium für Kultur, 1971 – 1990
[Office for the Protection of the Culture in the GDR]
DY 11 Urania
DY 13 Liga der Völkerfreundschaft
[League for Peoples' Friendship]
DY 16 NDPD
[German National Democratic Party]
DY 24 FDJ [Freie Deutsche Jugend, Free German Youth]
DY 27 Kulturbund der DDR
[GDR Culture League]
DZ 7 DDR-Komitee für Menschenrechte, 1958 - 1990
[GDR Human Rights Committee]
DZ 9 Friedensrat der DDR, 1950 – 1987
[GDR Peace Council]
DZ 22 DDR-Komitee für Europäische Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit, 1970 - 1990 [GDR-Committee for European Security and Co-operation]
DZ 23 Liga für die Vereinten Nationen in der DDR,
1954 - 1990 [League for the United Nations in the GDR]
DDR-ADS 74 Ministerium für Gesundheitswesen, 1958-1990 [Ministry for Health] May contain WHO- and UNICEF-related material.
• SED Division
Office of Walter Ulbricht (Finding Aid vol. 81),
especially: DY 30/3668, 3669, 3670
Office of Erich Honecker (Finding Aid vol. 81)
Office of Hermann Axen (Finding Aid no. 126)
Foreign Policy Commission in the Political Bureau (Finding
Aid no. 139)
Abteilung Internationale Verbindungen beim ZK der SED [Division of International Connections in the Central Commission of the SED] (Finding Aids nos. 221 – 230),
especially: DY 30/ IV 2/10.02/ 1 to 248 (1953-1962)
DY 30/ IV A 2/10.02/ 1 to 304 (1963-1971)
DY 30/ vorl. SED, 1972-1990 (1953-1990)
Agitationskommission [Agitation Division]
DY 30/ IV 2/9.02/ 1 bis 163, 1946-1962
DY 30/ IV A 2/9.02/ 1 bis 204, 1963-1971
DY 30/ vorl. SED, 1972-1987, 1946-1989
Abteilung Gesundheitspolitik [Division Health Policies]
DY 30/ IV 2/19/ 1 bis 104, 1949-1962
DY 30/ IV A 2/19/ 1 bis 46, 1963-1971
DY 30/ vorl. SED, 1949-1989
WHO and UNICEF material
b. Primary Published Sources
Bruns, Wilhelm (ed.), Die UNO-Politik der DDR: das Verhältnis der DDR zum UNO-System und ihr Verhalten im UNO-System (Stuttgart, 1980).
Deutsche Liga für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), Die Deutsche Demokratische Republik und die Vereinten Nationen (Dresden, n.d.).
Deutsche Liga für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), Für Frieden und Gleichberechtigung, für Universalität der UNO (Dresden, 1966).
Die DDR und die UNO: die DDR hat Anspruch auf gleichberechtigte Mitgliedschaft in den Vereinten Nationen und ihren Spezialorganisationen (Dresden, 1972).
The German Democratic Republic and the United Nations Organisation (Dresden, 1969). A translation of Die Deutsche Demokratische Republic und die Organisation der Verinten Nationen.
III. Great Britain
Public Record Office
Kew (Richmond, London)
Contact: The National Archives
Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU
+44 20 8876 3444
enquiry@.uk
Unpublished Primary Sources (selection):
• FO 371
▪ 65056: Compensation for loss of property in Germany, 1947
▪ 64562: Information about the UNO for dissemination in occupied Germany, 1947
▪ 58119: Fifth Council-Session of UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 1946
▪ 71080: Relief for British and UN owners of blocked mark balances for investment in Germany, 1948
▪ 86139: Protection of foreign and UN interests in Germany, 1950
• FO 943
▪ 256: Operation of UN commercial interests in Germany, 1946-1947
• FO 944
▪ 138: UN and neutral property in Germany and in countries under Russian control, 1945-1947
▪ 139: UN and neutral property in Germany and in countries under Russian control, 1946-1950
• FO 945
▪ 851: Draft directive for dealing with diplomatic officials in Germany of countries at war with the UN, 1943-1946
• FCO 33
▪ 906: Documents addressed to Security Council of United Nations from East Germany, 1970
▪ 917: United Kingdom terminology on East Germany, including terms used in UN, 1970
▪ 918: Attempts by East Germany to obtain membership of UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1970
▪ 1016: Policy of Federal Republic of Germany towards admission of German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic to UN, 1970
▪ 1017: Policy of Federal Republic of Germany towards admission of German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic to UN, 1970
▪ 1722: Possible membership of UN by German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany, 1972
▪ 1723: Possible membership of UN by German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany, 1972
▪ 2071: Possible membership of UN by German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany, 1973
• FCO 58
▪ 645: Admission of German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany to UN, 1972
• T 236
▪ 1298: Assistance by neutrals to Germany, Austria, Italy and Greece in post UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration period, 1946-1947
• HO 213
▪ 617: Alien doctors recruited in UK service with UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in Austria and Germany, 1945-1947
• HO 352
▪ 135: UN World Refugee Year – visits of UK selection teams to Italy, Austria and Germany, 1959-1961
• BT 11
▪ 3525: International Trade Organisation Protocol on Germany, Japan and Korea, 1947
▪ 5177: International Trade Organisation of the UN – representation of Germany, Japan and Korea at Trade Conference, 1947; most favoured nation treatment of occupied countries; Preparatory Committee on Trade and Employment; Havana Conference; tripartite talks on Germany, 1946-1948
IV. France
Archives du ministère des Affairs étrangères
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive)
Paris
Monday – Friday, 9.00 – 18.00
Contact: Accueil du ministère des Affairs étrangères
1, rue Robert Esnault Pelterie
75007 Paris
++33 (01) 43 17 42 42
lecture.archives@diplomatie.gouv.fr
Note: The website listed above includes e-forms for reserving documents and a place
in the reading room.
