Chapter 3 ---------The American Revolution



Chapter 3 ---------The American Revolution

Chapter 3 Section 1---The Colonies Fight for Their Rights

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) (pp. 74-76)

Main Conflict: Land in the Ohio River Valley

1754---George Washington tried to expel the French from Fort Duquesne, but failed.

Albany Plan of Union---Ben Franklin (1754)

1. Proposal that the colonies unite to form a federal government

2. form an alliance with the Iroquois (Iroquois be neutral)

3. Britain should appoint one supreme commander of all troops in the colonies

4. Plan rejected because colonies felt that they would be giving up too much power

1 1755---Br. General Edward Braddock ambushed by French & Indians

5. Next 2 years fighting was fought on the frontier

1756---France & England fought in Europe (Seven Years War)

1759---Battle at Quebec----Turning Point

1. Br. General Wolfe defeated Fr. General Montcalm

Treaty of Paris (1763)

1. France lost all mainland claims in North America

2. Britain claimed all land East of the Mississippi River

3. Spain lost Florida, but for compensation gained New Orleans and Western Louisiana

The Colonies Grow Discontented (pp. 76-77)

Main British problem: Debt from French & Indian War

1. Britain wanted the colonies to help pay for the war & the cost of defending its new territories

1763—Pontiac’s Rebellion---United Ottawa, Delaware, & Wyandots against British

Proclamation of 1763

1. Colonists were not allowed to settle west of the Appalachian mountains unless they had the government’s permission

George Grenville—British Minister of Finances implemented new taxes to pay off debt & pay for the troops in North America

1. Colonists should pay taxes on imports & exports—(Colonists smuggled goods)—Smugglers tried in a new vice-admiralty court run by naval officers who were unsympathetic to smugglers

2. 1764-- Sugar Act----Purpose: Raise Revenue & Regulate Trade

a. Colonial Response: No taxation w/out representation in Parliament

2. 1764—Currency Act---banned the use of paper Money; must be paid in Gold

The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)—(pp. 77-78)

1765—Stamp Act---1st direct tax placed on the colonists

1. Tax on printed materials (newspapers, pamphlets, mortgages, deeds, legal documents, playing cards, etc)

2 1765---Quartering Act

2. required colonists to provide barracks for British troops or pay to house them in taverns, inns, barns, etc.

Colonial Responses to the Stamp Act:

1. Sons of Liberty---organized mass meetings & demonstrations against the stamp tax

2. Stamp Act Congress----Only the colonial legislatures had the right to tax, not Parliament

3. Nonimportation Agreement---Boycott all British goods until Stamp Act is repealed

1766—Declaratory Act----Parliament has the power to make laws for the colonies including tax laws

The Townshend Acts (pp. 78-79)

1767---Charles Townshend—New British Finance Minister

1. Custom duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, & tea imported into the colonies

2. Writs of assistance---General search warrants to help customs officer enter any location during the day to seize property under certain circumstances w/out following due process

Colonial Response to Townshend Acts:

1. Boycott of British Goods

2. March 5, 1770---Boston Massacre

a. Crispus Attucks---1st Colonist to die

1770—Britain repeals the Townshend Acts,--Leaving only one tax on tea to uphold its right to tax the colonies

Chapter 3 Section 2---The Revolution Begins

Massachusetts Defies Britain (pp. 82-85)

1772---British sent Customs ships to patrol North American waters in order to intercept smugglers

1. British ship, the Gaspee, was seized & burned

Committee of Correspondence---Each colony should communicate with other colonies about British activity.

1. Helped to unify the colonies & coordinate plans for British resistance

3 1773—Tea Act---

2. East India Tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch Tea

3. East India Company to sell directly to shopkeepers, bypassing colonial merchants who normally distributed the tea

4. December 1773—Boston Tea Party---Colonists dumped tea in harbor

4 Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)---Applied only to Massachusetts Colony

5. Boston Port Act---Closed the Boston Harbor

6. Massachusetts Government Act---Banned Town meetings & appointed judges, sheriffs, & council members

7. Administration of Justice Act---Transfer trials of British soldiers & officials to England to protect them from American juries

8. New Quartering Act—provide lodging for British soldiers at the scene of disturbances

5 1774—Quebec Act

9. Gave more territory to Quebec(Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, & Wisconsin)

10. Officials appointed by the King would govern Quebec—No elected assembly

1774—The 1st Continental Congress Meets---Philadelphia

1. Suffolk Resolves---urged colonists not to obey the Coercive Acts

2. Declaration of Rights & Grievances---expressed loyalty to the King, but condemned the Coercive Acts

3. Continental Association—enforce a boycott of British goods

The Revolution Begins (pp. 85-87)

