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Respiratory and Circulatory SystemsStudy Guide BAnswer KeySection 1. Respiratory and Circulatory Functions1.transports blood and other materials; carries away wastes from cells; separates oxygen-rich blood from oxygen-poor blood2.brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor; exchanges gases in blood with gases in atmosphere3.it moves down the trachea, into the bronchi and the lungs, then into the bronchioles, and finally to the alveoli4.to absorb enough oxygen to supply the body and to expel excess carbon dioxide and water vapor5.rib cage muscles relax and the rib cage becomes smaller, the diaphragm relaxes and rises, and air flows out6.Heart: muscular pump that keeps blood moving to all parts of the body. Arteries: blood vessels that move blood away from the heart. Veins: blood vessels that move blood to the heart from the rest of the body. Capillaries: tiny blood vessels that transport blood to and from the cells7.Hot weather — The heart pumps harder and blood vessels dilate to bring excess heat to the skin. Cold weather — blood vessels constrict to conserve heat8.The diaphragm is a dome-like muscle located in the midriff of the body.9.Samples answers: river and streams network, major and smaller highway network, communications networksSection 2. Respiration and Gas Exchange1.Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood; gases move by diffusion; the alveoli lining must be moist to help gases diffuse.2.They provide a huge surface area to bring in enough oxygen to meet the body’s needs.Diagram Acapillary and alveolus walls— Oxygen diffuses from alveolus into the capillary; Capillary—oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the blood and is carried to the cells. Diagram B alveolus— carbon dioxide and water vapor separate and are exhaled; capillary walls and alveolus — carbon dioxide and water vapor diffuse into alveolus.3.each molecule of hemoglobin binds with four oxygen molecules4.Sensors send information to the brainstem, which sends messages to the muscles of the rib cage and to the diaphragm to work harder5.Smoking: Chemicals in smoking cause mutations that may lead to lung cancer and damage the alveoli so that gas exchange is impaired. Emphysema: The alveoli are so damaged or destroyed that the lungs can no longer bring enough oxygen into the body; eventually the lungs fail. Asthma: Muscle spasms cause bronchioles to constrict, reducing air flow and gas exchange. Cystic Fibrosis: Lungs produce thick, sticky mucus that can block airways and lead to lung infections.6.In an asthma attack, airways are restricted and people literally pant for air.7.It is an iron-based protein that binds with oxygen molecules; iron gives blood its reddish color.Section 3. The Heart and Circulation1.right atrium; tricuspid valve (filled in)2.right ventricle, pulmonary valve3.left atrium, mitral valve4.left ventricle, aortic valve5.cardiac muscles work continuously; valves prevent back flow; muscles exert a strong force on the heart’s relatively small size; the speed and force of pumping can change as neededStudy Guide B continued6.The signal spreads through conducting fibers to the AV node, which stimulates the ventricles to contract.Process Diagram:oxygen-poor blood flows into the right atrium, then is pumped into the right ventricle from the right ventricle, blood is pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen, release CO2 and water vapor oxygen-rich blood returns first to the left atrium, then is pumped into the right ventricle oxygen-rich blood is pumped out of the left ventricle to the rest of the body7.pulmonary: to carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, pick up oxygen and release CO2 and water vapor, then bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart. Systemic: to carry oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and bring oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.8.blood first enters the heart through the atrium; in the heartbeat, the atrium is the first to contract9.Students might make a table showing word origins and the definitions of the two types of circulation or draw a diagram of the two circulations and use the word origins in the labels.Section 4. Blood Vessels and TransportY Diagram:Arteries—carry oxygen-rich blood away from heart; made of 3 layers with thick muscle, elastic fibers; smaller arteries called arterioles connect to capillaries; Veins—carry oxygen-poor blood back to heart; made of 3 layers, larger diameter, thinner walls; valves and skeletal muscles keep blood moving; smaller veins called venules connect to capillaries; Both—carry blood throughout the entire body; made of same three layers of tissues; have smaller vessels that connect to capillaries1.capillaries are much smaller than veins and arteries and have only one layer; walls are one cell thick; materials diffuse easily into and out of them; form dense networks2.the force with which blood pushes against an artery3.systolic: the pressure on the artery wall when the left ventricle contracts; diastolic: the pressure in the artery when the left ventricle relaxes4.untreated, it can lead to heart attack and stroke5.thickened artery walls (or arteriosclerosis), blocked arteries (or atherosclerosis), hypertension6.lifestyle choices; medication7.balloon angioplasty8.bypass surgery9.heart attack10.stroke11.Systolic pressure = the ventricle contracts; diastolic pressure = the ventricle relaxes or expandsSection 5. Blood1.red blood cells2.white blood cells3.platelets4.plasma5.90% water6.minerals7.proteins8.albumin9.fibrinogen10.immune proteins11.plasma proteins help stabilize blood volume, control bleeding, fight pathogens; concentrations of molecules dissolved in water as plasma control which substances