The Linux Command Line - Stellenbosch University
嚜燜he Linux Command Line
Second Internet Edition
William E. Shotts, Jr.
A Book
Copyright ?2008-2013, William E. Shotts, Jr.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit the link
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Release History
Version
Date
Description
13.07
July 6, 2013
Second Internet Edition.
09.12
December 14, 2009
First Internet Edition.
09.11
November 19, 2009
Fourth draft with almost all reviewer feedback
incorporated and edited through chapter 37.
09.10
October 3, 2009
Third draft with revised table formatting,
partial application of reviewers feedback and
edited through chapter 18.
09.08
August 12, 2009
Second draft incorporating the first editing
pass.
09.07
July 18, 2009
Completed first draft.
Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................xvi
Why Use The Command Line?.....................................................................................xvi
What This Book Is About..............................................................................................xvii
Who Should Read This Book.......................................................................................xvii
What's In This Book.....................................................................................................xviii
How To Read This Book..............................................................................................xviii
Prerequisites............................................................................................................xix
Why I Don't Call It ※GNU/Linux§...........................................................................xix
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................xx
Your Feedback Is Needed!............................................................................................xx
What's New In The Second Internet Edition.................................................................xxi
Further Reading............................................................................................................xxi
Colophon.......................................................................................................................xxi
Part 1 每 Learning The Shell..............................................................1
1 每 What Is The Shell?.....................................................................................2
Terminal Emulators..........................................................................................................2
Your First Keystrokes......................................................................................................2
Command History.......................................................................................................3
Cursor Movement.......................................................................................................3
A Few Words About Mice And Focus....................................................................3
Try Some Simple Commands..........................................................................................4
Ending A Terminal Session..............................................................................................5
The Console Behind The Curtain..........................................................................5
Summing Up....................................................................................................................5
Further Reading...............................................................................................................6
2 每 Navigation...................................................................................................7
Understanding The File System Tree..............................................................................7
The Current Working Directory........................................................................................7
Listing The Contents Of A Directory................................................................................8
Changing The Current Working Directory.......................................................................9
Absolute Pathnames..................................................................................................9
Relative Pathnames...................................................................................................9
Some Helpful Shortcuts............................................................................................11
Important Facts About Filenames........................................................................11
i
Summing Up..................................................................................................................12
3 每 Exploring The System.............................................................................13
More Fun With ls...........................................................................................................13
Options And Arguments............................................................................................14
A Longer Look At Long Format.................................................................................16
Determining A File's Type With file................................................................................17
Viewing File Contents With less....................................................................................17
What Is ※Text§?.....................................................................................................17
Less Is More........................................................................................................19
A Guided Tour................................................................................................................19
Symbolic Links...............................................................................................................23
Hard Links.....................................................................................................................24
Summing Up..................................................................................................................24
Further Reading.............................................................................................................24
4 每 Manipulating Files And Directories........................................................25
Wildcards.......................................................................................................................25
Character Ranges................................................................................................27
Wildcards Work In The GUI Too..........................................................................27
mkdir 每 Create Directories.............................................................................................28
cp 每 Copy Files And Directories....................................................................................28
Useful Options And Examples..................................................................................29
mv 每 Move And Rename Files......................................................................................30
Useful Options And Examples..................................................................................30
rm 每 Remove Files And Directories...............................................................................31
Useful Options And Examples..................................................................................31
Be Careful With rm!.............................................................................................32
ln 每 Create Links............................................................................................................33
Hard Links................................................................................................................33
Symbolic Links..........................................................................................................33
Let's Build A Playground................................................................................................34
Creating Directories..................................................................................................34
Copying Files............................................................................................................34
Moving And Renaming Files.....................................................................................35
Creating Hard Links..................................................................................................37
Creating Symbolic Links...........................................................................................38
Removing Files And Directories...............................................................................39
Creating Symlinks With The GUI.........................................................................40
Summing Up..................................................................................................................41
Further Reading.............................................................................................................41
5 每 Working With Commands........................................................................42
What Exactly Are Commands?......................................................................................42
Identifying Commands...................................................................................................43
type 每 Display A Command's Type...........................................................................43
which 每 Display An Executable's Location...............................................................43
Getting A Command's Documentation..........................................................................44
help 每 Get Help For Shell Builtins............................................................................44
--help 每 Display Usage Information..........................................................................45
ii
man 每 Display A Program's Manual Page................................................................45
apropos 每 Display Appropriate Commands..............................................................47
whatis 每 Display A Very Brief Description Of A Command.......................................47
The Most Brutal Man Page Of Them All..............................................................48
info 每 Display A Program's Info Entry.......................................................................48
README And Other Program Documentation Files................................................49
Creating Your Own Commands With alias....................................................................50
Summing Up..................................................................................................................52
Further Reading.............................................................................................................52
6 每 Redirection................................................................................................53
Standard Input, Output, And Error.................................................................................53
Redirecting Standard Output.........................................................................................54
Redirecting Standard Error............................................................................................55
Redirecting Standard Output And Standard Error To One File................................56
Disposing Of Unwanted Output................................................................................57
/dev/null In Unix Culture......................................................................................57
Redirecting Standard Input............................................................................................57
cat 每 Concatenate Files............................................................................................57
Pipelines........................................................................................................................59
The Difference Between > and |..........................................................................60
Filters........................................................................................................................61
uniq - Report Or Omit Repeated Lines.....................................................................61
wc 每 Print Line, Word, And Byte Counts..................................................................62
grep 每 Print Lines Matching A Pattern......................................................................62
head / tail 每 Print First / Last Part Of Files................................................................63
tee 每 Read From Stdin And Output To Stdout And Files..........................................64
Summing Up..................................................................................................................65
Linux Is About Imagination..................................................................................65
7 每 Seeing The World As The Shell Sees It..................................................67
Expansion......................................................................................................................67
Pathname Expansion...............................................................................................68
Pathname Expansion Of Hidden Files.................................................................69
Tilde Expansion........................................................................................................69
Arithmetic Expansion................................................................................................70
Brace Expansion......................................................................................................71
Parameter Expansion...............................................................................................72
Command Substitution.............................................................................................73
Quoting..........................................................................................................................74
Double Quotes..........................................................................................................75
Single Quotes...........................................................................................................76
Escaping Characters................................................................................................77
Backslash Escape Sequences............................................................................77
Summing Up..................................................................................................................78
Further Reading.............................................................................................................78
8 每 Advanced Keyboard Tricks.....................................................................79
Command Line Editing..................................................................................................79
Cursor Movement.....................................................................................................79
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