Unpublished Primary Unpublished Sources
• Permanent Representation in the United Nations (New York)
▪ 987 cartons, 1945-1985
• Permanent Mission in the United Nations (Nairobi)
▪ 17 cartons, 1972-1982
• Permanent Representation in the United Nations (Vienna)
▪ 366 articles, 1956-1984
• Permanent Representation in UNESCO
▪ 227 cartons, 1958-1981
▪ 125 cartons, 1981-1984
▪ 216 cartons, 1985-1989
▪ 170 cartons and 8 registers, 1990-1993
V. United States of America
National Archives and Records Administration
700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20408
USA
Phone: 1 866 325 7208
Information pertaining to Germany's admission to the UN and its special/subsidiary organisations as well as foreign political issues to do with Germany and the UN.
D. Sources pertaining to political parties and associations
I. Political Parties
1. Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik
(Archive of Christian Democratic Politics), Sankt Augustin, Germany
Contact: Dr. Günter Buchstab
Wissenschaftliche Dienste
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
Rathausallee 12
D-53757 Sankt Augustin
Phone: +49 2241 246 210,
Fax + 49 22241 246 669
e-mail: guenter.buchstab@kas.de
Note: Certain files require pre-approval before viewing. One should, therefore, contact the archive in advance with plans for a visit.
a. Personal Papers
• Felix von Eckardt Papers (01-010)
• Jakob Diehl Papers (01-139)
• Hans Joachim von Merkatz Papers (01-148)
• Otto Lenz Papers (especially 01-172)
• Eduard Wahl Papers (01-237)
• Herbert Czaja Papers (especially 01-297)
• Werner Marx Papers (especially 01-356)
• Olaf von Wrangel Papers (01-539)
• Alois Mertes Papers (especially 01-403)
• Franz Amrehn Papers (01-295)
• Georg Kliesing Papers (01-555)
• Marie-Elisabeth Klee Papers (01-654)
• Jürgen Wohlrabe Papers (01-700)
• Carl-Otto Lenz Papers (01-707)
• CDU-Fraktion (CDU Parliamentary Faction, 08-001)
CDU-Bundespartei (Christian Democratic Union Federal Party, 07-004)
▪ Vorsitzende (Chairmen, 07-002)
• Bundesgeschäftsstelle (Federal Office, 07-004)
▪ AK I (08-002)
▪ AK V (08-006)
b. Printed Primary Sources
• Buchstab, Günter (ed.), Adenauer: 'Wir haben wirklich etwas geschaffen'. Die Protokolle des CDU-Bundesvorstandes 1950-1953, 2nd edn (Stuttgart, 1986).
• Buchstab, Günter (ed.), Adenauer: 'Wir haben wirklich etwas geschaffen'. Die Protokolle des CDU-Bundesvorstandes 1953-1957, (Düsseldorf, 1990).
• Buchstab, Günter (ed.), Adenauer: '… um den Frieden zu gewinnen'. Die Protokolle des CDU-Bundesvorstandes 1957-1961 (Düsseldorf, 1994).
• Buchstab, Günter (ed.), 'Stetigkeit in der Politik': die Protokolle des CDU-Bundesvorstands 1961-1965 (Düsseldorf, 1998).
• Heidemeyer, Helge (ed.), Die CDU/CSU-Fraktion im Deutschen Bundestag. Sitzungsprotokolle 1949-1953 (Düsseldorf, 1997) (= Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf and Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. 4th Series: Deutschland seit 1945, vol. 11.1).
• Heidemeyer, Helge (ed.), Sitzungsprotokolle 1953-1957 (Düsseldorf, 2003) (= Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf and Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. 4th Series: Deutschland seit 1945, vol. 11.2) (2 vols.)
• Franz, Corinna (ed.), Sitzungsprotokolle 1961-1966 (Düsseldorf, 2004) (= Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf and Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. 4th Series: Deutschland seit 1945, vol. 11.4) (4 vols.)
2. Archiv des Liberalismus
(Archive of Liberalism)
Gummersbach, Germany
Monday – Thursday, 9.00 – 17.00, Fridays 9.00 – 14.00
Contact: Susanne Schulze
Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung
Archiv des Liberalismus
Theodor-Heuss-Str. 26
51645 Gummersbach
++49 (02261) 3002 411, FAX ++49 (02261) 3002-407
Susanne.Schulze@
Note: Thorough finding aids are only available in the reading room. There are
more concise overviews of the collections on-line. All files, except for those
related to the Federal Party Days and the LDPD are subject to the thirty-year
rule on release of records.
a. Unpublished Primary Sources
• Certain Personal Papers (e.g., those of Hans-Dietrich Genscher and Wolfgang Mischnick) are relevant
• Certain documents related to the federal Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP, Free Democratic Party), including those within the files of the:
▪ Parteitag (Party Diet)
▪ Hauptausschuß (Executive Committee)
▪ Vorstand (Board of Directors)
▪ Präsidium (the Office of the President)
▪ Bundesfachausschuß für Außenpolitik (Federal Special Committee for Foreign Policy)
▪ Arbeitskreise (Work Groups)
▪ Kommissionen (Commissions)
• Certain documents within the files of the FDP regional associations
• Certain sections in the Minutes of the FDP Federal Parliament Faction
• Certain documents within the files of the Liberaldemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (LDPD, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany)
• Certain documents within the files of the Liberalen Internationalen (LI, Liberal Internationals)
• Certain documents within the files of the European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR)
b. Printed Primary Sources
• Wengst, Udo (ed.), FDP-Bundesvorstand. Die Liberalen unter dem Vorsitz von Thomas Dehler und Reinhold Maier. Sitzungsprotokolle 1949-1954 (Düsseldorf, 1990) (= Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf, Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarisumus und der politischen Parteien, 4th series, vol. 7/I).
