Loudoun County Public Schools / Overview



Module 5: Topic 1Intersections1. Why do you think more crashes occur at intersections?2. One in every 3 fatal crashes occur at intersections:Drivers fail to search and identify a safe path of travel when approaching an intersection. Drivers don’t identify or understand the risks.Drivers fail to develop good driving habits to effectively manage the risks.What do these intersection-warning signs mean?391160046990005372100469900026555703429000139700034290001397002159000a. 4 way Intersection b. T- Intersection c. Y-Intersection d. Roundabout e. Railroad Crossing4. Approaching an intersection:Search all corners; make sure you are in the proper lane.If restriction to line of sight, change position and reduce speed.Check mirrors.Adjust speed.Look to the front, left and right.Check traffic and count to 3 before moving.Continue if traffic light is green or intersection is clear.Do not block intersections.Stopping at Intersections:May have to stop if there is a yellow or red light, stop sign, yield sign or something in your path of travel.Begin braking.If there is someone following close behind, tap your brake pedal a few times to let them know the front car is stopping.6. Where to stop at intersections:a. Crosswalk1841500151765If there is a crosswalk, the vehicle with a bumper or vehicle with wheels must stop with the front bumper or front wheels behind the nearest crosswalk line. Drivers must yield to pedestrians entering or in a crosswalk. 00If there is a crosswalk, the vehicle with a bumper or vehicle with wheels must stop with the front bumper or front wheels behind the nearest crosswalk line. Drivers must yield to pedestrians entering or in a crosswalk. 114300-6350182562556515White line found at most intersections. Sometimes there is a crosswalk and a stop line. Should there be a stop line and a crosswalk line, the stop line must be obeyed first.00White line found at most intersections. Sometimes there is a crosswalk and a stop line. Should there be a stop line and a crosswalk line, the stop line must be obeyed first.b. Stop Line-1270075565001866900157480On streets that have sidewalks, but no painted crosswalks, remember that the crosswalks are still considered to be there even though there are no pavement markings. Handle these situations the same way as a painted crosswalk. If a driver is leaving a driveway, alley, or building area such as a gas station or parking lot, the driver must stop even if there is not a stop sign before entering the public roadway. 00On streets that have sidewalks, but no painted crosswalks, remember that the crosswalks are still considered to be there even though there are no pavement markings. Handle these situations the same way as a painted crosswalk. If a driver is leaving a driveway, alley, or building area such as a gas station or parking lot, the driver must stop even if there is not a stop sign before entering the public roadway. c. Sidewalk-254002857500Curb Line12700149225001803400147955If there are no identifying pavement markings and the sign or traffic control device says stop, then the stop must be made with the front bumper or front wheel behind an imaginary curb line, which stretches from curb to curb closest to the driver.00If there are no identifying pavement markings and the sign or traffic control device says stop, then the stop must be made with the front bumper or front wheel behind an imaginary curb line, which stretches from curb to curb closest to the driver.7. Controlled Intersections:Intersection flow is regulated by STOP signs, YIELD signs or traffic SIGNALS8. Right of Way Laws:Right-of-Way is not a right or privilege – it must be given!Right-of-Way is determined by a set of rulesDrivers must understand right-of-way rules governing:IntersectionsMergesSpecial conditions9. Uncontrolled Intersections: There are No Signs or Traffic Lights Traffic Light is Malfunctioning:The first vehicle that arrives at the intersection may proceed first if the other yields right of wayIf two vehicles arrive at the same time, the driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right10. How do you use SEEiT at an intersection?SEARCH: When you can see the intersection, begin SEARCHING for the:Type of intersectionIntersection controlsRisks or problems in your intended path of travelAlso monitor the areas to the rearEVALUATE: How will you handle the potential risks:Traffic ControlsNo traffic controlsOpen, closed or changing path of travelCross trafficEXECUTE in TIME:If proceeding straight across a 30-feet wide, 2-lane roadway from a stop, you need a 4-second gap.If turning right and blending into the traffic flow, you need a 6-second gap.If turning left and blending into the flow of traffic, you need an 