ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2009/...



United NationsECE/TRANS/WP.29/2019/118Economic and Social CouncilDistr.: General3 September 2019Original: EnglishEconomic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations 179th sessionGeneva, 12-14 November 2019Item 4.14.2 of the provisional agenda1958 Agreement:Proposal for amendments to the Consolidated Resolutionon the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3) submitted by the Working Parties to the World Forum for considerationProposal for an amendment to Annex 4 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3)Submitted by the Working Party on Pollution and Energy*The text reproduced below was adopted by the Working Party on Pollution and Energy (GRPE) at its seventy-ninth session (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/79, para. 72). It is based on ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2019/13. It is submitted to the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) and to the Administrative Committee AC.1 for consideration at their November 2019 sessions.Amendment to Annex 4 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3)ProposalAnnex 4, amend to read:"Annex 4Recommendation on market fuel quality1.Purpose of the recommendationThis recommendation has been developed to inform governments about the appropriate market fuel quality that is protective of vehicle emission control technologies. The regulated vehicle emissions limits and associated market fuel qualities should be consistent with local air quality expectations.2.Scope of the recommendationThis recommendation applies to fuel quality parameters that directly affect the performance and durability of engine as well as exhaust emission control equipment and that influence the content of exhaust emissions. 3.ExclusionsThis recommendation imposes no obligation on Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement to accept in their territory fuels complying with the parameters outlined in this recommendation that may have been introduced by other Contracting Parties or other countries. Compliance with applicable fuel quality legislation and standards is required in respect of fuels offered for sale in Contracting Parties.4.AbbreviationsAQIRPAir Quality Improvement Research ProgrammeCENEuropean Committee for StandardizationCCRConradson Carbon Residue (indication of fuel tendency to form carbon deposits)CFPPCold Filter Plugging Point (measure for lowest temperature at which a fuel will give trouble-free flow)FAMEFatty Acid Methyl EstersFBPFinal Boiling PointDPFDiesel Particulate FilterHCHydrocarbonsJCAPJapan Clean Air ProgrammeOBDOn-Board DiagnosticsMONMotor Octane NumberPAHPolycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsPMParticulate MatterRONResearch Octane NumberRVPReid Vapour PressureTELTetra Ethyl LeadVLIVapour Lock IndexIn this annex and its appendices, for simplifying the format of the tables, the UN Regulations and their series of amendments are noted in a short form as follow: the YY series of amendments to UN Regulation No. XX is noted "RXX.YY".5.IntroductionIt is acknowledged that market fuel quality plays a key role in the level and type of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles. Regulations and specifications for market fuel quality are not yet well harmonized (even within a given region) and they are not always fully aligned with the needs of engine technology to help meet pollutant emission regulations in force. As many world regions and cities suffer from poor air quality and move towards more stringent motor vehicle emission regulations, this requires the use of more advanced emission control technology on engines, which drives the crucial need for