• Wengst, Udo (ed.), FDP-Bundesvorstand. Die Liberalen unter dem Vorsitz von Thomas Dehler und Reinhold Maier. Sitzungsprotokolle 1954-1960 (Düsseldorf, 1991) (= Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf, Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarisumus und der politischen Parteien, 4th series, vol. 7/II).
• Wengst, Udo (ed.), FDP-Bundesvorstand. Die Liberalen unter dem Vorsitz von Thomas Dehler und Reinhold Maier. Sitzungsprotokolle 1960-1967 (Düsseldorf, 1993) (= Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf, Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarisumus und der politischen Parteien, 4th series, vol. 7/III).
3. Archiv Grünes Gedächtnis
(Archive of Green Memory)
Berlin
Contact: Archiv Grünes Gedächtnis
Heinrich Böll Stiftung
Eldenaer Straße 35
10247 Berlin
++49 (030) 285 34 260, FAX ++49 (030) 28534 5260
archiv@boell.de
Note: Schedule your archival visit through email or telephone.
a. Primary Unpublished Sources
• Files of the Federal Parliamentary Faction 90/ the Green Party, which are ordered according to electoral period
• Files with Thesenpapiere ('think pieces', memoranda) by members of the Green Party, including some about reforming the UN
4. Archiv der sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
Contact: Godesberger Allee 149
D-53175 Bonn
Phone: +49 228 / 883-425
Fax: +49 228 / 883-497
e-mail: archiv.auskunft@fes.de
Mondays to Fridays: 9:00 – 17:00
Fridays: 9.00 – 16:00
a. Archival sources
Willy-Brandt-Archiv
[files until 1964 are open; more recent documents and documents from his private house in Unkel (B25) have to be approved].
Relevant files include: Bundeskanzler, SPD Parteivorsitzender (Kontakte mit Abteilungen im Erich-Ollenhauer-Haus (PV), Ministerien und Staatssekretaeren), Publizistische Äußerungen, Kontakte miit ausländischen Regierungen)
Helmut-Schmidt Archiv
[all files open until 1982, approval by Helmut Schmidt required]
Relevant files include: "Auswärtige Beziehungen" with two folders "Vereinte Nationen" and other documents.
Party papers (executive committee, various others committees, MPs personal
papers, regional party papers)
Trade union archives (IG Metall [Metal Workers' Union], Deutscher
Gewerkschaftsbund [DGB, Federation of German Trade Unions], other trade
unions)
b. Primary Printed Sources
• Brandt, Willy, Berliner Ausgabe, ed. by Helga Grebing, Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich-August-Winkler (10 vols.), especially vol. 6: Ein Volk der guten Nachbarn. Außen- und Deutschlandpolitik 1966-1974 (not yet published), vol. 8: Über Europa hinaus. Dritte Welt und Sozialistische Internationale (not yet published), vol. 9: Die Entspannung unzerstörbar machen. Internationale Beziehungen und deutsche Frage 1974-1982 (Bonn, 2003).
• Brandt, Willy, Hilfe in der Weltkrise: ein Sofortprogramm. Der 2. Bericht der Nord-Süd-Kommision (Reinbek, 1983).
• Brandt, Willy, Das Überleben sichern. Gemeinsame Interessen der Industrie- und Entwicklungsländer. Bericht der Nord-Süd-Kommission (Cologne, 1980).
• Weber, Petra (ed.), Die SPD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag. Sitzungsprotokolle 1949-1957 (Düsseldorf, 1993) (=Bracher, Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf, Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, 4th Series: Deutschland seit 1945, vol. 8/I).
• Weber, Petra (ed.), Die SPD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag. Sitzungsprotokolle 1957-1961 (Düsseldorf, 1993) (= Bracher, Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf, Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, 4th Series: Deutschland seit 1945, vol. 8/II)
• Weber, Petra (ed.), Die SPD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag. Sitzungsprotokolle 1961-1966 (Düsseldorf, 1993) (= Bracher, Dietrich, Morsey, Rudolf, Schwarz, Hans-Peter (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, 4th Series: Deutschland seit 1945, vol. 8/III).
c. other sources
extensive collection of relevant books and grey literature pertaining to the SPD's policies.
II. Associations
1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen
(German Society for the United Nations)
Berlin
Contact: Dr Volker Weyel
Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen
Zimmerstraße 26/27
10969 Berlin
Phone: +49 30 25 93 75- 0,
Fax +44 30 25 93 75- 29
info@dgvn.de
Note: Contact the archive when scheduling your visit.
• Certain sections of the Vorstandsprotokolle (Minutes of the Board of Directors)
• Possibly help with contacting further German UN officials for oral history interviews
• Journal Vereinte Nationen and other grey literature pertaining to the United Nations.
b. Secondary literature:
Helga Timm, 'Einsatz für die UNO schon im vierten Jahrzehnt. Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen', in: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (ed.), Vereinte Nationen (Bonn, 1984), p. 90 (= Themenheft 5).
'Weltgesellschaft, Weltorganisation, Weltfrieden. Klaus Hüfner und Volker Weyel im Gespräch mit Jens Naumann', in: Rainer Jansen et al. (eds.), Akzeptanz und Ignoranz. Festschrift für Jens Naumann (Weinheim, 2003), pp. 37-61.
