2018 2018 2018 2018 - FAO
2018
2018
THE STATE OF
FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE
MIGRATION, AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations.
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FAO. 2018. The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development. Rome.
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ISBN 978-92-5-130568-3
? FAO 2018
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COVER PHOTOGRAPH ?FAO/Simon Maina
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA: A forest-dependent mother walks through the brush with her child. In the United Republic of Tanzania,
around 30 percent of rural¨Curban female migrants eventually return to rural areas.
ISSN 0081-4539
2018
THE STATE OF
FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE
MIGRATION, AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome, 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
METHODOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CORE MESSAGES OF SOFA 2018
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
v
viii
ix
xi
xii
xiii
CHAPTER 1
RURAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT:
LAYING THE GROUNDWORK
1
Key messages
1
Migration: a reflection of evolving societies
2
Migration in changing contexts
4
Migration concepts and drivers: from totally
voluntary to totally forced migration
5
What is the role of rural areas in the
development-migration nexus?
8
CHAPTER 3
WHAT DRIVES RURAL MIGRATION:
DETERMINANTS, CONSTRAINTS AND
MIGRANT CHARACTERISTICS
49
Key messages
49
Conceptual framework for migration drivers
50
Macrofactors create incentives for rural migration
54
Intermediate conditioning factors can influence
the magnitude of rural migration
58
Who are the migrants and how are they
different from non-migrants?
61
Protracted crises cause large human
displacements and alter migration systems
68
Conclusions and policy implications
72
CHAPTER 4
IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL AREAS
75
Key messages
75
76
80
Structural transformation, rural¨Curban linkages
and demographics in rural areas
13
Migration impact channels
Different migration challenges ¨C country profiles
based on drivers of rural migration
13
Impacts of rural migration on communities of origin
are significant, but mixed
Rural migration has indirect impacts on rural communities
and the broader economy
87
A territorial development approach can maximize
the benefits of rural migration for economic
transformation
17
Objectives of the report
19
Forced migration due to protracted crises disrupts
rural livelihoods, but also offers potential benefits
to host communities
Immigrants play a crucial role in maintaining
agriculture and rural livelihoods in developed countries
CHAPTER 2
TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF RURAL MIGRATION 21
Key messages
21
Numbers of international migrants have increased
significantly, but much less as a share of total population 22
International and internal rural migration are
closely linked
29
Internal migration is a greater phenomenon than
international migration
32
Many migrants are refugees or internally
displaced people
42
Conclusions
45
| ii |
92
98
Conclusions and policy implications
100
CHAPTER 5
MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION: AN INTEGRATED
POLICY APPROACH
103
Key messages
103
Policy objectives and challenges related to
rural migration: the broad perspective
105
Setting priorities for policy areas relevant to
rural migration
107
Enhancing the development potential of migration
114
Conclusions
117
STATISTICAL ANNEX
118
REFERENCES
159
TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
TABLES
1 Seasonal migrants as share of
international and internal rural
migrants for selected countries
8 Destinations of rural out-migrants
by gender for selected countries
30
29
2 Numbers of refugees by hosting
region ¨C 1990, 1995, 2000,
2005, 2010 and 2015
44
3 Percentage change in
employment status for rural¨Curban
migrants and rural non-migrants
based on previous status ¨C
South Africa, 2008¨C2014
55
4 Five dimensions of the 2016
OECD fragility framework
69
2 A schematic representation
of migration flows considered in
this report
3 A typology of country
profiles based on drivers of rural
migration as a function of
development, governance, and
rural demographics
10 Share of internal migrants
planning to migrate internationally
in the following 12 months, by rural
and urban area and by country
income group, 2013
31
11 Shares of five-year internal
migrants to rural and to urban areas
by country income group, 2013
34
12 Share of population that migrated
or remained based on childhood
residence and current location ¨C
aggregate for 31 countries
36
FIGURES
1 Migration decisions are mostly
made under combinations of
coercive factors and free will
9 Share of people planning to
migrate internationally in the following
12 months by country income group
and by internal migrants/
non-migrants, 2013
31
8
12
15
4 Placement of selected countries
within the country profile typology
based on drivers of rural migration,
2015
16
5 International migrants by origin
and destination ¨C 1990, 1995,
2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015
24
6 Destination of out-migrants from
different sub-regions, 2015
26
13 Share of population that migrated
or remained based on childhood
residence and current location ¨C
selected countries
37
14 Share of national population
that remained, moved once, and
moved more than once based on
childhood residence ¨C aggregate
measure based on 31 countries
(late 1990s ¨C early 2000s)
39
15 Share of moves that are between
rural and urban areas, intra-urban
and intra-rural
40
16 Share of rural¨Curban migrants
who return to rural areas, by gender 41
7 Share of international migrants
originating from rural areas vs share
of rural population in national
population ¨C selected countries
28
17 Trends in global displacement
due to conflict, 2000¨C2016
43
18 Distribution of refugee population
by type of locality, globally, and by
selected regions, 2016
44
| iii |
19 Relationship between migration
drivers and pools of actual and
potential migrants
52
20 Migrants¡¯ information sources
prior to migration, by migration
type and country
60
21 Proportion of internal and
international migrant age groups
for selected countries (national
and rural levels)
63
22 Education levels of rural migrant
groups compared to those who
remain in rural areas, Indonesia
and Kenya
64
23 Reasons for out-migration from
rural areas in selected countries,
by gender
66
24 Impact channels of migration
77
25 Share of households in rural
and urban areas that receive
international remittances
79
26 Household activities previously
undertaken by male and female
migrants
82
27 Household use of cash
remittances
83
28 Share of rural households
receiving international remittances,
by participation in agriculture
90
29 Hours of farm work and share
of rural households in agriculture in
China, by survey round
91
30 Agricultural value added as
a percentage of GDP, by fragility
level, 2002¨C2015
93
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