8- second gap. 11. Select the best lane at least a block ahead:Center lane(s) – safest when traveling straight throughRight lane is used when turning right. Cross traffic, turning right on red will enter this laneLeft lane is used to turn left - yield to oncoming traffic12. How to turn at an intersection:Check mirrors for presence and actions of following traffic.Signal intent to turn at the intersection 3 to 4 seconds in advance or 100 feet before the turn.Position the vehicle for appropriate turn. Steer into proper lane. (push/pull/slide steering).Tap brake pedal to alert following driver.Adjust speed as necessary, stopping if required.Recheck cross and oncoming traffic. Remember that 90 % of drivers do not stop for stop signs in residential area13. Right Turn Risks:Right-of-way rules not followedFailure to signalFailure to search intersectionsFailure to stop on red before turning rightTurning too wide and crossing into adjacent lane14. In this diagram, a right turn should be made from 2 into lane 3.391795285750015. Why do you think a left turn is more dangerous than a right turn?Crossing multiple lanes Vehicle is in the intersection longer16. Making a Left Turn:Determine if you have a safe path of travel through the intersection.Be prepared to stop or yield.17. In this diagram, a left turn should be made from lane 1 into lane 3:1193800641350018. Protected Left Turn:Vehicles turning left have a green arrow.All other traffic has a red light.Red Arrow – Stop - no left turnsSolid Yellow – Clear the intersection; the signal will turn red.Flashing Yellow Arrow – Left turns allowed but must yield to oncoming traffic – oncoming traffic has a green light.Green – Go if the way is clear – oncoming traffic has a red light.54737001187450019. Shared Turn lanes:Shared lanes help keep traffic moving by giving drivers turning left a designated shared lane in the center of the roadway.Use shared lanes to start and complete left turns.You cannot travel more than 150 feet.Crossing traffic entering a shared lane from a drivewayMove all the way into the lane to avoid blocking through traffic lane.Stop in the shared lane and wait to merge safely with traffic.20. Roundabouts:A circular intersection controlled by yield signsEntries and exits into and out of the circle can be at multiple locationsBy yielding at the entry, rather than stopping and waiting for a green light or stopping at a stop sign, significantly reduces delays4394200628650021. Advantages of Roundabouts:Fewer points of conflictThe data shows a 90% reduction in fatal crashes75% reduction in injury crashesReduces delays and keeps traffic movingReduction in pollution and fuel useModule 5: Topic 2Curves1. Curves:Curvy roads present a high risk.There are many line-of-sight and/or path-of-travel restrictions (trees, hills, etc.).2. Blind Curve:Only a portion of the corner is visible; the rest is hidden.5499100142875003. S- Curve:A curve in one direction with a second curve in the opposite direction.4. Crowned Roadways:Most roadways are higher in the middle and slope to the outside for better drainage.5. Banked Curve:The outside of the curve is higher than the inside.6. Why do vehicles “slow down” going uphill and “speed up” coming downhill?Uphill: acceleration is needed to maintain speed.Downhill: vehicles will naturally pick up speed.7. Warning signs for curves:2286017302400Sharp Curve2540005842000Curve to right followed by curve to left2794004191000Winding Road3175003302000Road curves right – vehicle’s weight shifts left38100012954000Maximum SAFE speed is 25 mph8. Parts of the Curve:EntranceAlways reduce speed prior to entering the curve and slow prior to the apexApexAccelerate out of the apexExitGradually accelerate – lane position 19. How do you overcome inertia in a curve?Need traction to overcome inertiaIf a vehicle loses traction in a curve, the vehicle will continue traveling in a straight line and the driver will have no control.10. How do these statistics below apply to you as a driver?NHTSA data suggests that over?90%?of the vehicles in fatal, single-vehicle rollover crashes were involved in?routine driving maneuvers (going straight or negotiating a curve) at the time of the crash. This further suggests that driver behavior (distraction, inattentiveness, speeding, and impaired driving) plays a significant role in rollover crashes.11. How can you prevent a roll over?12. CurvesCurve DirectionDiagramKey PointsCurve to the Left1244605143500Approach the curve in Lane Position 3, as far away as possible from oncoming trafficThis position also provides the best targeting point for your line of sightCurve to the Right2209805461000Assume outside road position on the entry to a right curve (Lane Position 2) Allows for a longer braking distance on entry