2. Amnesty International
[AI has consultative status with the United Nations, the UNESCO and the
Council of Europe]
Contact:
International Institute of Social History
Cruquiusweg 31
1019 AT Amsterdam
The Netherlands
+31 20 6685866
+31 20 6654181
e-mail: info@iisg.nl and user.service@iisg.nl
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday from 9:00 to 17:00.
Amnesty International. International Secretariat
1961-2002; 768.1 m
Contains circulars sent to sections; transcripts from Oral History Project with members of the first years; copies of reports, reviews and other publications of AI. Press clippings on AI campaigns and country backgrounds, 1962-1994.
Modern Records Centre
University of Warwick
Coventry CV4 7AL
United Kingdom
Tel.: 024 7652 4219
Fax: 024 7652 4211
e-mail: archives@warwick.ac.uk
09:00 - 17:00 Monday-Tuesday
09:00 - 19:00 Wednesday-Thursday
09:00 - 16:00 Friday
MSS.034
1974 ff.
0.078 cubic metres
Include bulletins and newsletters, campaign magazines and journals. Files arranged alphabetically by country. The papers of committees such as the International Assembly, International Council and International Criminal Court are also represented. There are 14 volumes of press cuttings, 1961-1969.
Literature:
T. Buchanan, '"The Truth will set you free": The Making of Amnesty International', Journal of Contemporary History 37 (2002), pp. 575-597.
T. Claudius & F. Stepan, Amnesty International. Portrait einer Organisation (Munich, 1976)
E. Larsen, A flame in a barbed wire: the story of Amnesty International (London, 1978)
J. Power, Against oblivion – Amnesty International's Struggle for Human Rights (London, 1981) (MSS.34X/2).
Microfilm: country dossiers and related materials, organised country by country, within five worldwide regions, with a separate section of general publications and briefing papers
3. Greenpeace Deutschland
Greenpeace e.V.
Große Elbstraße 39
22767 Hamburg
Germany
Phone: +44 40 30618-0
Fax: +44 40 30618-100
E-mail: mail@greenpeace.de
No information regarding German archives available.
More recent documents can be obtained via the Greenpeace International Archives Homepage:
E. Memoirs and Letter Exchanges
Adenauer, Konrad, Erinnerungen, vols. 1-4 (Stuttgart, 1965-68).
Baring, Arnulf (ed.), Sehr verehrter Herr Bundeskanzler! Heinrich von Brentano im Briefwechsel mit Konrad Adenauer 1949-1964 (Hamburg, 1974).
Blankenhorn, Herbert, Verständnis und Verständigung. Blätter eines politischen Tagebuchs 1949 bis 1979 (Frankfurt a.M., 1980).
Brandt, Willy, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1989).
Brandt, Willy, Begegnungen und Einsichten (Hamburg, 1976).
Braun, Sigismund von, 'Die Vereinten Nationen und das Deutschland-Problem in den sechziger Jahren', in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen [DGVN] (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik – aus persönlicher Sicht. Deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten (Bonn, 1991) (= DGVN-Texte, vol. 39), pp. 7-8.
Dankwort, Werner, 'Aphorismen – Erinnerungen eines Beobachters', in Vereinte Nationen 2 (1964), pp. 48-50.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen [DGVN] (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik – aus persönlicher Sicht. Deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten (Bonn, 1991) (= DGVN-Texte, vol. 39).
Eckardt, Felix von, Ein unordentliches Leben. Lebenserinnerungen (Düsseldorf and Vienna, 1967).
Federer, Georg, 'Die UNO von innen gesehen', Aussenpolitik 2 (1951), p. 130.
Grewe, Wilhelm G., Rückblenden 1976-1951 (Frankfurt a.M., Berlin and Vienna, 1979).
Haas-Heye, Johannes, 'Vom Katzentisch an die Prominententafel. Die Boebachtermission am Sitz der UNO', Vereinte Nationen (1985), 5-6, pp. 183-185.
Herwarth, Hans von, Von Adenauer zu Brandt. Erinnerungen (Berlin and Frankfurt a.M., 1990).
Noüe, Jehan de, Notes et anecdotes d'un international au XXe siècle (Geneva and Paris, 1987).
Strauß, Franz J., Die Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1989).
Appendix II: West German Permanent Observers to the UN (date of appointments)[77]
Hans Riesser (8 October 1952)[78]
Felix von Eckardt (12 December 1954)[79]
Georg von Broich-Oppert (10 September 1956)
Werner Dankwort (10 June 1958)[80]
Karl-Heinrich Knappstein (9 June 1960)
Sigismund von Braun (24 August 1962)[81]
Appendix III: Biographical Information of important actors[82]
Braun, Sigismund von (1911-). Member of the Foreign Office from 1936: various foreign assignments, 1947-48 Defence Consul at the Military Court in Nuremberg, 1949 Leader of the Foreign Commerce Division of the Economic Ministry of Rhinland-Westphalia, 1951 Director of Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, from 1953 Foreign Office: 1953 London, 1958 Chief of Protocol, 1962 Observer at the United Nations, 1968 Ambassador in France, 1970 State Secretary, 1972 Ambassador in France
Dankwort, Dr Werner (1895-1986). Member of the Foreign Office from 1922: various foreign assignments, 1949 Leader of the Representation for the Federal Republic in the OEEC, 1950 General Consul (later Ambassador) in Ottawa, 1956 Ambassador in Brazil, 1958-60 Observer at the United Nations.
