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2018

2018

THE STATE OF

FOOD AND

AGRICULTURE

MIGRATION, AGRICULTURE

AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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COVER PHOTOGRAPH ?FAO/Simon Maina

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA: A forest-dependent mother walks through the brush with her child. In the United Republic of Tanzania,

around 30 percent of rural¨Curban female migrants eventually return to rural areas.

ISSN 0081-4539

2018

THE STATE OF

FOOD AND

AGRICULTURE

MIGRATION, AGRICULTURE

AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Rome, 2018

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

METHODOLOGY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CORE MESSAGES OF SOFA 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

v

viii

ix

xi

xii

xiii

CHAPTER 1

RURAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT:

LAYING THE GROUNDWORK

1

Key messages

1

Migration: a reflection of evolving societies

2

Migration in changing contexts

4

Migration concepts and drivers: from totally

voluntary to totally forced migration

5

What is the role of rural areas in the

development-migration nexus?

8

CHAPTER 3

WHAT DRIVES RURAL MIGRATION:

DETERMINANTS, CONSTRAINTS AND

MIGRANT CHARACTERISTICS

49

Key messages

49

Conceptual framework for migration drivers

50

Macrofactors create incentives for rural migration

54

Intermediate conditioning factors can influence

the magnitude of rural migration

58

Who are the migrants and how are they

different from non-migrants?

61

Protracted crises cause large human

displacements and alter migration systems

68

Conclusions and policy implications

72

CHAPTER 4

IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON AGRICULTURE

AND RURAL AREAS

75

Key messages

75

76

80

Structural transformation, rural¨Curban linkages

and demographics in rural areas

13

Migration impact channels

Different migration challenges ¨C country profiles

based on drivers of rural migration

13

Impacts of rural migration on communities of origin

are significant, but mixed

Rural migration has indirect impacts on rural communities

and the broader economy

87

A territorial development approach can maximize

the benefits of rural migration for economic

transformation

17

Objectives of the report

19

Forced migration due to protracted crises disrupts

rural livelihoods, but also offers potential benefits

to host communities

Immigrants play a crucial role in maintaining

agriculture and rural livelihoods in developed countries

CHAPTER 2

TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF RURAL MIGRATION 21

Key messages

21

Numbers of international migrants have increased

significantly, but much less as a share of total population 22

International and internal rural migration are

closely linked

29

Internal migration is a greater phenomenon than

international migration

32

Many migrants are refugees or internally

displaced people

42

Conclusions

45

| ii |

92

98

Conclusions and policy implications

100

CHAPTER 5

MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC

TRANSFORMATION: AN INTEGRATED

POLICY APPROACH

103

Key messages

103

Policy objectives and challenges related to

rural migration: the broad perspective

105

Setting priorities for policy areas relevant to

rural migration

107

Enhancing the development potential of migration

114

Conclusions

117

STATISTICAL ANNEX

118

REFERENCES

159

TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES

TABLES

1 Seasonal migrants as share of

international and internal rural

migrants for selected countries

8 Destinations of rural out-migrants

by gender for selected countries

30

29

2 Numbers of refugees by hosting

region ¨C 1990, 1995, 2000,

2005, 2010 and 2015

44

3 Percentage change in

employment status for rural¨Curban

migrants and rural non-migrants

based on previous status ¨C

South Africa, 2008¨C2014

55

4 Five dimensions of the 2016

OECD fragility framework

69

2 A schematic representation

of migration flows considered in

this report

3 A typology of country

profiles based on drivers of rural

migration as a function of

development, governance, and

rural demographics

10 Share of internal migrants

planning to migrate internationally

in the following 12 months, by rural

and urban area and by country

income group, 2013

31

11 Shares of five-year internal

migrants to rural and to urban areas

by country income group, 2013

34

12 Share of population that migrated

or remained based on childhood

residence and current location ¨C

aggregate for 31 countries

36

FIGURES

1 Migration decisions are mostly

made under combinations of

coercive factors and free will

9 Share of people planning to

migrate internationally in the following

12 months by country income group

and by internal migrants/

non-migrants, 2013

31

8

12

15

4 Placement of selected countries

within the country profile typology

based on drivers of rural migration,

2015

16

5 International migrants by origin

and destination ¨C 1990, 1995,

2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015

24

6 Destination of out-migrants from

different sub-regions, 2015

26

13 Share of population that migrated

or remained based on childhood

residence and current location ¨C

selected countries

37

14 Share of national population

that remained, moved once, and

moved more than once based on

childhood residence ¨C aggregate

measure based on 31 countries

(late 1990s ¨C early 2000s)

39

15 Share of moves that are between

rural and urban areas, intra-urban

and intra-rural

40

16 Share of rural¨Curban migrants

who return to rural areas, by gender 41

7 Share of international migrants

originating from rural areas vs share

of rural population in national

population ¨C selected countries

28

17 Trends in global displacement

due to conflict, 2000¨C2016

43

18 Distribution of refugee population

by type of locality, globally, and by

selected regions, 2016

44

| iii |

19 Relationship between migration

drivers and pools of actual and

potential migrants

52

20 Migrants¡¯ information sources

prior to migration, by migration

type and country

60

21 Proportion of internal and

international migrant age groups

for selected countries (national

and rural levels)

63

22 Education levels of rural migrant

groups compared to those who

remain in rural areas, Indonesia

and Kenya

64

23 Reasons for out-migration from

rural areas in selected countries,

by gender

66

24 Impact channels of migration

77

25 Share of households in rural

and urban areas that receive

international remittances

79

26 Household activities previously

undertaken by male and female

migrants

82

27 Household use of cash

remittances

83

28 Share of rural households

receiving international remittances,

by participation in agriculture

90

29 Hours of farm work and share

of rural households in agriculture in

China, by survey round

91

30 Agricultural value added as

a percentage of GDP, by fragility

level, 2002¨C2015

93

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