Minutemen—trained ready to fight the British in a minute’s notice

B. Loyalists & Patriots

1. Loyalists (Tories)---Loyal to the King & felt British laws should be upheld

a. EX: Government officials, prominent merchants, landowners

b. Strong in Georgia, Carolinas, & New York

2. Patriots---For Independence & thought British were tyrants

a. Ex: artisans, farmers, merchants, planters, lawyers, & urban workers

b. Strong in New England & Virginia

6 Lexington & Concord

3. April 18, 1775—Br. General Gage set out to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord & to arrest leaders of the Revolution

4. Paul Revere & William Dawes—sent to Lexington to warn people that the British were coming

5. Lexington—1st shots of the Revolution 8 killed & 10 wounded (April 19, 1775)

6. Concord---British forced to retreat back to Boston

7 The Second Continental Congress---Philadelphia

7. June 15, 1775----George Washington named head of the Continental Army

8 Battle of Bunker Hill

8. Helped build American confidence because they were able stand up to the British Army.

9. Colonial Army retreated only because of a lack of ammunition

10. General Gage resigned and was replaced by General William Howe

The Decision for Independence (pp 87-89)

July 1775---Olive Branch Petition---John Dickinson

1. Colonies still loyal to King George III & asked the King to call off the army while a compromise could be made

2. King George III refused to accept the Olive Branch Petition

January 1776—Common Sense---Thomas Paine

1. Attacked King George III as a tyrant & urged Americans to go for Independence

9 July 4, 1776---Declaration of Independence---Thomas Jefferson

2. America’s Birthday

3. Document took many ideas from John Locke

Chapter 3 Section 3----The War for Independence

The Opposing Sides (pp. 94-95)

|British Forces |Continental Army |

|1. Well disciplined & trained & equipped |Inexperienced , poorly equipped, & |

| |& had difficulty keeping soldiers |

|2. British had to fight continental army & |2. Lacked the power to tax & issued paper $ |

|local militias (guerilla warfare) |Robert Morris-pledged large sums of $ |

|3. British needed to win the war quickly or |3. U.S. did not have to defeat Britain, but |

|lose support from Parliament (British not |survive until the Br. Got tired of paying for |

|united at home) |the war |

The Northern Campaign (pp. 95-97)

General Howe’s Strategy for the War:

1. Build up a massive military to intimidate the Americans

2. Invite delegates from the Continental Congress to a peace conference (designed to negotiate a colonial surrender)

10 Battle of Trenton---(Dec. 25, 1776)---Washington defeated Hessian Mercenaries

Battle of Princeton---Defeated 3 British regiments for the Victory

1777—British General John Burgoyne developed a plan to isolate new England from the other states by capturing New York

1. Main Problem: British did not coordinate their efforts

1777---Battle of Brandywine Creek---Howe defeats Washington & captures Philadelphia

1. Failed to Capture the Continental Congress & to destroy the Continental Army

11 Battle of Saratoga------Gen. Burgoyne forced to surrender & 5,000 Br. Troops taken prisoner. (Horatio Gates—Hero)

2. Turning Point of the War because:

a. Improved American Morale

b. Convinced France to send troops to the American cause

1 United States & France Alliance—1778

11. France recognized the United States as an independent nation (1st to do so)

12. United States & France join in a military alliance

Other Fronts (pp. 97-98)

The West

1. Feb. 1779---British surrender to George Rogers Clark giving the United States control of the West

2 The War at Sea

2. John Paul Jones---Greatest military victory by defeating the British ship Serapis

3. Americans attacking British Merchants ships to destroy their trade & economy

3 Southern Campaign---British focused their efforts here where they had the strongest Loyalist support

4. Dec. 1778---British captured Savannah, Georgia

5. British Gen. Cornwallis---Captured Charles Town, South Carolina

a. America’s Greatest Defeat

13. Battle of Kings Mountain---Turning Point in the South

a. Colonial Militia destroyed the Loyalist Army

b. Nathaniel Greene—organized the militia into small hit & run units against British camps and supply wagons

1. Most Famous---Francis Marion (Swamp Fox)

The War is Won (pp. 98-99)

Battle of Yorktown—October 19, 1781

1. Cornwallis trapped by Washington, Rochambeau, & de Grasse

2. British surrender to the Americans

1 Treaty of Paris –September 3, 1783

3. British recognized the United States as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border

4. Britain kept Canada but gave Florida back to Spain

5. French received back their former colonies in Africa & the Caribbean

Chapter 3 Section 4------The Confederation

New Political Ideas (pp. 100-102)

