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TONETone – the writer’s or speaker’s attitude towards her subject, her audience, or herself; emotion coloring or emotional meaning of a work.When a person is speaking, it’s easy to notice her tone of voice. An author must rely on other techniques to show tone: diction, images, detail, language, syntax, and poetics.DIDLSPDDiction means the figurative language of words, the connotation or word choice and the figures of speech used.IImage means the vivid appeal to the five senses.DDetail means the concrete literal facts.LLanguage means the overall use of language in the entire piece, not just isolated diction as with connotation. These words qualify how a work is written, not tone or attitude. Some examples are: jargon, vulgar, scholarly, insipid, informal, precise, esoteric, connotative, plain, literal, colloquial, artificial, detached, emotional, pedantic, euphemistic, pretentious, sensuous, ordinary, exact, learned, symbolic, simple, figurative, bombastic, obtuse, grotesque, concrete, poetic, moralistic, slang, idiomatic, formal, cultured, picturesque, homespun, provincial, trite, obscure, precise, etc.For example:When I told my dad he blew up. (slang)A close examination and correlation of the most reliable current economic indexes justifies the conclusion that the next year will witness a continuation of the present, upward market trend. (pedantic)SSyntax means sentence structure.PPoetics mean rhyme and rhythm.It is important to describe the tone in as precise of diction as possible. The tone can never be happy; but instead elated, pleased, friendly, loving, affectionate, etc. See the back of this handout for appropriate tone words you can use on the AP test.TONE WORDSAdoringDiscouragedInstructiveQuestioningAfraidDisgustedInventiveReflectiveAggravatedDisheartenedIronicRegretfulAggressiveDisinterestedIrrationalRejuvenatedAgitatedDismalIrritated RemoteAggreableDisturbedJealousResignedAlarmedDominatingJoyfulRevengefulAmazedDomineeringJoyousReverentAmbiguousDramaticLaconicRomanticAmiableDreamyLethargicRudeAngryEcstaticLightheartedSadApatheticEffervescentLonelySarcasticApologeticEffusiveLoudSardonicAppreciativeElatedLovingSeductiveArrogantEmbarrassedLudicrousSensuousArtificialEncouragingMajesticSeriousAudaciousEnthusiasticMaliciousSharpAuthoritativeEnviousManipulativeShockedBaffledEuphoricMeekShrewdBanalEvilMelancholicSincereBenevolentExcitedMiserableSkepticalBewilderedExplosiveMorbidSnootyBitterExuberantMournfulSolemnlyBleakFacetiousMysticalSomberBored FearfulNervousSoothingBoringFriendlyNumbSpitefulCalmFrightenedObnoxiousSternCausticFrivolousObsessiveStrongCautiousFrustratedOppressiveSultryChaoticFuriousOptimisticSuperficialChauvinisticGentleOutragedSuperiorCheerfulGiddyOverbearingSurreptitiousCherryHappyOverwhelmedSurprisedChildishHarshPainedSuspiciousCoarseHatefulParanoidSweetComplacentHaughtyPassionateSympatheticConcernedHollowPassiveThreateningCondescendingHostilePatronizingTimidConfidentHumblePeacefulTiredConfusedHumorousPersuasiveTragicConsolingHurtPerturbedUncertainContentHypnoticPessimisticUninterestedContradictoryHypocriticalPetulantUpsetConvincingImpatientPitifulVexedCriticalImpiousPlayfulVibrantCuriousImpotentPleadingViciousCynicalIncredulousPleasantVituperativeDejectedIndecisivePositiveWearyDepressedIndifferentPresumptuousWittyDesperateInformativeProudWrathfulDisappointedInfuriatedZealousTone & DIDLSAn analysis of tone will depend on our precise and accurate understanding of the author’s attitude towardthe subjectthe audienceNote that in more complex passages the author will have a distinct tone for his subject and another tone for his audience.“When you talk, the tone of your voice conveys as much as your words—possibly more. You can say “I’m sorry” in a tone that says you aren’t sorry at all and are only saying so because you think you must; you can say “I’d love to” in a tone that shows genuine pleasure or in one that shows complete lack of enthusiasm. If your words and tone say different things, which one is believed? If you have ever said something like “It wasn’t what he said that made me mad, it was the way he said it!” You know that a listener often responds to the tone or style instead of the statement…Written words also convey a tone, although not quite in the same way as spoken words. A speaker can depend on voice tones, gestures, and facial expressions to express meanings that the writer must express in words alone. It is certainly easier to recognize attitudes in the voice tones of a speaker but you can learn to notice tone in writing if you are alert to the clues the writer gives. Not catching the tone can mislead the reader more than not knowing the meaning of some of the words. If a writer is joking, for example, and you take him seriously, you may miss his point altogether.”University of Oregon CurriculumLanguage /Rhetoric VI, p. 320In order to investigate tone we will use the acronym D I D L S:Diction: The important and individual words the author usesImages:The word pictures created by groups of wordsDetails:Often confused with images, these are more precisely facts, and are notable not only for what is included but what is purposefully omitted.Language:This term describes the characteristic of the body of words used: terms like slang, scholarly, jargon, denote, language.Sentence Structure: Expressed in its most elemental form, this notes that short sentences are often emotional or assertive and that longer sentences move toward more reasonable or even scholarly intent. ................
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