and a better chance of establishing a sightline to the apex and exit of the curveModule 5: Topic 3Hills and Mountains1. Applying SEEiT space management process to hills and mountains:-7620019050002. Driving Uphill—Speed Control:Extra power may be needed to maintain uphill speed.Slower moving vehicles should travel in the right-hand lane.3. Cresting the Hill:Limited LOS at a hill crest Be prepared for:Stopped vehiclesSlow moving vehiclesOncoming vehicle in your laneBe prepared to adjust speed or position to avoid a hazard.4. List potential hazards that may exist on the other side of the hill crest.5. Descending Hills & Mountains:Gravity will make the vehicle go faster.Heavier vehicles going downhill will pick up more speed . Check the rear zone for vehicles that may be having trouble controlling speed.Turn off cruise control.6. Runaway Ramps:Runaway ramps are designed for large trucks that lose braking control on steep hills.They have deep gravel, sand barrels and other materials to help slow down the runaway vehicle.Pull off the road if you see a runaway truck behind you.Module 5: Topic 4Passing1. Did you know that?At 55 mph, you traveled 968 feet; you need TWICE as much distance to pass a vehicle ahead.If the oncoming car seems to be getting closer, it’s already too close. When curves or hills keep you from seeing far enough ahead: Assume there’s a car just out of sight or just about to appear.Don’t start to pass unless there’s room ahead to return.2. Estimating Passing Gap Needs:Count the seconds it takes for an oncoming vehicle to pass in the opposite lane.Do this until you can accurately estimate the time.If you can see a vehicle approaching it is not safe to pass.3. Passing Procedures:Prepare to passPosition the vehicle 2 to 3 seconds behind the vehicle to be passedCheck mirrors and oncoming trafficCheck ahead for safe passing distanceSignal leftOvertake the ongoing carAccelerate and move into passing laneAccelerate quickly to the legal speedConcentrate on the path aheadCheck mirror for following vehiclesReturn to laneCheck inside rear-view mirror for the front of the vehicle being passedSignal rightChange lanes, steer to center of lane and maintain speedCancel turn signal4. Pass on the Right:a. When another vehicle is waiting to make a left turn and when multiple lanes are available3911600666750093980057785005. Illegal to Pass:711200137795006. What do you know about passing?If the oncoming car seems to be getting closer, should you pass?When curbs or hills keep you from seeing far enough ahead, should you pass?Don’t start to pass unless…7. Passing on Multi-Lane Roads:One of the most dangerous maneuvers a driver can attemptHigher the speed the greater the riskHigh volume of traffic increases the chance of collisionsPassing may occur on the left or right8. When Being Passed:Check passing vehicle’s positionMove away slightly if too closeMaintain speedOnce passed, create space ahead and behindModule 5: Topic 5Characteristics of Urban and Rural RoadwaysURBAN ROADWAYSRURAL ROADWAYSCHARACTERISTICSHigh volume of traffic with many hazardsMultiple intersections with left and right turn lanes, stop signs and traffic signal lightsStores and businesses presentPublic transportationLow volume of traffic and speedsRoad and shoulders may be narrow and of varying surfacesFew signs, signals and pavement markingsSteep hills and curvesOpen bridge gratings, uncontrolled railroad crossings and intersectionsKEY POINTS FOR DRIVINGStay within the posted speed limitLook at least two blocks or two traffic signals aheadUse the SEEiT systemWatch for situations with closed zones and line-of-sight restrictionsBe alert for areas where sudden stops may occurKeep as much space as possible from oncomingvehiclesTake action if driver in oncoming lane crosses center lineRight lane usually for slower trafficAvoid driving next to other vehiclesDrive in correct lane, indicated by arrows on pavementManage speed to increase controlBrake and steer without losing controlAdjust speed when conditions are unsafePosition vehicle to maintain 20 – 30 second visual leadSide roads intersect with a main roadMaintain 3-second following distanceSlow down, move to right side of lane without going on shouldersREDUCING RISKIncrease following distanceSearch ahead, to the sides and rearMove slightly to the right and signal early to prevent tailgatersSlow down as you approach traffic signals and do not block intersectionSelect lane with fewestnumber of hazardsMore dangerous on two-lane roadwayOnly pass one vehicle at a timeIf you can see an oncoming vehicle, do not attempt to passSPECIAL SITUATIONSDriving on one and two-way streetsParked vehiclesBlocked intersectionsUnexpected situations on crowded streetsPedestrians and bicyclistsPublic