improved market fuel quality.This recommendation defines a list of key fuel parameters linked to legally required emissions levels and suggests the minimum fuel quality requirements corresponding to vehicle technologies necessary to achieve and maintain such emission levels. It has to be recognised that other parameters can influence tailpipe pollutant emissions and thus adherence to this list may not be sufficient to enable durable compliance to the relevant emissions standards for all vehicle concepts.The list of parameters has been herewith linked to emission limits set in the various series of UN Regulations Nos. 83 and 49 up to R83.07 (row B) and R49.06 (row B1). For the moment, this amendment will make no change in relation to NRMM. An extension to cover future more stringent emission limits may be needed in due time to keep this recommendation updated to technical progress.International fuel standards (e.g. CEN) have been developed from the emission technology-fuel specifications that have been driven by European legislation. These CEN standards, developed on a technical basis between the various stakeholders in CEN, provide for European market fuels that are, essentially, fit for purpose.The parallel application of appropriate market fuel standards must be an important part of an integrated approach by Contracting Parties to enable improved and long-lasting emission reductions during the lifetime of all motor vehicles.6.Appendices contentAppendix 1 shows the historical development of on-road and non-road emission standards and fuel quality (based on CEN standards).Appendix 2 details the fuel parameters aligned with the progression of the UN emission standards that require the use of more advanced exhaust after-treatment control technology that are affected by market fuel quality.Appendix 3 shows the correlation between the series of UN Regulations Nos.?83, 49 and 96 and the parallel Euro standards.Appendix 4 indicates a guideline document on good practice for fuel housekeeping.7.Market fuel qualityThe clearly demonstrated link between emission standards and market fuel quality – which the European Union, Japan and the United States of America have all followed - should be followed in those world areas that are now introducing for the first time or adopting more stringent emission standards, for on-road motor vehicles and Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM).7.1.Gasoline – on road vehiclesUnleaded GasolineR83.03R83.05 (row A)R83.05 (row B)R83.06R83.07Test methodE5E10Lead [g/l] No intentional addition, with a max ≤ 0.013 No intentional addition, with a max ≤ 0.005 No intentional addition, with a max ≤ 0.005No intentional addition, with a max ≤ 0.005No intentional addition, with a max ≤ 0.005EN 237Sulphur [mg/kg]≤ 500≤ 150≤ 50≤ 10≤ 10EN ISO 20846EN ISO 20884Metal Additives [mg/l]----------------- Not permitted -----------------Oxygen [%m/m]≤ 2.7≤ 2.7≤ 2.7≤ 2.7≤ 2.7≤ 3.7EN 1601EN 13132Oxygenates [%v/v]- methanol≤ 3.01≤ 3.0 1≤ 3.0 1≤ 3.0 1≤ 3.0 1EN 1601EN 13132- ethanol≤ 5.0≤ 5.0≤ 5.0≤ 5.0≤ 5.0≤ 10.0- iso-propyl alcohol≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0- iso-butyl alcohol≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0- tert-butyl alcohol≤ 7.0≤ 7.0≤ 7.0≤ 7.0≤ 7.0- ethers≤ 15.0≤ 15.0≤ 15.0≤ 15.0≤ 15.0≤ 22.0- other oxygenates≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0≤ 10.0RVP [kPa]35 - 10045 – 10045 – 10045 – 10045 – 100EN 13016/l DVPEDensity [kg/m3]725 – 780720 – 775720 – 775720 – 775720 – 775EN ISO 3675EN ISO 12185RON≥ 95≥ 95≥ 95≥ 95≥ 95EN ISO 5164MON≥ 85≥ 85≥ 85≥ 85≥ 85EN ISO 5163Benzene [%v/v]≤ 5≤ 1≤ 1≤ 1≤ 1EN 238EN 14517Aromatics [%v/v]-≤ 42≤ 35≤ 35≤ 35EN 14517EN15553Olefins [%v/v]-≤ 18≤ 18≤ 18≤ 18EN 14517EN15553VLI (10VP + E70)-1 