Dittmann, Dr Heinz Wilhelm (1925-). 1951-52 Employed at the Bank of German States, from 1953 at the Foreign Office: 1968-72 General Secretary of GATT, 1979 Ambassador in Chile, 1983 Ambassador in Mexico, 1987-90 Ambassador in Brazil.
Eckardt, Felix von (1903-1979). 1929-1932 Served as Press Attaché in Brussels and simultaneously as Representative of Wolff's Telegraph Bureau, 1945 Co-founder and until 1951 Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of the 'Weser-Kurier', 1952-1955 and 1956-1962 Leader of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government (since 1958 served as State Secretary), 1955-1956 Standing Observer at the United Nations, 1962-1965 Deputy of the Federal Government in Berlin, 1965-1969 Member of Parliament (CDU).
Etzdorf, Dr Hasso von (1900-). Member of the Foreign Office from 1928: 1947-49 German Office for Peace Questions, 1950 Member of the Foreign Office: Ministry Director, 1954 Emissary and Leader of the German EVG Delegation in Paris, 1955 General Secretary of the WEU in London, 1956 Ambassador in Canada, 1958 Leader of the Division West II, 1961-1965 Ambassador in Great Britain.
Grewe, Professor Dr Wilhelm G. (1911-). 1943 Professor at the University of Berlin, 1945 Professor at the University of Göttingen, 1947 Professor at the University of Freiburg, Member of the Foreign Office from 1955: Leader of the Political Division, 1958 Ambassador in the USA, 1962 at NATO in Brussels, 1971-1976 Ambassador in Tokyo, 1974 Simultaneously Ambassador in the Mongolian VR.
Hallstein, Dr Walter (1901-1982). 1930-41 Professor in Rostock, 1941-1948 in Frankfurt, 1948-1949 Guest Professor at Georgetown and Texas, 1949-1950 President of the German UNESCO Commission, 1950 State Secretary in the Federal Chancellory, 1951 Member of the Foreign Office: 1958-1967 President of the Commission of the EG, 1968-1974 President of the European Movement, 1969-1972 Member of Parliament (CDU).
Knappstein, Karl-Heinrich (1906-). 1936-43 Editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung, 1945 Ministry Director of the Hessian State Government, 1948 Leader of the Press Division Administration Advisory for the United Economic Area, 1950 General Consul in Chicago, 1956 Ambassador in Spain, 1958 Ministerial Director of the Foreign Office, 1960 Observer at the United Nations, 1962-1969 Ambassador in the United States.
Riesser, Dr Hans Eduard (1887-). Member of the Foreign Office: various foreign assignments, Member of the Foreign Office again from 1950: General Consul in New York, 1952-1955 Observer at the United Nations.
Trützschler von Falkenstein, Dr Heinz (1902-). Member of the Foreign Office from 1934: various foreign assignments, Member of the Foreign Office again from 1951: Leader of the Lower Division of General Foreign Policy, 1955 Leader of the Cultural Division.
Appendix IV: Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic in the Special UN Organisations[83]
Organisation Entrance of the FRG Entrance of the GDR
FAO 10 Nov. 1950 Not Represented
WHO 16 May 1951 May 1973
ILO 12 June 1951 1974
UNESCO 21 June 1951 24 Nov. 1972
ITU 17 April 1952 1973
IMF 2 Aug. 1952 Not Represented
World Bank 14 Aug. 1952 Not Represented
WMO 10 July 1954 1973
UPU 21 March 1955 1973
ECE 21 Feb. 1956 Observer
ICAO 8 June 1956 Observer from 1973
IFC 20 July 1956 Not Represented
IAEA 1 Oct. 1957 18 Sept. 1973
IMO 7 Jan. 1959 25 Sept. 1973
IDA 24 Sept. 1960 Not Represented
-----------------------
[1] Matthias Middell and Hanna Schissler, 'European perspectives on global history', unpublished papers, delivered at the colloquium of the School for Comparative European History, Free University Berlin, 12 July 2004.
[2] Cf. the unpublished documentation by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik, a West German foreign-policy think-tank, on literature on the UN in 1955: Most of the literature is concerned with international law (111 titles) and the world economy (22), only a minority with refugees (11), general UN matters (9) etc. Willi L. Blümel, Deutsches und ausländisches Schrifttum über die Organisation der Vereinten Nationen; unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Schrifttums zur Revision der UN-Charta (Frankfurt/Main, 1955) (= Aktuelle Bibliographien des Europa-Archivs, vol. 9)
[3] See Charles S. Maier, 'Consigning the Twentieth Century to History: Alternative Narratives for the Modern Era', American Historical Review 105.3 (2000), pp. 807-831
[4] On the history cf. .
[5] Johannes Paulmann, 'Deutschland in der Welt: Auswärtige Repräsentationen und reflexive Selbstwahrnehmung nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg – eine Skizze', in: Hans Günter Hockerts (ed.), Koordinaten deutscher Geschichte in der Epoche des Ost-West-Konflikts (Munich, 2004), pp. 63-78.
[6] Cf. for example, the holdings on the 37th UN Women's Right Conference in the Federal Archives: B189/26513. For more material cf. Appendix I C.
[7]
[8] Cf. the short summary in Klaus Köster, Klaus, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Vereinte Nationen 1949 bis 1963 (Frankfurt a.M. and Oxford, 2000), pp. 23-25 with more literature.
[9] Cf. Ingrid Muth, Die DDR-Außenpolitik 1949-1972. Inhalte, Strukturen, Mechanismen (Berlin, 2000).