Republic—Form of government where power resides with a body of citizens with the right to vote

1. Ideal republic—all citizens are equal under the law & government gets its authority from the people

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786)

1. Freedom of Religion—Virginia no longer had an official church

2. The state could no longer collect taxes for the church

Voting Rights:

1. White male who paid taxes to vote , regardless of owning property

The Revolution Changes Society (pp. 102-103)

Women

1. Ran the family farm during the war

2. Many traveled with the army to cook, wash, & nurse the wounded

3. After the war women:

a. could get a divorce easier

b. had greater access to education

B. African Americans (Blacks)

1. Many Blacks in the North obtained their freedom for fighting in the war.

2. The South was not interested in ending slavery because they relied heavily on slave labor to sustain their agricultural economy

a. Virginia—only southern state to take steps to end slavery

2 Loyalists

6. Often shunned by their friends

7. Property seized by state governments

8. Many fled to England, British West Indies, or Canada

The Achievements of the Confederation (pp. 103-105)

Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

1. Lose union of the states under Congress---Weak government

2. The Congress had the Power to:

a. declare war

b. raise armies

c. sign treaties

3. The Congress could not:

a. impose taxes--------only way to raise Money was to sell land or ask the states

b. regulate trade

3 Land Ordinance of 1785

3. Divided the land into townships---1township = 36 sections

1 section= 640 acres

4 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

4. established the government for the Northwest Territory & how a territory could become a state

5. 5,000 people ---granted a legislature

6. 60,000 people---can apply for statehood

7. guaranteed rights to people living there

8. banned (abolished) slavery

Weaknesses of the Congress

No way to raise money (could not tax)----Recession in the United States

No way to regulate trade—States taxed other states

Federal government had no power over state governments

Shays Rebellion—Proved that a stronger Federal government was needed

Chapter 3 Section 5--------------A New Constitution

I. The Constitutional Convention (pp. 108-110)—55 men

A. Nationalists---People who supported a stronger central government

1. George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, & Alexander Hamilton

B. Virginia Plan---James Madison—Large State Plan—Get rid of Articles of Confederation

3 Branches—Legislative, executive, & judicial

a. Bicameral Legislature

1. House of Reps---Voters elect

2. Senate---Selected by House of Reps.

3. # of Reps. Based on population

C. New Jersey Plan----Small states Plan—Revise the Articles of Confederation

Unicameral legislature (1 House)—equal representation for each state

D. Congress voted to proceed with the Virginia Plan with the purpose writing a New Constitution of the United States

II. A Union Built on Compromise (pp. 110-111)

1 Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)—Solved differences

between Large & small states

1. House of Reps---Based on Population---elected by voters

2. Senate---Equal Representation---State legislature would choose senators

2 Three-Fifths Compromise---Solved difference between Northern & Southern States

1. every 5 slaves would count as 3 free persons for representation & taxes

3 Congress cannot tax exports

4 Congress cannot ban slave trade until 1808 or impose high taxes on the import of slaves

III. A Framework for Limited Government (pp. 111-112)

A. Popular Sovereignty---People rule—Main Principle of Constitution

B. Federalism—Power divided between the state & federal governments

C. Separation of Powers---Power divided between the 3 Branches

1.Legislative—makes the laws

2. Executive---Enforces the laws

3.Judicial---interprets the laws

D. Checks & Balances---Prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful

1. Executive Branch:

a. proposing legislation

b. appointing judges

c. vetoing legislation

2. Legislative Branch:

a. Override veto with 2/3rds vote in both houses

b. Senate---approves or rejects presidential appointments

c. Congress can impeach the President & high ranking officials in the executive or judicial branches

1. House of Reps---Charges of misconduct

2. Senate---Puts on trial—need 2/3rds to convict

E. Amending the Constitution (2 ways)

1. 2/3rds of Congress propose-------3/4th of the States

2. 2/3rd of the states call for a constitutional convention---ratified by conventions in 3/4th of the states

IV. Debating the Constitution (pp. 112-114)

A. Federalists—Supported the Constitution—large landowners, merchants, artisans, & coastal farmers

1 Antifederalists---against the Constitution

1.Want a Bill of Rights

2 Federalist Papers—Madison, Hamilton, & Jay

1. summarized arguments for ratification

V. The Fight for Ratification (pp. 114-115)

A. Bill of Rights—1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution

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