050 – 1 2501 050 – 1 2501 050 – 1 2501 050 – 1 2501 064 – 1 264Residue [%v/v]< 2< 2< 2< 2< 2< 2EN ISO 34051Industry recommends no methanol content in gasoline (non-detectable).7.2.Volatility Classes for Unleaded Gasoline7.2.1.Volatility Classes for Unleaded Gasoline (R83.03, R83.05, R83.06, R83.07 – E5 gasoline blend)Class (*)ABC/C1D/D1E/E1F/F1Vapour pressure (kPa)45 - 6045 - 7050 - 8060 – 9065 - 9570 - 100E70 (%) 120 - 4820 - 4822 - 5022 – 5022 – 5022 – 50E100 (%) 146 - 7146 - 7146 - 7146 – 7146 - 7146 - 71E150 (% min) 1757575757575Final boiling point (°C max) 1210210210210210210T10 (°C) 1656055504545T50 (°C) 177 - 10077 - 10075 - 10070 - 10065 - 10065 - 100T90 (°C) 1130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175Distillation residue (% V/V, max)222222Vapour Lock Index (VLI)(10 VP + 7 E70) (index max)--C-D-E-F-Vapour Lock Index (VLI)(10 VP + 7 E70) (index max)C11 050D11 150E11 200F11 250*"Class" is based on the minimum expected ambient temperature of the market and will vary by season. Implementing country to choose volatility class or classes appropriate to their yearly ambient temperature conditions.1E-values or T-values as alternatives.Figure A4-1: Relation between vapour pressure (VP), E70 and VLI for the ten different volatility classes for unleaded petrol with a maximum oxygen content of 2.7% (m/m).7.2.2.Volatility Classes for Unleaded Gasoline (R83.07 - E10 gasoline blend)Class (*)ABC/C1D/D1E/E1F/F1Vapour pressure (kPa)45 - 6045 - 7050 - 8060 – 9065 - 9570 - 100E70 (%) 122 - 5022 - 5024 - 5224 - 5224 - 5224 - 52E100 (%) 146 - 7246 - 7246 - 7246 - 7246 - 7246 - 72E150 (% min) 1757575757575Final boiling point (°C max) 1210210210210210210T10 (°C) 1656055504545T50 (°C) 165 - 10065 - 10065 - 10065 - 10065 - 10065 - 100T90 (°C) 1130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175130 - 175Distillation residue (% V/V max)222222Vapour Lock Index (VLI)(10 VP + 7 E70) (index max)--C-D-E-F-Vapour Lock Index (VLI)(10 VP + 7 E70) (index max)C11 064D11 164E11 214F11 264*"Class" is based on the minimum expected ambient temperature of the market and will vary by season. Implementing country to choose volatility class or classes appropriate to their yearly ambient temperature conditions.1E-values or T-values as alternatives.Figure A4-2:Relation between vapour pressure (VP), E70 and VLI for the ten different volatility classes for unleaded petrol with a maximum oxygen content of 3.7% (m/m).7.3.Diesel – on-road vehiclesR83 - 03series and R49.02 (Stage II)R83.05 (row A) and R49.03 (row A)R83.05 (row B) and R49.03 (row B)R83.06R49.03 B2, 04 B2, 05 B2R83.07R49.06Test method≤ 500≤ 350≤ 50≤ 10≤ 10EN ISO 20846EN ISO 20884Ash [%m/m]≤ 0.01≤ 0.01≤ 0.01≤ 0.01≤ 0.01EN/ISO 6245Total Contamination [mg/kg]≤ 24≤ 24≤ 24≤ 24≤ 24EN 12662Cetane Number 1≥ 49≥ 51≥ 51≥ 51≥ 51EN ISO 5165Cetane Index 1≥ 46≥ 46≥ 46≥ 46≥ 46EN ISO 4264Density [kg/m3] 1820 - 860820 - 845820 - 845820 - 845820 - 845EN ISO 3675EN ISO 12185Viscosity [mm2/s] 12.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.5EN ISO 3104Flash Point [°C]> 55> 55> 55> 55> 55EN ISO 2719T50 [°C]-T65 = 250 minT65 = 250 minT65 = 250 minT65 = 250 minEN ISO 3405T85 [°C]≤ 350≤ 350 ≤ 350 ≤ 350 ≤ 350 EN ISO 3405T95 [°C]≤ 370≤ 360≤ 360≤ 360≤ 360EN ISO 3405PAH [%m/m]≤ 11≤ 11≤ 11≤ 11≤ 11EN 12916Carbon residue [%m/m]≤ 0.3≤ 0.3≤ 0.3≤ 0.3≤ 0.3EN ISO 10370CFPP [°C] 1 -44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5EN 116Cloud Point [°C] (severe winter conditions) 1-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10EN 23015Copper strip corrosion (3h at 50°C) [rating]Class 1EN ISO 2160Water [mg/kg]≤ 200≤ 200≤ 200≤ 200≤ 200EN ISO 12937Lubricity [micron]≤ 460≤ 460≤ 460≤ 460≤ 460EN ISO 12156-1Oxidation stability [hours] 2> 20> 20> 20> 20> 20EN15751FAME [%v/v]33333EN14214ASTM D6751AppearanceClear and bright, no free water or particulatesD4176 visual inspectionEthanol/Methanol [%v/v]Non-detectable 41Implementing country to choose value appropriate within range for arctic or severe winter conditions. More detailed arctic or severe winter specifications for these parameters to be considered.2Applicable for diesel containing more than 2 per cent v/v FAME.3Up to 5 per cent v/v FAME permitted if FAME complies with ASTM D6751. Up to 7 per cent v/v FAME permitted if FAME complies with EN14214. Industry recommends that vehicle owners refer to their vehicle handbook.4At or below detection limit of method used.7.4.Diesel – NRMMR96Power bands A to CR96.01Power bands D to GR96.02Power bands H to KTest methodSulphur [mg/kg]≤ 2 000≤ 2 000≤ 300 1ASTM D5453Ash [%m/m]≤ 0.01≤ 0.01≤ 0.01EN/ISO 6245Total Contamination [mg/kg]≤ 24≤ 24≤ 24EN 12662Cetane Number 2≥ 45≥ 45≥ 52EN ISO 5165Density [kg/m3] 2835 - 845835 - 845833 - 837EN ISO 3675ASTM D4052Viscosity [mm2/s] 22.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.5EN ISO 3104Flash Point [°C]> 55> 55> 55EN ISO 2719T50 [°C]--> 250EN ISO 3405T95 [°C]≤ 370≤ 370345-350EN ISO 3405Final boiling point [°C]--≤ 370EN ISO 3405PAH [%m/m]≤ 11≤ 11≤ 11EN 12916Carbon residue [%m/m]≤ 0.3≤ 0.3≤ 0.3EN ISO 10370CFPP [°C]2 -44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5EN 116Cloud Point [°C] (severe winter conditions)2-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10EN 23015Copper strip corrosion (3h at 50°C) [rating]Class 1EN ISO 2160Water [mg/kg]≤ 500≤ 500≤ 500EN ISO 12937Lubricity [micron]≤ 460≤ 460≤ 460EN ISO 12156-1Oxidation stability [hours] 3> 20> 20> 20EN15751FAME [%v/v]444EN14214ASTM D6751AppearanceClear and bright, no free water or particulatesD4176 visual inspectionEthanol/Methanol [%v/v]Non-detectable 51Already agreed in annex to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3) for on-road engines only. Industry recommends maximum 50 ppm sulphur.2Implementing country to choose value appropriate within range for arctic or severe winter conditions. More detailed arctic or severe winter specifications for these parameters to be considered.3Applicable for diesel containing more than 2 per cent v/v FAME.4Up to 5 per cent v/v FAME permitted if FAME complies with ASTM D6751. Up to 7 per cent v/v FAME permitted if FAME complies with EN14214. Industry recommends that vehicle owners refer to their vehicle handbook.5At or below detection limit of method used.Annex 4 - Appendix 1Evolution of the UNECE emission limitsEmission standards have been linked with a revision of the respective European market fuel standards (EN228 and EN590):On-road standardsUN Emission LevelsGasolineDieselDate of applicationCO(g/km)HC(g/km)NOx(g/km)PM(g/km)PN(?/km)Fuel standardCO(g/km)HC+NOx(g/km)NOx(g/km)PM(g/km)PN(?/km)Fuel standardR83.032.20.5 (HC+NOx)--EN228:19931.00.7-0.08-EN590:19931996R83.05 (level A)2.30.20.15--EN228:19990.640.560.50.05-EN590:20002000R83.05 (level B)1.00.10.08--EN228:20040.50.300.250.025-EN590:20042005R83.061.00.10.060.0045-EN228:20080.50.230.180.0045-EN590:20082009R83.071.00.10.060.00456 ×1011EN228:20120.50.170.080.00456 ×1012 /6 ×1011EN590:20142014UN Emission Levels DieselDate of applicationCO(g/kWh)NMHC(g/kWh)THC(g/kWh)NOx(g/kWh)PM(g/kWh)PN((?