UNDERSTANDING WOOD FINISHING

UNDERSTANDING WOOD FINISHING

How To Select And Apply The Right Finish

By Bob Flexner

WHY FINISH WOOD, ANYWAY? Sanitation Stabilization Decoration

PREPARING THE WOOD SURFACE Preparing the Lumber Sanding and Smoothing Sponging Sharpening a Hand Scraper Sharpening a Cabinet Scraper Solvents for Removing Cured Glues Glue Splotches Dents, Gouges, and Holes Wood Putties

TOOLS FOR APPLYING FINISHES Rags Brushes Rubbing Pads Spray Guns and Equipment Common Spraying Problems

OIL FINISHES Our Ancestors and Linseed Oil Applying "Oil" Finishes Oil Finishes and Penetration How Oil and Oil/Varnish Finishes Protect Types of "Oil Safety and Oil Finishes Using Wax as a Finish Bleeding Oil Finishes Which One Is Which? How to Tell Which "Oil" You Have How to Maintain and Repair "Oil" Finishes Guide to "Oil" Finishes

STAINING WOOD What Makes a Stain Understanding Stains A Guide to Stains Using Aniline Dyes Bleaching Wood Chemical Stains Ebonizing Wood Matching Color A Sampler of Wood Stains Solvents and Thinners for Dyes and Stains Compatibility of Stains and Finishes How Woods React to Stains Applying Stain Applying Glaze Pickling Common Staining Problems, Their Causes, and Solutions

FILLING THE PORES Filling the Pores with the Finish Filling the Pores: Finish versus Paste-Wood Filler Filling the Pores with Paste-Wood Filler Using Oil/Varnish Paste-Wood Filler Using Water-Based Paste-Wood Filler

INTRODUCTION TO FILM FINISHES........... What's in a Name? Sealers and Sanding Sealers The Way Finishes Cure Finishing Materials: How They Cure Stain and Finish Compatibility Classifying Finishes Comparing the Three Types Solvents and Thinners for Various Finishes Solvents and Thinners

SHELLAC How Shellac Performs Shellac as Sealer, Washcoat, and Barrier Coat Common Problems Applying Shellac Categories of Shellac Alcohol Brushing and Spraying Shellac Applying Shellac French Polishing

LACQUER Nitrocellulose Lacquer Characteristics of Lacquer Spraying Lacquer Applying Lacquer Lacquer Thinner The Problem with Lacquer Fish Eye and Silicone Common Problems Applying Lacquer

VARNISH The Mix of Oil and Resin Characteristics of Varnish Identifying Varnish Types Applying Varnish Brushing Varnish Common Problems Applying Varnish Turpentine and Petroleum-Distillate Solvents

WATER-BASED FINISHES What is Water-Based Finish? Characteristics of Water-Based Finish Glycol Ether Brushing and Spraying Water Base Applying Water-Based Finish Common Problems Applying Water Base

CONVERSION FINISHES Characteristics of Conversion Finishes Applying Conversion Finishes

CHOOSING A FINISH Appearance Protection Durability Ease of Application Safety Disposing of Your Solvent Waste Reversibility Rubbing Qualities How to Choose Guide to Finishes

FINISHING THE FINISH Factors in Rubbing a Finish

Rubbing with Steel Wool Synthetic Steel Wool Leveling and Rubbing to a High Gloss

CARING FOR THE FINISH Causes of Finish Deterioration Causes and Prevention of Finish Deterioration Preventing Finish Deterioration Applying Paste Wax Furniture Polish in Brief Applying Liquid Furniture Polish How to Choose

REPAIRING FINISHES Repairing Superficial Damage Applying Padding Lacquer Repairing Color Damage in the Finish Compatibility of Colors and Binders Touching Up Color Repairing Color Damage in the Wood Repairing Deep Scratches and Gouges Using a Burn-In Stick

FINISHING DIFFERENT WOODS Pine Pine with Brushing Lacquer Gel-Stained Pine with Satin Varnish Toned Pine with Satin Polyurethane Oak Oak with Satin Lacquer Oak with Walnut Oil/Varnish Pickled Oak with Satin Water Base Pickled Oak with Satin Lacquer Oak with Contrasting Pores and Lacquer A Gallery of Finishes Walnut Walnut with Oil/Varnish Walnut with Orange Shellac and Wax Mahogany Mahogany with Wiping Varnish Stained and Glazed Mahogany with Lacquer Stained and Filled Mahogany with Rubbed Lacquer Hard Maple Maple with Water Base Maple with Wiping Varnish Dyed and Glazed Maple with Oil/Varnish

Cherry Gel-Stained Cherry with Oil/Varnish Toned Cherry with Rubbed Lacquer Ash, Elm, and Chestnut Toned Ash with Satin Lacquer Soft Maple, Gum, and Poplar Dyed Poplar with Water Base Aromatic Red Cedar Birch Dyed Birch with French Polish Oily Woods Rosewood with Wax

STRIPPERS Stripping Solvents and Chemicals Stripper Safety Using Oxalic Acid Using Strippers Choosing Which Stripper to Use Common Problems Using Strippers Breaking the Code-An Overview of Strippers

SOURCES OF SUPPLY

INDEX

WHY FINISH WOOD ANYWAY?

Why do we finish wood? It's an extra step, or steps, that most woodworkers don't find at all enjoyable. It's smelly and messy, and all sorts of things can go wrong. In addition, most woods look pretty good unfinished. Why bother? There are three good reasons for finishing wood: to help keep it clean, to help stabilize it, and to decorate it.

SANITATION Wood is a porous material. It contains countless holes of various sizes. These holes can accumulate dirt and

grime from handling, atmospheric contaminants, and food. Grimy wood is unattractive, and it can be a health hazard, providing a breeding place for bacteria. A finish seals the porous surface, making it less susceptible to soiling and easier to clean.

STABILIZATION Besides being porous, wood is hygroscopic: It absorbs and releases moisture. Moisture within wood is called

moisture content- moisture in the environment is either liquid water or water vapor (humidity). Wood responds to changes in the level of moisture around it. If you put very dry wood in water or in an area of high humidity, the

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