diffuse into and out of the blood12.RBC structure: round with concave center, no nucleus or organelles, contains hemoglobin; protein markers for blood type; Functions: transport oxygen, waste products, and nutrients to and from the cells. WBC structure: contains no hemoglobin; Functions: fight infection, remove foreign matter and dead cells; also part of immune system. Platelets structure: cell fragments that can change their shape; Functions: help to repair torn or injured blood vessels, control bleeding13.The person’s immune system will attack the foreign protein, and the blood will Study Guide B continuedstart to clump, which can block blood vessels and cause death.14.They form spiky extensions that weave into a complex net at the wound; they release clotting factors that form another net and trap platelets and white blood cells that form a clot.15.Clots can block blood vessels to cause a heart attack or stroke; the inability to form clots means a person might bleed to death from even a minor cut.16.A group of four different blood types—A, B, AB, O—produced by the most common proteins markers, A and B, on red blood cellsSection 6. Lymphatic System1.To collect excess fluid that leaks out of the blood vessels, clean and filter the fluid, and return it to the circulatory system2.skeletal muscles squeeze the vessels to keep lymph moving forward; valves in the vessels prevent lymph from flowing backwards.Cycle Diagram: blood leaves the heart and circulates to the rest of the body (filled in) excess fluid leaks out of the capillaries into areas between the cells (filled in) interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels and becomes lymph lymph enters nodes, where it is filtered and cleaned lymph vessels carry cleaned lymph out of the nodes lymph vessels return lymph to the circulatory system and to heart3.fluid would be trapped in the tissues and begin to build up, resulting in swelling in that area4.Tonsils filter bacteria and viruses that escape the body’s outer defenses. Lymphocytes develop in the thymus.The spleen filters and cleans the lymph, contains lymphocytes and other white blood cells that destroy pathogens5.a type of cell found in the lymphatic system6.“an inflammation of the lymph glands”; it indicates that your body is fighting an infectionSection 1: Respiratory and Circulatory FunctionsStudy Guide BKey ConceptThe respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells.Vocabularycirculatory systemalveoliveinrespiratory systemdiaphragmcapillarytracheaheartlungarteryMAIN IDEA: The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis.Fill in the Q and A chart below about the circulatory and respiratory systems.QuestionsAnswers1. What are the main functions of the circulatory system?2. What are the main functions of the respiratory system?MAIN IDEA: The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.3.What pathway does air follow after it enters the nose and mouth?4.Explain why so much surface area is needed in the lungs.5.As shown in Figure 1.2, when you inhale, the muscles of the rib cage contract, expanding the rib cage. The diaphragm flattens and moves downward, and air flows into the lungs. What happens when you exhale?Study Guide B continuedMAIN IDEA: The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.6.Fill in the chart to help you remember the parts of the circulatory system and their functions.PartFunctionheartarteriesveinscapillaries7.How do the heart and blood vessels maintain a stable body temperature in hot and cold weather?Vocabulary Check8.The word diaphragm is based on the Latin word diaphragma, which means “midriff.” How does this term relate to the meaning of diaphragm?9.The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles have been compared to the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree. What other analogy can you think of to describe these structures?Section 2: Respiration and Gas ExchangeStudy Guide BKey ConceptThe respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.Vocabularyred blood cellemphysemahemoglobinasthmaMAIN IDEA: Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.1.What are the three principles of gas exchange?2.What is the advantage of having so many clusters of alveoli in the lungs?Fill in diagram A about oxygen diffusion and diagram B about carbon dioxide diffusion. Add arrows to show the direction in which the gases move.AAlveolusO2 concentrations are higher than in the capillary.Capillary and alveolus wallsCapillaryBAlveolusCapillary and alveolus wallsCapillaryCO2 and water vapor concentrations are higher than in alveolus.Study Guide B continued3.What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?4.When CO2 levels in the blood increase, how does the nervous system respond?MAIN IDEA: Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.5.In the chart below, summarize how each activity or disease affects the lungs’ ability to exchange gases.Activity or DiseaseEffect on Lungssmokingemphysemaasthmacystic fibrosisVocabulary Check6.Asthma comes from the Greek word asthma, which means “to pant.” How does this meaning relate to the definition of asthma?7.What is the definition of hemoglobin? Why does it give blood its reddish color?Section 3: The Heart and CirculationStudy Guide BKey ConceptThe heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways.Vocabularyatriumpacemakerventriclepulmonary circulationvalvesystemic circulationMAIN IDEA: The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump.Fill in the pattern notes with the main chambers and valves of the heart. Use Figure 3.1 to help you.center113665tricuspid valve valve valveRIGHTLEFTHeart structures1. right atrium2. valve4. 3. 00tricuspid valve valve valveRIGHTLEFTHeart structures1. right atrium2. valve4. 3. 