/kWh)Fuel standardR49.02 (level B) 1 4.0 -1.17.00.15-EN590:19931995R49.03 (level A) 25.450.781.65.00.03-EN590:20002000R49.03 (level B1) 24.00.551.13.50.03-EN590:20042005R49.03 - 05 (level B2) 25.450.78-5.00.03-EN590:20082008R49.06 34.0-0.160.460.01 6 ×1011 EN590:20142012Limits shown for the 13-mode test.2Limits shown for the ETC test only.3Limits shown for the WHTC only.Non-road standardsUN Emission LevelsPowerbandNet power (P)(kW)CO(g/kWh)HC(g/kWh)NOx(g/kWh)PM(g/kWh)Date of applicationR96AP ≥ 13051.39.20.541995B75 ≤ P < 13051.39.20.7C37 ≤ P < 756.51.39.20.85R96.01E130 ≤P ≤5603.51.06.00.22001F75 ≤ P < 1305.01.06.00.3G37 ≤ P < 755.01.37.00.4D18 ≤ P < 375.51.58.00.8UN Emission LevelsPowerbandNet power (P)(kW)CO(g/kWh)HC + NOx(g/kWh)PM(g/kWh)Date of applicationR96.02H130 ≤ P ≤ 5603.54.00.22008I75 ≤ P < 1305.04.00.3J37 ≤ P < 755.04.70.4K19 ≤ P < 375.57.50.6Annex 4 - Appendix 2Evolution of stringency of market fuel quality standardsOn-road vehiclesGasolineR83.03R83.05 (row A)R83.05 (row B)R83.06R83.07E5E10RON959595959595MON858585858585Lead [g/l]0.0130.0050.0050.0050.0050.005Sulphur [mg/kg]50015050 / 10 1101010Benzene [%v/v]511111Aromatics [%v/v]-4235353535Olefins [%v/v]-21 18181818Oxygen [%m/m]-2.72.72.72.73.7RVP [kPa]35 - 10045 - 10045 - 10045 - 10045 - 10045 - 100VLI-1 050 - 1 2501 050 - 1 2501 050 - 1 2501 050 - 1 2501064 - 1264Density [kg/m3]725 - 780720 - 775720 - 775720 - 775720 - 775720 - 775FBP [°C]215210210210210210E70 (%)15 - 4720 - 5020 - 5020 - 5020 - 5022 - 52E100 (%)40 - 7046 - 7146 - 7146 - 7146 - 7146 - 72E150 (%)----> 75> 75E180 (%)85-----Residue [%v/v]2222221For the EU, maximum 10 ppm sulphur content is mandatory since 1 January 2009.On-road vehiclesDiesel R83.03R49.02R83.05 (level A)R49.03 (level A)R83.05 (level B)R49.05 (level B1)R49.03 (level B1)R49.04 (level B1)R83.06R49.03 (level B2)R49. 04 (level B2),R49. 05( level B2)R83.07R49.06Cetane Number4951515151Cetane Index4646464646Sulphur [mg/kg]50035050 / 10 11010Density [kg/m3]820 - 860820 - 845820 - 845820 - 845820 - 845Viscosity [mm2/s]2.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.52.0 - 4.5T50 [°C]ReportT65 = 250 minT65 = 250 minT65 = 250 minT65 = 250 minT85 [°C]350 max350 max350 max350 max350 maxT95 [°C]360 max360 max360 max360 max360 maxPAH [%m/m]1111111111Flash Point [°C]5555555555CCR [%m/m]0.30.30.30.30.3CFPP [°C]-44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5-44 to +5Cloud Point [°C]-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10-34 to -10Water [mg/kg]200200200200200Ash [%m/m]0.010.010.010.010.01Lubricity [micron]-4604604604601 For the EU, maximum 10 ppm sulphur content is mandatory since 1 January 2009.Annex 4 - Appendix 3Correlation between UN Regulations and Euro standards*On-road vehiclesCorrelation between the series of amendments of Regulations Nos. 83 and 49 and Euro emission standardsUN Regulation No. 49Euro standardUN Regulation No. 83Euro standardR49.02 level BEuro IIR83.03R83.04Euro 2R49.03 level AEuro IIIR83.05 level AEuro 3R49.03 level B1R49.04 level B1R49.05 level B1Euro IVR83.05 level BEuro 4R49.03 level B2R49.04 level B2R49.05 level B2Euro VR83.06Euro 5R49.06Euro VIR83.07Euro 6Non-road vehiclesCorrelation between the series of amendments to Regulation No. 96 and Euro emission standardsUN Regulation No. 96NRMM Directive 97/68/ECR96Stage IR96.01Stage IIR96.02Stage IIIAAnnex 4 - Appendix 4HousekeepingSome problems encountered by vehicles linked to fuel quality can be caused by adulteration of the fuel in the fuel distribution system, after the fuel has left the refinery gate. Failure to invest in adequate pipeline as well as storage facilities and failure to maintain the equipment can lead to volatility losses, fuel leakage, and contamination by particulates and water. These, in turn, can lead to many of the vehicle problems mentioned previously. Poor maintenance practices at the service station, such as too infrequent replacement of fuel dispenser filters or "dipping" of tanks to check for water, can magnify these problems, including corrosion problems within vehicles. CEN has issued a useful guideline document on good practice for fuel housekeeping: CEN?TR/15367." ................
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