[10] On the text of the Petersberg Accords cf. Deutscher Bundestag, Protokolle, vol. 1, 24/25 November 1949, pp. 472-476. The text of the Deutschlandvertrag can be found in Völkerrechtliche Verträge. Textausgabe, ed. by Albrecht Randeltzhofer, 4th ed. (Munich, 1987), pp. 416-421. On the binding nature of these commitments cf. Dedo von Schenck, 'Das Problem der Beteiligung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland an Sanktionen der Vereinten Nationen, besonders im Falle Rhodesiens', Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und
Völkerrecht 29 (1969), pp. 276-279.
[11] 'Schlussakte der Londoner Neunmächtekonferenz', Europa-Archiv 9 (20 November 1954), 20, p. 6981.
[12] Dieter Blumenwitz, 'Die beiden deutschen Staaten in den Vereinten Nationen', Zeitschrift für Politik 24 (1977), p. 101.
[13] Cf. Karl Josef Partsch, 'Bekämpfung der rassischen Diskriminierung', in: Peter Lindemann and Ulrich Scheuner (eds.), Die Vereinten Nationen und die Mitarbeit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich/Vienna, 1973), pp. 112-113 [on racial discrimination].
[14] The standard work on this is still Arnulf Baring, Im Anfang war Adenauer. Die Entstehung der Kanzlerdemokratie, 3rd ed. (Munich, 1984).
[15] On this and on the following cf. Köster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und VN, pp. 28-33.
[16] Cf. Köster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und VN, pp. 245-255.
[17] Heinz von Trützschler, 'Deutschland und die Vereinten Nationen', in: Gegenwartsprobleme der Vereinten Nationen. Vorträge, gehalten im Rahmen der vom Institut für Völkerrecht der Universität Göttingen gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen, Landesverband Niedersachsen, vom 25. bis 29. Oktober 1954 in Göttingen veranstalteten Seminarwoche über die Vereinten Nationen (Göttingen et al., 1955) (= Göttinger Beiträge für Gegenwartsfragen, vol. 10), pp. 29-49.
[18] Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [ADAP] 1949/50, 4 December 1950, pp. 446-448. Cf. the article by the civil servant in the New York Consulate General Georg Federer, 'Die UNO von innen gesehen', Aussenpolitik 2 (1951), p. 130.
[19] Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Berlin [PolArch-AA], Abt. 2, vol. 21, fol. 36: AHC to Blankenhorn, 15 September 1951.
[20] PolArch-AA, Abt. 2, vol. 21, fol. 246: Hallstein (FO) to Lie (GS UN), 8 October 1952; fol. 255: Noüe, Chef du Protocole (UN General Secrariat) to Hallstein (FO), 17 October 1952.
[21] Johannes Haas-Heye, 'Vom Katzentisch an die Prominententafel. Die Beobachtermission am Sitz der UNO', Vereinte Nationen (1985), 5-6, pp. 183-185.
[22] Hans E. Riesser, Von Versailles zur UNO. Aus den Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Bonn, 1962), p. 275.
[23] Felix von Eckardt, Ein unordentliches Leben. Lebenserinnerungen (Düsseldorf/Wien, 1967), p. 353.
[24] A description can be found in the reminiscences of the later UN observer Sigismund von Braun, 'Die Vereinten Nationen und das Deutschland-Problem in den sechziger Jahren', in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen [DGVN] (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik – aus persönlicher Sicht. Deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten (Bonn, 1991) (= DGVN-Texte, vol. 39), pp. 7-8.
[25] Cf. Manfred Knapp, 'Eine erfolgreiche außenpolitische Emanzipation. Drei Jahrzehnte Mitgliedschaft in den Vereinten Nationen', Vereinte Nationen 51.6 (2003), pp. 207-214; Günther van Well, 'Deutschland und die UN', in: Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), Handbuch Vereinte Nationen, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1991), pp. 71-77; Jost Delbrück, 'Deutschland und die Vereinten Nationen. Vom Feindstaat Deutsches Reich zur gleichberechtigten Mitwirkung beider deutscher Staaten', Vereinte Nationen (1985), 5-6, pp. 185 ff. Also: Christian Freuding, Deutschland in der Weltpolitik. Die Bundesrepublik als nichtständiges Mitglied im Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen in den Jahren 1977/78, 1987/88 und 1995/96 (Baden-Baden, 2000) and Alexander Graf York, '20 Jahre deutsche Initiativen in den Vereinten Nationen: Erfolge und Fehlschläge', in: DGVN (ed.), 20 Jahre deutsche Mitgliedschaft in den Vereinten Nationen auf dem Prüfstand (= Blaue Reihe, 52) (Bonn, 1994), pp. 115-121.
[26] Konrad Adenauer, Erinnerungen, vol. 1: 1945-1953 (Stuttgart, 1965).
[27] Cf. the holdings (DM3/9315: Ministry for Post and Telecommunications) in the Federal Archives, Berlin on GDR plans for a UNESCO stamp.
[28] This was even true for the GDR. Cf. the extensive holdings on UNEP-UNESCO in DK 500 in the Federal Archives, Berlin. Cf. Appendix I for details.
[29] Cf. Wolfram F. Hanrieder, Germany, America, Europe: Forty years of German foreign policy (New Haven/Conn., 1989).
[30] Cf. the Foreign Office Archive, Abt. II. Cf. Appendix I C.
[31] Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, p. 11
[32] Die Kabinettsprotokolle der Bundesregierung, ed. by Hans Booms and Friedrich P. Kahlenberg (Boppard/Rhein, 1982 ff.). Cf. the appendix for a more detailed list.
[33] Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ed. by Hans-Peter Schwarz for the Institute of Contemporary History and the Foreign Office (Munich, 1993 ff.). Cf. the appendix for a more detailed list.
