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Enzymes:It’s a protein.It’s a catalyst, which is a chemical that changes the activation energy of a reaction. (Mostly it’s reducing the activation energy, so reaction happens quicker)Enzymes have to be in an induced fit. Induced mean to make it fit by controlling pH or temperature. How the temperature or pH affect the enzymes. The local conditions can affect the induced fit. The optimal means the preferred. Enzymes would perform or get its function well in its local conditions at its optimal temperature. When we change the conditions that change the active site of the enzymes, we’re also changing the primary structure, secondary structure, etc. Coenzyme:Other chemicals that works with enzymes that helps enzymes do its job Key and Lock Idea: Enzyme is like a key because it has a specific lock or substrate. Enzyme works similarly to a lock and key because of specificity and structure of the active site. Induced to make it happen. Denature:It means changing the nature (getting rid of the induced fit). In this case, it’s changing the structure of the active site. Changing the temperature can change the structure of the active site. Why do we want to control the 4 properties of proteins?If we can control the 4 properties of proteins, then we can control its function and structure. Therefore, enzymes can renature. (Pepsinogen becoming pepsin).Renature is changing back in the induced fit. Substrate – the chemical used to reactThe optimum pH and temperature:When there’s the optimum pH and temperature, the enzyme works perfectly at the active site.Before any chemical reactions, there needs to be activation energy. Exothermic:It means releasing energy. Metabolism:We are making and breaking chemicals, which it is part of metabolism. For example, dehydration and hydrolysis are examples of metabolism. Chemical reactions in the body are metabolism. There’s anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism. Forms of energy: Sun shining on a plant (light energy), we use that to make it potential and chemical energy. We’re making ATP. Then, ATP makes potential energy again. Life is trying to get energy and control it. Being able to control, there needs to be a transfer of energy. Kinetic energy Chemical energySound energyLight energyThermal energyPotential energyRule of 10%: The amount of light that is converted into glucose is called 100%. For example, Pat ate rice noodles. Pat gets 10% of energy only. The rest of the energy is used during metabolism (90%). Law of thermodynamics: It means energy moving. What are the laws of energy moving? The first law is energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred. The second law is increasing the entropy or increases the randomness in the universe. Biological order and disorder:In terms of Pat, if he’s doing something then that’s a disorder. Life itself is the cancer of the universe. Humans are not good things for the universe. Biological order is being just left there without being Free energy is exothermic. It allows us to control the equilibrium and the stability of the reaction. Once ATP is released, it’s releasing free energy. Endergonic and exergonic reaction: We’re looking it as a system. Endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings. Exergonic reaction means releasing. PhosphorylationIt is the transfer of phosphate group. Transport and mechanical work: Secondary structure usually depends on being hydrophobic or hydrophilic. We add phosphate and it’s changing the structure, which makes it hydrophilic. Changing its chemical reactions and then it’ll affect the tertiary and quaternary structure. Add a phosphate or ATP works. How to keep life going on?Reducing the activation energy to keep life going on. Hydrolysis of sucrose is caused by sucrase. There’s a moment that ABCD is at a transitional state. We’re looking at collisions. Substrate concentration, enzyme, temperature, We need more control other enzymes: Why do we need more controls? When we’re changing the temperature to make it an induced fit for one enzyme, it’s affecting the other enzymes. So, we better know how to control other enzymes too.Coenzyme – works together with enzymes. They are subgroups of cofactors. (Helps skin to not wrinkle)Cofactor – two types: coenzyme and cofactors (non-enzyme)Activators – a substance/chemical that could bind to an enzyme and will make the induced fit of the enzyme happen better (cofactor)Two types of activators: Activator (Bind to the active site of the enzyme and makes the enzyme active)Allosteric activator (binds with the other area of the enzyme that is not active)Inhibitor – attaches to an enzyme that makes it fit worse (cofactor)Two types of inhibitors: Competitive inhibitor (can bind to the active site of the enzyme)Allosteric [other area] inhibitor or non-competitive inhibitor (binds with the other area of the enzyme that is not active)If the inhibitor is competing to bind with the active site, then it’s the competitive inhibitor. Although, if it doesn’t compete to bind with the active site and it binds with the other areas of the enzyme, then it’s allosteric inhibitor. Feedback inhibition – means a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. Positive and negative feedback – When we’re talking about the reaction, we’re talking about the products. Reactants -> products Positive feedback: Why does an enzyme want to make more enzymes as the product? For example, the reactants are making the cofactors. Because for example, when there are no amino acids in our body, the body won’t make more pepsin. But when you eat proteins and it makes amino acids, our body would make more pepsin. So, the pepsin breaks down the amino acids and we use the amino acids to make more pepsin. We stop making pepsin when there’s no more amino acids or proteins since there’s no colliding between the substrate and the enzyme. When we want more of the products then its positive. If you have an enzyme that can break down virus, your body will make more enzymes when you have the virus. How do you know when we have the virus? When the body makes the enzymes. Negative feedback: We’re growing muscles. Actin and myosin (muscle fibers – protein) makes muscles by enzymes. They’re producing muscles when there’s no actin and myosin. It’ll stop making muscles when you already have muscles since there’s a limit.When a person can’t do something and just stops. Catabolic When men inject steroids into their body, the body stops producing testosterone. Energy coupling:It is the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. Coupling of chemicals are really important. Endergonic and exergonic is the absorption or releasing of energy.An open hydroelectric system: Water keeps coming in and it gives energy like animals (eat and live)A multistep open hydroelectric system: Water keeps coming in and it’s a multistep like life. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)Transfers the phosphate/transfer of energy.When you add a phosphate, you change the function and the structures of the protein.ATP is regenerated and it’s cycled. ATP synthase – when it’s an ADP and you add a phosphate, it becomes ATP.Motor protein – it’s a protein that is attached to the phosphate/add ATP to the protein and it walks. Decreasing the EA (activation energy) will make the activation energy happen easier. Increasing the EA will make the activation energy happen slower. ................
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