URBAN GEOGRAPHY



MCAQ URBAN

1. The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered is the

a. central business district

b. central city

c. urbanized area

d. metropolitan statistical area

e. zone in transition

2. Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD include those which have

a. a low threshold

b. a low range

c. services for office workers

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

3. The CBD attracts offices primarily because of its

a. high accessibility

b. high land costs

c. more intensive land use

d. construction of skyscrapers

e. lack of residential areas

4. Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of

a. competitions for limited space

b. high threshold and range

c. less intensive land use

d. construction of skyscrapers

e. lack of parking

5. As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by

a. less intensive land use

b. construction of skyscrapers

c. competition for limited space

d. high threshold and range

e. low threshold and range

6. What activity tends to locate on the street-level floor of a skyscraper in a typical North American city?

a. government

b. industrial

c. office

d. retail

e. residential

7. European CBDs are similar to those in North America because typically they both contain

a. retail and office activities

b. extensive residential areas

c. skyscrapers

d. structure inherited from medieval times

e. large parks

8. A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is

a. government

b. industrial

c. office

d. retail

e. entertainment

9. Public transportation is better suited for commuting to the CBD primarily because

a. it is less expensive

b. each traveler takes up less space

c. commuters desire to use it

d. the population of the CBD has declined

10. Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of

a. blockbusting

b. commuting

c. threshold

d. skyscrapers

e. apartments

11. According to Christaller’s model of central place theory, larger settlements are ____ numerous and _____________ than small settlements.

a. less – farther apart

b. more – farther apart

c. less – nearer to one another

d. more – nearer to one another

12. Central place theory ranks settlements in the following series, from smallest to largest:

a. hamlet, town, village, city

b. village, town, hamlet, city

c. town, hamlet, city, village

d. city, town, village, hamlet

e. hamlet, village, town, city

13. According to central place theory, every settlement is a “central place” surrounded by a

a. market area

b. threshold

c. hierarchy of cities

d. zone of limitation

e. uniform region

14. Larger settlements are characterized by

a. more services than smaller settlements

b. services with larger ranges than smaller settlements

c. services with higher thresholds than those in smaller settlements

d. the opposite of all of the above

e. all of the above, as written

15. The spread of a characteristic from settlement to settlements of the same rank within Christaller’s central place theory illustrates which type of diffusion?

a. contagious

b. hierarchical

c. stimulus

d. relocation

e. cultural

16. The maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service is

a. hinterland

b. range

c. threshold

d. median

e. activity space

17. The minimum number of people needed to support a service in a city is

a. hinterland

b. range

c. threshold

d. median

e. activity space

18. In a country which follows the rank-size rule – if the largest city had 1,000,000 inhabitants, the fifth largest city will have how many inhabitants?

a. 50,000

b. 100,000

c. 200,000

d. 500,000

e. 5,000,000

19. If a country’s largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants and the second largest city has only 200,000 inhabitants, the country is said to have what kind of an urban distribution?

a. central place theory

b. economic base

c. rank-size distribution

d. subregional center

e. primate city

20. A “market area” (central city surrounded by hinterland) is a good example of what kind of region?

a. cultural

b. formal (uniform)

c. functional (nodal)

d. vernacular (perceptual)

e. suburban

21. The hierarchical organization of settlements by size is known as

a. primate city form

b. satellite city model

c. gravity model

d. economic base of settlements

e. rank-size rule

22. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between urbanization and the industrial revolution?

a. Urbanization promoted the industrial revolution.

b. The industrial revolution promoted urbanization.

c. Urbanization preceded the industrial revolution by hundreds of years.

d. The industrial revolution preceded urbanization by hundreds of years.

e. Urbanization and the industrial revolution are wholly unrelated.

23. Which of the following statements regarding urbanization and the developed and less-developed world’s is TRUE?

a. MDCs are approximately 75% urban while LDCs are 75% rural.

b. A greater percentage of the world’s largest cities are in MDCs.

c. Latin America is the least highly urbanized region in the less-developed world.

d. Eastern Europe is the most highly urbanized region in the developed world.

e. all are true

24. The process of legally adding land to a city is known as

a. annexation

b. Council of Government

c. metropolitan statistical area

d. blockbusting

e. urbanization

25. The city plus its contiguous built-up suburban rings is known as the

a. central city

b. urbanized area

c. metropolitan statistical area

d. consolidated metropolitan statistical area

26. In the United States, which of the following definitions of a city covers the largest land area?

a. central business district

b. central city

c. urbanized area

d. metropolitan statistical area

e. zone in transition

27. According to sociologist Louis Wirth, urban areas are more likely than rural are to have

a. larger size populations

b. higher arithmetic densities

c. increased job specialization

d. none of the above

e. all of the above

28. Higher social heterogeneity in an urban settlement means that

a. the people with whom you relax are probably the same ones you see at work

b. you play a specialized role in the urban economy

c. you must compete for limited space

d. you won’t feel lonely and isolated in a crowd

e. you feel more comfortable pursuing an unorthodox lifestyle

29. Megalopolis refers to

a. adjacent, overlapping MSAs

b. central cities

c. consolidated metropolitan statistical areas

d. central cities plus urbanized areas

e. cities with over 1,000,000 inhabitants

30. North America’s greatest megalopolis extends from

a. San Francisco to San Diego

b. Boston to Washington DC

c. Gary, Indiana to Milwaukee

d. Pittsburgh to Detroit

e. Miama to Fort Lauterdale

31. The process of change in the use of a house – from single family owner occupancy to eventual abandonment – is

a. blockbusting

b. filtering

c. gentrification

d. redlining

e. squatting

32. A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements is

a. blockbusting

b. filtering

c. gentrification

d. redlining

e. squatting

33. A process by which real estate agents convince white owners to sell their homes is

a. lockbusting

b. filtering

c. gentrification

d. redlining

e. squatting

34. Public housing is

a. conversion of low-income housing to middle-income housing

b. illegally established low-income housing

c. housing that has changed from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