transportationSlow moving vehiclesUse cautionDo not honk your hornAnimalsDo not swerve into oncoming traffic or off roadway with no shoulderSafest alternative may be hitting animalRailroad crossingsLook left and right before crossing tracksBe alert for multiple tracksModule 5: Topic 6Expressway Driving1. Characteristics of Expressways:High speed Controlled access (entry and exit)Divided by barrierMultiple lanes going in the same directionOnly for motorized vehiclesLimited accessHigher speeds (up to 70 mph)Designed to carry a lot of traffic quickly and efficiently2. Safety Design Features:Select three of the safety design features and explain how they help to protect drivers.3. Expressway Numbering:Even Numbers (I-64, I-66)Odd numbers (I-77, I-81, I-95)Even numbers go east-westEven numbers begin in the south and get larger as they move northOdd numbers go north-southOdd numbers begin in the west and get larger as they move east 3-digit numbers designate an alternate route:1st digit is even (I-664)1st digit is odd (I-164)If the first digit is even, the alternate route goes around the city If it is odd, it leads into the city.What route near us goes AROUND the CITY?4. Expressway Entrance ComponentsParts of RampKey PointsGood HabitsMistakes/ConcernsEntrance RampAs you enter the ramp, immediately begin searching for a gap/open space.Some entrance ramps have ramp meters:Entrance ramp traffic lights are designed to distribute traffic onto the expressway when traffic is heavyPermits one car at a time to enter the expresswayMake sure the entrance ramp is the correct oneSearch for “Do Not Enter” or “Wrong Way” signsCheck front and rear zones Observe traffic conditions on the limited access roadway Signal, check mirrors and blind zonesPrepare to adjust speed for heavy traffic on the rampAvoid stopping or backing up on a rampOh no! You have entered the EXIT ramp and traffic is coming at you!If you see the ramp area marked with “DO NOT ENTER” and/or “WRONG WAY” signs, immediately pull over to the edge of the roadThe possibility of a head on collision is very highWhen the way is clear, turn around and get off the rampAvoid backing or stopping on rampAcceleration LaneAccelerate to speed of trafficMonitor gap, and blend with the speed of traffic on the expresswayMaintain speed and safe following distanceSignalAccelerate to the speed of vehicles on the expresswayContinuously check front and rear zones, mirrors and blind spotDecide when and where to mergeSearch ahead and to the side for a gap on the expresswayPrepare to adjust speed with trafficPrepare to use the shoulder if no gap is availableMerge AreaArea used to move onto the expressway and is usually marked with a broken white lineHelp drivers enter expressway by adjusting speed or changing lanes if it is safe to do soCheck Front, Rear and Left Rear ZonesSelect GapMove into the open space on expresswayHeavy trafficNo gap to move onto expresswayTraffic slowing or stopping ahead5. Steps for entering an expressway: Identify entrance ? mile in advanceCheck trafficSignal the proper laneEnter ramp and adjust speedIdentity gap for merging, signal into the travel laneAdjust to travel speed6. Weave Lane:A “weave” lane serves as both an entrance and an exit laneTraffic entering and exiting must use the same laneConflicts can occurThe driver entering from the entrance ramp should yield to the driver leaving the expressway158750080010007. Types of Entrance/Exit Ramps:50800266700017272003556000500380041910003390900381000 a. Clover leafb. Diamondc. Trumpetd. Frontage8. List 10 signs or markings you would see on an expressway:9. Wolf Pack:Wolf packs” are groups of drivers traveling together at higher speeds.Driving in a “wolf pack” allows you little or no margin of safety.Avoid “wolf packs” If you see a “wolf pack” approaching from the rear, move over and let them by.10. It is important to mange space on a highway. How can you manage your time and space on a highway to reduce your risks?11. Exiting an Expressway:Parts of Exit RampKey PointsPotential Exiting ProblemsDecelerationLaneDeceleration lanes allow drivers to reduce their speed without blocking traffic on the expresswayLook for the advisory speed sign for the deceleration laneWait until reaching the deceleration lane before reducing speedShort deceleration laneSharp curve on ramp Traffic stopped on the exit rampVery slow ramp speed - there may be a STOP sign or a traffic light at the end of the exit ramp. The driver must adjust from a fast speed to a STOP in a short distance.Weave lane conflictsExit RampThe exit ramp allows traffic to enter adjoining roadwaysBrake to warning sign speed Check behindSearch for traffic control signs or signals ................
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