5.Explain what makes the heart such an efficient, self-regulating pump.6.After the SA node stimulates the atria to contract, what happens next in the heartbeat cycle?Study Guide B continuedcenter306705Oxygen-poor blood flows into right atrium, then is pumped into the right ventricle.00Oxygen-poor blood flows into right atrium, then is pumped into the right ventricle.Fill in the process diagram below to summarize the blood flow in the heart.MAIN IDEA: The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.7.What are the main functions of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation?Vocabulary Check8.An atrium in a building is the first room or area that people enter before going into the rest of the building. How does this meaning relate to the location and function of an atrium in the heart?center835025009.Systemic means “related to a an entire system,” while pulmonary is based on the Latin pulmo, which means “lung.” Make up a table or draw a diagram using these clues to help you remember the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations.Section 4: Blood Vessels and TransportStudy Guide BKey ConceptThe circulatory system transports materials throughout the body.Vocabularyblood pressurediastolic pressuresystolic pressureMAIN IDEA: Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. 24765475615Arteries? carry oxygen-rich blood away from heartVeins? carry oxygen-poor blood back to heartBoth? carry blood throughout entire body00Arteries? carry oxygen-rich blood away from heartVeins? carry oxygen-poor blood back to heartBoth? carry blood throughout entire bodyFill in the Y diagram to summarize what you know about the differences and similarities between arteries and veins.1.Describe how capillaries differ from arteries and veins.2.When a doctor takes your blood pressure, what is he or she measuring?Study Guide B continued3.What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?4.Why is hypertension, or high blood pressure, a serious health risk?MAIN IDEA: Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory plete the following concept web to show how lifestyle choices can affect circulatory health.13970109855Poor diet, little exercise, smoking, high stress6. lifestyle choices, medicationcan lead to9. 5. 7. 10. 8. untreatedcan lead tocan betreated by00Poor diet, little exercise, smoking, high stress6. lifestyle choices, medicationcan lead to9. 5. 7. 10. 8. untreatedcan lead tocan betreated byVocabulary Check11.Systolic is based on the Greek word sustellein, which means “to contract.” Diastolic is based on the Greek word diastellein, which means “to expand.” How can the meaning of these Greek words help you remember the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?Section 5: BloodStudy Guide BKey ConceptBlood is a complex tissue that transports materials.VocabularyplateletABO blood groupwhite blood cellsplasmaRh factorMain Idea: Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma.26035487045Whole bloodis composed mainly of2. 1. 3. 4. plasmawhich is composed of7. 5. 90% water6. mineralssuch as8. 9. 10. immuneproteins00Whole bloodis composed mainly of2. 1. 3. 4. plasmawhich is composed of7. 5. 90% water6. mineralssuch as8. 9. 10. immuneproteinsComplete the following concept web to help you remember the components in blood.11.Summarize how plasma proteins and the water in plasma help to maintain homeostasis in the body.Study Guide B continuedMAIN IDEA: Platelets and different types of cells have different functions.plete the chart below to describe the structures and functions of blood cells and platelets.Blood ComponentStructureFunctionsRed blood cellsWhite blood cellsPlatelets13.Why is it important for a person to receive a blood type and Rh factor that is compatible with his or her own blood?14.Describe two ways that platelets act to help heal a torn or injured blood vessel.15.In what way can clots and the inability to form clots be life-threatening?Vocabulary Check16.What does the term ABO blood group stand for?17.To keep from getting plasma and platelet confused, remember that the suffix -let means “small.” A platelet is a small part of a cell. Draw and label a sketch of a platelet and plasma to help you remember the difference between these two terms.Section 6: Lymphatic SystemStudy Guide BKey ConceptThe lymphatic system provides another type of circulation in the body.Vocabularylymphatic systemnodelymphlymphocyteMAIN IDEA: Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to the circulatory system.1.What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?2.The lymphatic system, unlike the circulatory system, has no pump that moves the fluid. What keeps lymph moving in the lymph vessels?Fill in the cycle diagram below that traces the pathway of lymphatic circulation.5270522225Excess fluid leaks out of the capillaries into the area between cells.Blood leaves the heartand circulates to the rest of the body.00Excess fluid leaks out of the capillaries into the area between cells.Blood leaves the heartand circulates to the rest of the body.Study Guide B continued3.Suppose the lymphatic system was unable to function in one area of the body. What would you expect to happen in that area?MAIN IDEA: The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system.plete the question and answer note taking chart below.QuestionAnswerHow do the tonsils help fight disease?What role does the thymus play in the immune system?How does the spleen help fight disease?Vocabulary Check5.The suffix -cyte means “cell.” What then is a lymphocyte?6.The doctor checks the lymph nodes in your neck and tells you that you have lymphadenitis. Adeno- means “gland” and -itis means “inflammation.” What does lymphadenitis mean, and what does it indicate about your health? ................
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