[34] The two German states did not have ambassadors until the joined the UN in 1973.
[35] The address is provided in Appendix I D.
[36] Hans E. Riesser, Von Versailles zur UNO. Aus den Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Bonn, 1962); Felix von Eckardt, Ein unordentliches Leben. Lebenserinnerungen (Düsseldorf/Wien, 1967) and the short sketch by Werner Dankwort, 'Aphorismen - Erinnerungen eines Beobachters', Vereinte Nationen (1964), 2, pp. 48-50. See the biographies in the appendix. Cf. also Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen [DGVN] (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik – aus persönlicher Sicht. Deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten (Bonn, 1991) (= DGVN-Texte, vol. 39), pp. 7-8.
[37] Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, p. 198. There is no evidence in the files that it was founded following an initiative by high-ranking members of the UN in New York and Geneva as the DGVN brochure claims. Cf. Joachim Krause, 'Vierzig Jahre deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen – und darüber hinaus, in: DGVN (ed.), 40 Jahre Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen. Tätigkeitsbericht 1991-1993 (Bonn, 1993), p. 3.
[38] Cf. on this: Bernhard Neugebauer, 'Was bedeutet 20 Jahre deutsche Mitgliedschaft für die neuen Bundesländer?', in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen (ed.), 20 Jahre deutsche Mitgliedschaft in den Vereinten Nationen auf dem Prüfstand (Bonn, 1994). On the aspects of competition: Wilhelm Bruns, Die Uneinigen in den Vereinten Nationen. Bundesrepublik und die DDR in der UNO (Cologne, 1988); and Eberhard Brecht/Peter Florin/Volker Weyel, 'Kaum miteinander, selten gegeneinander, meist nebeneinander. Ein Gespräch über die Zeit der deutschen Zweistaatlichkeit in den Vereinten Nationen', Vereinte Nationen (1993), 4, pp. 125 ff.
[39] Helga Timm, 'Einsatz für die UNO schon im vierten Jahrzehnt. Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen', in: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (ed.), Vereinte Nationen (Bonn, 1984), p. 90 (= Themenheft 5). For a different perspective cf. 'Weltgesellschaft, Weltorganisation, Weltfrieden. Klaus Hüfner und Volker Weyel im Gespräch mit Jens Naumann', in: Rainer Jansen et al. (eds.), Akzeptanz und Ignoranz. Festschrift für Jens Naumann (Weinheim, 2003), pp. 37-61
[40] Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, p. 200.
[41] Cf. the .
[42] Addresses in Appendix I D.
[43] Cf. the address in Appendix I A.
[44] Addresses in Appendix I A.
[45] Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamts der Bundesregierung
[46] Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Debatten und Protokolle.
[47] Address in Appendix I
[48] Cf. Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, pp. 103-132. On the background to this cf. Werner Kilian, Die Hallstein-Doktrin. Der diplomatische Krieg zwischen der BRD und der DDR. Aus den Akten der beiden deutschen Außenministerien (Berlin, 2001); William Glenn Gray, Germany's Cold War. The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany 1949-1969 (Chapel Hill, 2003). On the GDR's position cf. Hermann Wentker, 'Die Außenpolitik der DDR', Neue Politische Literatur (2001), pp. 389-411.
[49] Cf. Wilfried Loth, Overcoming the Cold War: a history of détente, 1950-1991 (Basingstoke, 2002).
[50] On Brandt cf. the Berliner Ausgabe and the biography by Peter Merseburger, Willy Brandt, 1913 - 1992; Visionär und Realist (Stuttgart and Munich, 2002). For the archival holdings cf. Appendix I D.
[51] Cf. Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, pp. 59-101 and pp. 133-166.
[52] Cf. Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, pp. 167-183.
[53] Cf. Appendix I C.
[54] Cf. Appendix I C.
[55] Cf. the Munzinger Archive. For a reference cf. Appendix I A.
[56] Cf. Pertti Ahonen, After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945-1990 (Oxford, 2003).
[57] Cf. Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, pp. 184-187.
[58] Cf. Dirk Moses (ed.), Genocide and Colonialism (New York and Oxford, 2005( (forthcoming)
[59] Cf. Nick Thomas, Protest Movements in 1960s West Germany. A Social History of Dissent and Democracy (Oxford and New York, 2003).
[60] Cf. Ralph Bethke, Das Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über die Rechte des Kindes und seine Umsetzung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich, 1996) and Sabine Böhmert, Das Recht der ILO und sein Einfluß auf das deutsche Arbeitsrecht im Zeichen der europäischen Integration (Baden-Baden, 2002); on statistics cf. Adam Tooze, Statistics and the German State, 1900-1945. The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge (Cambridge, 2001), introduction. On UNESCO-sponsored statistics on West Germans' leisure time cf. Axel Schildt, Moderne Zeiten. Freizeit, Massenmedien und 'Zeitgeist' in der Bundesrepublik der 50er Jahre (Hamburg, 1995), pp. 113, 163, 371. On Health Standards cf. B 142 in the Federal Archives.
[61] Cf. Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, 'Im Kampf um "Frieden" und "Freiheit". Über den Zusammenhang von Ideologie und Sozialkultur im Ost-West-Konflikt', in: Hans Günter Hockerts (ed.), Koordinaten deutscher Geschichte in der Epoche des Ost-West-Konflikts (Munich, 2004), pp. 29-47.
[62] Cf. DZ 23 in the Federal Archives, Berlin.
[63] Köster, Bundesrepublik und VN, pp. 189-197. And Jahbruch der öffentlichen Meinung (Allensbach, 1956 ff.); later under the title of Allensbacher Jahrbuch der Demoskopie.
