The 44* Phonemes Graphemes**

[Pages:3]The 44* Phonemes

Following is a list of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters that represent those sounds.

Phoneme

(speech sound)

Graphemes**

(letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes)

Examples

Consonant Sounds:

1.

/b/

b, bb

2.

/d/

d, dd, ed

3.

/f/

f, ph

4.

/g/

g, gg

5.

/h/

h

6.

/j/

j, g, ge, dge

7.

/k/

c, k, ck, ch, cc, que

8.

/l/

l, ll

9.

/m/

m, mm, mb

10.

/n/

n, nn, kn, gn

11.

/p/

p, pp

12.

/r/

r, rr, wr

13.

/s/

s, se, ss, c, ce, sc

14.

/t/

t, tt, ed

15.

/v/

v, ve

16.

/w/

w

17

/y/

y, i

18.

/z/

z, zz, ze, s, se, x

big, rubber dog, add, filled fish, phone go, egg hot jet, cage, barge, judge cat, kitten, duck, school, occur, antique, cheque leg, bell mad, hammer, lamb no, dinner, knee, gnome pie, apple run, marry, write sun, mouse, dress, city, ice, science top, letter, stopped vet, give wet, win, swim yes, onion zip, fizz, sneeze, laser, is, was, please, Xerox, xylophone

Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)

Phoneme

(speech sound)

Graphemes**

(letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes)

Examples

Consonant Digraphs:

19.

/th/

th

(not voiced)

20.

/th/

th

(voiced)

21.

/ng/

ng, n

22.

/sh/

sh, ss, ch, ti, ci

23.

/ch/

ch, tch

24.

/zh/

ge, s

25.

/wh/

wh

(with breath)

thumb, thin, thing

this, feather, then

sing, monkey, sink ship, mission, chef, motion, special chip, match garage, measure, division what, when, where, why

Short Vowel Sounds:

26.

/a/

a, au

27.

/e/

e, ea

28.

/i/

i

29.

/o/

o, a, au, aw, ough

30.

/u/

u, o

hat, laugh bed, bread if hot, want, haul, draw, bought up, ton

Long Vowel Sounds:

31.

//

a, a_e, ay, ai, ey, ei

32.

//

e, e_e, ea, ee, ey, ie, y

33.

//

i, i_e, igh, y, ie

34.

//

o, o_e, oa, ou, ow

35.

//

u, u_e, ew

bacon, late, day, train, they, eight, vein

me, these, beat, feet, key, chief, baby

find, ride, light, fly, pie

no, note, boat, soul, row

human, use, few, chew

Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)

Phoneme

(speech sound)

Graphemes**

(letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes)

Examples

Other Vowel Sounds:

36.

/oo/

oo, u, oul

37.

//

oo, u, u_e

book, put, could moon, truth, rule

Vowel Diphthongs:

38.

/ow/

ow, ou, ou_e

39.

/oy/

oi, oy

cow, out, mouse, house coin, toy

Vowel Sounds Influenced by r:

40.

/a(r)/

ar

41.

/(r)/

air, ear, are

42.

/i(r)/

irr, ere, eer

43.

/o(r)/

or, ore, oor

44.

/u(r)/

ur, ir, er, ear, or, ar

car air, chair, fair, hair, bear, care mirror, here, cheer for, core, door burn, first, fern, heard, work, dollar

Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002).

* The number of phonemes is different in some linguistics textbooks; this is evidence of the difficulty of classifying ( Moats, 1998).

** This list does not include all possible graphemes for a given phoneme.

Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)

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