HDBK-252 – Wood Crate Design Manual - Wooden Crates

HDBK-252 Wood Crate Design Manual

HDBK-252 ? Wood Crate Design Manual

This handbook provides guidelines established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the creation of open wood shipping crates including styles which are panelboard sheathed to create a closed crate. Handling hazards, storage conditions, material costs, recommended fasteners, general design principles and testing methods are all presented.

Keywords:

Stress, material, container, frame, strut, crate, member, load, wood, nail, lumber, skid, sheathed, plywood, base, lag, open, design, weight, handling, species, panel, joist, assembly, construction, floorboard, moisture, shipping, screw, fastener, sill, test, diagram, heavy, bracing, military, header, storage, method, formula, forklift, blocking, fabrication, strapping, support, tension, domestic, lift, compression, damage, sling, structural, overseas, protection, transportation, timber, weather, floorboard, equipment, machine, packing, glue, waterproof, anchoring, shock, calculating

Published: 2/1/1964

Text in blue boxes such as this one is instructional and is intended to assist you in understanding the document.

Text in red boxes such as this explains changes made to the document by The Wooden Crates Organization.

Red text has been added to the document or modifies the document since its final version was offici ally published.

Soft Conversion of Imperial to Metric Conversions, when made, consider materials that are available in metric or imperial sizes

rather than converting sizes exactly. For example: Panelboard (plywood) in the US is typically 4 feet X 8 feet (1220 x 2440 mm) while panelboard in metric countries is typically

1200 X 2400 mm. Since the standard was developed based on readily available materials these variations in material sizes could not have been practically considered.

This document has been converted to allow for better understand and easier navigation between documents. Although this document may be retired by the original publisher, it may still be useful in understanding the subject matter. If you identify any errors or inaccuracies in this document, please contact us at info@ Efforts have been taken to preserve the credits of the original writer(s) when available. Under Section 5 of the United States Copyright Act and in accordance with FAR 52.227 -14 the original contents of this document is noncopyright. Modifications to this document are the property of The Wooden Crates Organization and this version of this document may not be modified without written permission of WoodenCRATES org, LLC. U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government Work (17 USC ?105). Foreign Copyrights may apply. ? Copyright WoodenCRATES org, LLC, All Rights Reserved. May be distributed freely but not modified.

HDBK-252 Wood Crate Design Manual

WOOD CRATE Design Manual

HDBK-252 Wood Crate Design Manual

AGRICULTURAL HANDBOOK NO. 252 ? U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ? FOREST SERVICE

WOOD CRATE Design Manual By L. O. ANDERSON, Engineer, and T. B. HEEBINK, Engineer FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY (Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin)

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 252

FEBRUARY 1964

FOREST SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In preparing this publication, the authors have been privileged to draw on much of the research of the late C. A. Plaskett, the late T. A. Carlson, and H. J. Kueling, as well as a number of other members of the Forest Products Laboratory and various Defense Agencies. The number of these contributors is so great that individual acknowledgment is impractical.

HDBK-252 Wood Crate Design Manual

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 2. FACTORS THAT AFFECT CRATE DESIGN......................................................... 2

2.1 CONTENTS ................................................................................................ 2 2.2 DESTINATION AND METHOD OF TRANSIT ..................................................... 2 2.3 HANDLING HAZARDS................................................................................... 2 2.4 STORAGE CONDITIONS ............................................................................... 3 2.5 COSTS ...................................................................................................... 3 3. MATERIALS FOR CRATES ............................................................................... 5 3.1 WOOD AND WOOD-BASE MATERIALS .......................................................... 5

3.1.1 Species ................................................................................................ 5 3.1.2 Other Factors Affecting Wood Strength ................................................... 11 3.1.3 Working Stresses ................................................................................. 12 3.1.4 Lumber Sizes ...................................................................................... 14 3.1.5 Plywood ............................................................................................. 14 3.1.6 Paper-Overlaid Veneer .......................................................................... 16 3.2 FASTENINGS ............................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 Nails .................................................................................................. 17 3.2.2 Lag Screws ......................................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Bolts .................................................................................................. 27 3.2.4 Timber Connectors ............................................................................... 28 3.2.5 Wood Screws ...................................................................................... 29 3.2.6 Adhesives ........................................................................................... 29 3.2.7 Steel Strapping .................................................................................... 29 4. DESIGNING CRATES .................................................................................... 31 4.1 IMPORTANCE OF DIAGONALS .................................................................... 31 4.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES ................................................................................. 31 4.2.1 Truss Diagram ..................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Stress Diagram .................................................................................... 34 4.2.3 Determining Size of Members ................................................................. 35 4.3 DESIGNING THE CRATE BASE ................................................................... 37 4.3.1 Skids ................................................................................................. 37 4.4 DESIGNING THE TOP................................................................................. 39 5. SHEATHED CRATES ..................................................................................... 42 5.1 MILITARY TYPE SHEATHED CRATES ......................................................... 42 5.1.1 Base Construction ................................................................................ 42 5.1.2 Side Construction ................................................................................. 48 5.1.3 End Construction.................................................................................. 50 5.1.4 Top Construction .................................................................................. 52 5.1.5 Assembly............................................................................................ 54

HDBK-252 Wood Crate Design Manual

5.2 LIMITED-MILITARY SHEATHED CRATES ..................................................... 57 5.2.1 Base .................................................................................................. 57 5.2.2 Sides ................................................................................................. 57 5.2.3 Ends .................................................................................................. 57 5.2.4 Top ................................................................................................... 57 5.2.5 Assembly............................................................................................ 57

5.3 LIGHT-DUTY SHEATHED CRATES.............................................................. 58 5.3.1 Base .................................................................................................. 58 5.3.2 Sides, Ends, and Top ............................................................................ 58 5.3.3 Assembly............................................................................................ 61

6. OPEN CRATES............................................................................................. 63 6.1 MILITARY TYPE OPEN CRATES ................................................................... 63 6.1.1 Base .................................................................................................. 64 6.1.2 Sides and Ends .................................................................................... 64 6.1.3 Tops .................................................................................................. 67 6.1.4 Assembly............................................................................................ 67 6.2 LIMITED-MILITARY TYPE OPEN CRATES ...................................................... 67 6.2.1 Styles A and A-1 Open Crates................................................................. 67 6.2.2 Style B Open Crates ............................................................................. 67 6.2.3 Style C Open Crates ............................................................................. 68 6.3 LIGHT-DUTY OPEN CRATES ...................................................................... 74 6.3.1 Base .................................................................................................. 74 6.3.2 Sides ................................................................................................. 74 6.3.3 Ends .................................................................................................. 75 6.3.4 Tops .................................................................................................. 75 6.3.5 Assembly............................................................................................ 75

7. SKID ASSEMBLIES ....................................................................................... 84 7.1 SKID SIZES .............................................................................................. 84 7.1.1 Use of Formula .................................................................................... 86 7.1.2 Use of Table........................................................................................ 86 7.2 FLOORBOARD SIZES ................................................................................. 91 7.3 DIAGONAL BRACING ................................................................................. 91 7.4 ASSEMBLY ............................................................................................... 91

8. TESTING CRATES ........................................................................................ 92 8.1 SUPERIMPOSED-LOAD TESTS .................................................................... 92 8.1.1 Top Load Tests For Joists and Framing ................................................... 93 8.2 HANDLING TESTS ..................................................................................... 94 8.2.1 Sling Handling ..................................................................................... 94 8.2.2 Grabhook Handling ............................................................................... 96 8.2.3 Forklift Handling ................................................................................... 96

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