[64] The material of the German committees of both organisation is at the Federal Archives, Koblenz. Important related aspects may be found at the FO's Archives, Berlin. Cf. Appendix I C.
[65] Cf. Manfred Hättich, 'Die deutsche Mitarbeit in der UNESCO', Europa-Archiv 10 (1955), 22, pp. 8381-8390 and Maria Schlüter-Hermkes, '10 Jahre deutsche UNESCO-Arbeit', Politische Studien 12 81961), pp. 431-443; Manfred Regnery, Die Diskussion um die deutsche auswärtige Kulturpolitik zwischen 1957 und 1963 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Deutschen Unesco-Kommission, Ph.D. diss. (Freiburg/Br., 1971) with more sources. On predecessors cf. Victor-Yves Ghebali, 'Before UNESCO and WHO', Contemporary European History 4.2 (2002), pp. 659-663.
[66] Cf. Federal Archives, Koblenz, B106.
[67] Heinz Dröge, Fritz Münch and Elinor von Puttkamer (eds.), Die Bundesrepublic Deutschland und die Vereinten Nationen (Munich, 1966), pp. 106-108; and PolArch-AA, Abt. 2.
[68] Cf. the compendium edited by the World Health Organisation (WHO): Die Verunreinigung der Luft Ursachen – Wirkungen – Gegenmaßnahmen (Weinheim, 1964); and Kai F. Hünemörder, 'Vom Expertennetzwerk zur Umweltpolitik. Frühe Umweltkonferenzen und die Ausweitung der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit für Umweltfragen in Europa (1959-1972)', Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 43 (2003), pp. 275-296 and his Die Frühgeschichte der globalen Umweltkrise und die Formierung der deutschen Umweltpolitik (1950-1973) (Stuttgart, 2004). On predecessors cf. Anna-Katharine Wöbse, 'Der Schutz der Natur im Völkerbund – Anfänge einer Weltumweltpolitik', Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 43 (2003), pp. 177-190.
[69] Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf, especially RW308-33 on the late 1960s. Address in I C.
[70] Cf. Karl Ditt, 'Die Anfänge der Umweltpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland während der 1960er und frühen 1970er Jahre', in: Matthias Frese et al. (eds.), Demokratisierung und gesellschaftlicher Aufbruch. Die sechziger Jahre als Wendezeit der Bundesrepublik (Paderborn, 2003), pp. 305-347, here pp. 314-319; Günter Küppers et al., Umweltforschung – die gesteuerte Wissenschaft? Eine empirische Studie zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaftsentwicklung und Wissenschaftspolitik (Frankfurt/Main, 1978), pp. 122 ff. NATO was equally important. Cf. James R. Huntley, Das Atlantische Bündnis und die Umweltkrise (Brussels, 2nd ed., 1972) and BAK 142/5009.
[71] 'Intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere', Paris, 4-13 September 1968. Cf. John McCormick, The Global Envrionmental Movement. Reclaiming Paradise (London, 1992), pp. 88 ff.; Lyndon Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy. From the Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century (Durham and London, 3rd ed., 1996), pp. 34 ff.
[72] In November 1969 the Interior Ministry obtained the portfolios water issues, clean air and noise pollution from the Ministry of Health. Cf. BAK B116/12939 on Genscher's ideas in early 1970. On the FDP's policies cf. Karl-Hermann Flach, Werner Maihofer and Walter Scheel, Die Freiburger Thesen der Liberalen (Reinbek, 1972), pp. 109 ff. and Hans-Dietrich Genscher, 'Umweltschutz mit Augenmaß', in: Henning von Köller (ed.), Umweltpolitik mit Augenmaß. Gedenkschrift für Staatssekretär Dr. Günter Hartkopf anläßlich seines 10. Todestages am 19. September 1999 (Berlin, 2000), pp. 17-26; as well as Edda Müller, Innenwelt der Umweltpolitik. Sozial-liberale Umweltpolitik – (Ohn)macht durch Organisation? (Opladen, 1986).
[73] Cf. Ditt, 'Anfänge der Umweltpolitik', pp. 338-342.
[74] Cf. Appendix I C I and I D.
[75] Cf. Ditt, 'Anfänge der Umweltpolitik', pp. 330-334.
[76] Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond borders. Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca and London, 1998).
[77] Klaus Köster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Vereinte Nationen 1949 bis 1963 (Frankfurt a.M. and Oxford, 2000), p. 54.
[78] Personal papers in the Foreign Office Archives, Berlin. Cf. Hans E. Riesser, Von Versailles zur UNO. Aus den Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Bonn, 1962).
[79] Personal papers in the archives of the Christian Democratic Union, Sankt Augustin (near Bonn). Cf. Felix von Eckardt, Ein unordentliches Leben. Lebenserinnerungen (Düsseldorf and Vienna, 1967).
[80] Personal papers in the Foreign Office Archives, Berlin. Cf. Werner Dankwort, 'Aphorismen – Erinnerungen eines Beobachters', in Vereinte Nationen 2 (1964), pp. 48-50.
[81] Personal papers in the Foreign Office Archives, Berlin. Sigismund von Braun, 'Die Vereinten Nationen und das Deutschland-Problem in den sechziger Jahren', in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen [DGVN] (ed.), Die Vereinten Nationen und deutsche UN-Politik – aus persönlicher Sicht. Deutsche UN-Botschafter berichten (Bonn, 1991) (= DGVN-Texte, vol. 39), pp. 7-8.
[82] Köster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und VN, pp. 257-9.
[83] Klaus Köster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Vereinte Nationen 1949 bis 1963 (Frankfurt a.M. and Oxford, 2000), p. 263.
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