Solar noon on Winter Solstice in Fairbanks, Alaska (64º 50 ...

Solar noon on Winter Solstice in Fairbanks, Alaska (64? 50' N). Solar angle is 2?; day length, 3.7 hours (sunrise 11:00, set 2:42).

Planet Classification Schemes Temperature Rings Presence of life Size Composition Moons Distance from Sun Length of day

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Full moon in the night sky

If Mercury were where the moon is

If Venus were where the moon is

If Mars were where the moon is

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If Jupiter were where the moon is

If Saturn were where the moon is

If Uranus were where the moon is

If Neptune were where the moon is

0?S, 88?W 46?N, 116?W

21?S, 14?E

46?N, 116?W

67?N, 51?W

0?S, 88?W

67?N, 51?W 21?S, 14?E

2

What ocean or continent is located at the following coordinates?

25?S, 130?E 50?N, 100?W 80?S, 20?E 10?N, 20?E 30?N, 40?W 20?S, 140?W 0?, 70?E

?Australia ?North America ?Antarctica ?Africa ?Atlantic Ocean ?Pacific Ocean ?Indian Ocean

January 23, 2014: Time and Map Projections Time originally reckoned by using sun's shadow

Time

Shortest shadow at solar noon Current zones established in 1884

Need to standardize railroad schedules

Direct relationship between time and longitude Takes Earth 24 hours to turn through 360? of longitude 360? / 24 = 15? in one hour

Each time zone is 1 hour apart from the adjacent zone Each time zone is 15? of longitude wide (theoretically) Zones are centered on meridians 0?, 15?, 30?, 45?, etc.

and extend 7.5? to each side of the meridian

How to remember which direction is earlier and which direction is later in time ?

4 AM Thursday 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM

10 AM Thursday 11 AM Noon 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Midnight

1 AM Friday 2 AM 3 AM

4 AM Friday

West is earlier in hourly time

East is later in hourly time

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4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Midnight 1 AM Friday 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM Friday 4 AM Thursday 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10 AM Thursday 11 AM Noon 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM

West is earlier in hourly time

West side of dateline is day later than east side

East is later in hourly time

East side of dateline is day earlier than west side

International Dateline

West side

East side

day later

day earlier

Sunday

Saturday

Monday

Sunday

Tuesday

Monday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Thursday

Wednesday

Friday

Thursday

Saturday

Friday

180?

Use handout of time zones to answer the following

If it is noon in Mobile, what time is it in ? Seattle (2 zones west) west is earlier, 10 AM

London (6 zones east) east is later, 6 PM

If it is 3:30 PM in Montreal, what time is it in ? Denver (2 zones west) west is earlier, 1:30 PM London (5 zones east) east is later, 8:30 PM

If it is noon Monday in New Zealand, what time and day is it in Anchorage, Alaska?

165?E

180?

165?W

150?W

135?W

Anchorage

Monday Sunday

Noon

1 PM

2 PM

New Zealand

What do A.M. and P.M. mean?

ante meridiem: Latin meaning before noon AM starts immediately after midnight

post meridiem: Latin meaning after noon PM starts immediately after noon

12:00 AM and 12:00 PM are meaningless terms

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Globes versus maps

Advantages of a globe

1. Shapes of things are true 2. Areas are true 3. Scale is constant 4. Directions are true

When flatten globe to make a flat map, lose one or more of these advantages

Example of map "problem"

A

A is true shape and size on a globe

A and B are same shape but different in area

B

A and C have same area but

C

are different in shape

Cylindrical projections

Least distortion along line of tangency, where projection surface touches globe

Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on a globe VS CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

1. Parallels are straight east-west lines YES

2. Meridians are straight north-south lines YES

3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect one another USUALLY NOT EQUALLY SPACED

4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and come together at the poles NO

5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES

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Conic projections

Least distortion along line of tangency, where projection surface touches globe along standard parallel.

Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on a globe VS CONIC PROJECTION

1. Parallels are straight east-west lines NO, GENTLY CURVED

2. Meridians are straight north-south lines NO

3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect one another USUALLY YES

4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and come together at the poles RARELY ON MAP

5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES

Albers conic projection

Mercator cylindrical projection

Least distortion at point of tangency, where projection surface touches globe

Planar projection

In a polar projection, the point of tangency is the pole.

Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on a globe VS PLANAR PROJECTION

1. Parallels are straight east-west lines NO

2. Meridians are straight north-south lines NO

3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect one another USUALLY NOT EQUALLY SPACED

4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and come together at the poles YES (if polar)

5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES (if polar)

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Boreal Forest

Planar with light in center

Compromise projections

Try to get least distortion for map theme

Cylindrical projection

Compromise projections

Robinson Projection of the World

Interrupted projection

Try to get least distortion for map theme Interrupted for oceans

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Peters Projection: an equal area map

Shape and size of Greenland changes with map projection used (all have same equatorial scale)

36?W

36?W 75?N

75?N

36?W 75?N

Components (essentials) of a good map 1. Title: tells what theme is

Is this a cylindrical projection?

3. Legend: tells what the symbols, colors, & patterns used on map mean

Points

lines

areas

Components (essentials) of a good map 2. Date: tells when map was made

1935

McGregor Sage

Wragg Swamp

Airport

Average January Precipitation

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