d. low-income government housing

e. gentrified buildings

35. A process which results in the conversion of a low-income neighborhood to middle- or upper-class housing is

a. blockbusting

b. filtering

c. gentrification

d. redlining

e. squatting

36. The zone in transition in US cities typically contains all but which of the following?

a. warehouses

b. gentrified buildings

c. public housing

d. none of the above

e. all of the above

37. In US cities the so-called underclass is

a. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods

b. dispersed throughout the city

c. clustered in suburban rings

d. distributed uniformly across MSAs

e. located mainly in rural areas

38. Compared to whites, African-Americans and other minority groups are more likely to be

a. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods

b. dispersed throughout the city

c. clustered in the suburbs

d. distributed uniformly across the MSA

e. located mainly in rural fringe areas

39. A recent change in the density gradient of North American cities has been

a. the elimination of the gap traditionally found in the center

b. an increase in the extremes between inner and outer areas

c. a increase in the number of the people living in the center

d. a decrease in the total number of people in the suburban areas

e. a reduction in the density differences across all zones of the city

40. Compare to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the US is

a. greater

b. less

c. about the same

d. non-existent

e. difficult to measure

41. Sprawl is

a. change in density within an urban area from the center to the periphery

b. development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built up area

c. land maintained as open space surrounding an urban area

d. period in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic

42. British cities are surrounded by undeveloped space known as

a. greenbelts

b. public housing

c. sprawl

d. squatter settlements

e. brownfields

43. A process which has resulted in a form of legal segregation in American cities is

a. blockbusting

b. zoning

c. greenbelt construction

d. “smart growth”

e. redlining

44. People are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by

a. the best accessibility to the central city

b. lower opportunity for home ownership

c. private land surrounding the house

d. more social heterogeneity

e. the availability of gentrified neighborhoods

45. The largest percentage of the US population lives in

a. CBDs

b. the zone in transition

c. nonmetropolitan areas

d. rural areas

e. suburban areas

46. The US government has encouraged the use of cars in part by

a. building interstate highways

b. charging high gasoline prices

c. constructing new subways

d. protecting prime agricultural land through legislation

e. eliminating tax breaks for home owners and giving them to renters

47. The major exception to the decline of the use of public transport in American cities is

a. the automobile

b. buses

c. rapid transit

d. streetcars and trolleys

e. none of the above

48. Public transportation is more extensive in Western European cities than in the US primarily because

a. Europeans can’t afford cars

b. European governments heavily subsidize this from of transport

c. the overall density in urban areas is lower

d. the central cities contain few high rises

e. US cities have numerous pedestrian areas in the central city

49. In recent years, urban residents are growing increasingly more likely to shop and work in

a. corner shops

b. downtown areas

c. gentrified neighborhoods

d. suburban “edge cities”

e. all of the above

50. Factories have moved to suburban locations in part because of all of the following EXCEPT

a. access to main highways

b. adequate space to build vertical structures

c. availability of large tracts of relatively cheap land

d. good rail connections

e. proximity to labor

51. According to the concentric zone model of urban structure, a city develops in a series of

a. corridors

b. nodes

c. rings

d. “spines”

e. all of the above

52. According to the sector model, the best housing is located in

a. a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city

b. an outer ring around the city

c. a node near a university or park

d. a renovated inner-city neighborhood

e. a suburb

53. According to the multiple-nuclei model, the zone around an airport is likely to attract nearby

a. industry

b. residential areas

c. shops

d. universities

e. rural uses

54. Higher income people tend to live near the center of the city in all but which of the following regions?

a. Latin America

b. North America

c. South Asia

d. Western Europe

e. none of the above

55. When the models of urban structure which were developed in the US are applied to cities in South America, one conclusion is that

a. both lack high income neighborhoods

b. the multiple-nuclei model is difficult to classify

c. the poorest people live in completely different areas

d. the CBDs develop for different purposes

e. transportation has an opposite purpose

56. Ramshackle houses on the periphery of cities in less developed countries are known as

a. squatter settlements

b. council estates

c. public housing

d. zones of transition

e. spines of development

57. Compared to the US, poor families in European cities are more likely to be

a. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods

b. dispersed throughout the city

c. clustered in suburbs

d. distributed uniformly across the urban area

e. living in rural areas

58. The wide boulevards built in cities in LDCs were most likely built during what era?

a. pre-colonial

b. colonial

c. independence

d. medieval

e. all of the above equally

59. The three most famous models of urban structure – concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei – were all developed to describe what city?

a. New York

b. London

c. Los Angeles

d. Munich

e. Chicago

60. The terms “scattered site” and “projects” are both associated with

a. the construction of public housing

b. the addition of green spaces to existing cities

c. urban renovation

d. de-segregation of suburbs

e. the multiple-nuclei model of urban structure.

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