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Article 1

Parenthetical citation (“Mountain Climbing: Hazerdous”)

y 11, 2008

Climbing the world's tallest mountains is risky business. The brave people who attempt these treks try to avoid avalanches, falling rocks, crevasses, frostbite, and dehydration. Should high altitude climbers worry about the risk of brain damage? Research conducted by scientists in Zaragoza, Spain, suggests that brain damage IS an added risk to some climbers.

The scientists examined brain scans of 35 climbers (12 professional climbers and 23 amateur climbers; 33 men and 2 women) who climbed either Mt. Everest (8,848 m; 20,030 ft), Mt. Aconcagua (6959 m; 22,832 ft), Mt. Blanc (4,810 m; 15,782 ft) or Mt. Kilimanjaro (5,895 m; 19,341 ft). Each climb was made without extra oxygen.

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Within 7 to 15 days after a climb, the researchers examined the brains of the climbers using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The brain scans of the climbers were compared to brain scans of 20 healthy people of similar ages (the control group).

[pic]Of the 13 climbers (12 professional, 1 amateur) who started up Mt. Everest, only three made it to the summit, three made it to 8,100 m, and seven made it to 6,500-7,500 m. Only 1 climber had a normal brain scan! The brain scans of the other climbers showed signs of damage to the cerebral cortex (8 climbers) and an enlargement of the Virchow-Robin (VR) space (11 climbers). (VR spaces surround blood vessels that enter the brain and are rarely enlarged in young people.)

[pic]All eight Mt. Aconcagua climbers showed brain damage and/or enlarged VR spaces even though only five made it to the 6,000-6,400 m level and one reached only 5,500 m. Abnormalities in the brain scans were seen three years later even though the climbers did not attempt another high altitude expedition. Climbers who trekked up Mt. Blanc and Mt. Kilimanjaro had fewer abnormal brain scans. All seven climbers made it to the top of Mt. Blanc and three had abnormal brain scans. Only one Kilimanjaro climber (three made it to the summit) had an abnormal brain scan. None of the brain scans from control subjects showed signs of brain damage and only two brain scans from these people showed enlarged VR spaces.

At high altitudes, the lack of oxygen can damage nerve cells. Also, blood vessels may leak and cause brain swelling. The risk of stroke is also higher. Mountain climbing may provide a great sense of accomplishment, but it may also come at the cost of damage to the brain. Further experiments will need to be conducted to determine if the climbers' cognitive abilities have been affected.

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Reference:

• Fayed, N., Modrego, P.J., and Morales H., Evidence of brain damage after high-altitude climbing by means of magnetic resonance imaging, American Journal of Medicine, 119:168.e1-6, 2006.

Article 2

Parenthetical citation (Ghosh)

Climbing Mount Everest? Nepal mulling age, experience and disability restrictions

• By Agamoni Ghosh

September 29, 2015 10:03 BST

•    

[pic]Climbers at the Everest Base Camp in NepalReuters

Conquering Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, may soon require more than just money and a fair amount of climbing experience. The Nepal government is mulling regulations to protect too young, too old, disabled or inexperienced climbers from taking on the 8,848m high expedition.

Nepal's tourism minister Kripasur Sherpa told the Guardian, "We cannot let everyone go on Everest and die. If they are not physically and mentally fit it will be like a legal suicide."

The government is worried about the safety of the climbers as well as preservation of the ecosystem at the Mount Everest, Sherpa said and added that for the first time the Nepalese government would station an official team at the base camp.

If the regulations come into effect, permits to conquer the peak will only be given to those who between 18 and 75 years of age. That too, only if the climbers can prove they have scaled mountains higher than 6,500m. Additionally, disabled people will be forbidden from making the expedition, unless they can do so without any help. The new rules are expected to be implemented around the spring season, when hundreds of mountaineers from across the world descend upon Nepal to reach the summit.

Previously, only the most experienced mountaineers attempted to make the climb, but in recent years many inexperienced climbers using basic equipment such as ice axes and crampons undertake the expedition depending on local tour guides.

However, Kiwi mountaineer Mark Inglis, who conquered the peak but lost both his legs in the process said that he personally believed that it "should be the competence of a climber that matters - not the age or physical ability. Yet, there are psychological factors to overcome on such a dangerous mountain, he claimed, where setting an age limit would not help.

Environmental hazards

A permit to climb Mount Everest cost thousands of dollars and are a key source of revenue for Nepal. But as the number of climbers are increasing, the environment surrounding the world's most iconic mountain has deteriorated over the years. Tents, sleeping bags, oxygen cylinders and even corpses of climbers still remain strewn around.

[pic]Garbage collected at the Everest base camp with the Himalayan range in the background in NepalReuters

In May 2015, an experienced group of climbers from the Indian army undertook the task of collecting garbage and managed to clear out 4000kg of waste from high-altitude camps. In March 2014 the Nepalese government issued new rules that would require individual climbers going beyond the base camp to bring along at least 8kgs of personal garbage and hand it over to officials stationed there.

Junko Tabei, the first woman to conquer Everest in 1975, also expressed concerns last week about the number of mountaineers on the peak and said, "Allowing a large number of climbers in a season poses high risks to the mountain's environment and the climbers as well."

The summit has seen a variety of climbers successfully scaling the peak including California's 13-year-old Joran Romero, who is the youngest to do so, and Japanese mountaineer Yuichiro Miura, who at 80 years of age, climbed the peak. An American blind athlete, Erik Weihenmayer also scaled the mountain, becoming the only blind person in the world to do so. Such conquerors may never be seen, once the new rules come into effect.

Article 3

Parenthetical citation (Jenkins)

By Mark Jenkins

Photograph by Subin Thakuri, Utmost Adventure Trekking

An hour above high camp on the Southeast Ridge of Everest, Panuru Sherpa and I passed the first body. The dead climber was on his side, as if napping in the snow, his head half covered by the hood of his parka, goose down blowing from holes torn in his insulated pants. Ten minutes later we stepped around another body, her torso shrouded in a Canadian flag, an abandoned oxygen bottle holding down the flapping fabric.

Trudging nose to butt up the ropes that had been fixed to the steep slope, Panuru and I were wedged between strangers above us and below us. The day before, at Camp III, our team had been part of a small group. But when we woke up this morning, we were stunned to see an endless line of climbers passing near our tents.

Now, bumper to bumper at 27,000 feet, we were forced to move at exactly the same speed as everyone else, regardless of strength or ability. In the swirling darkness before midnight, I gazed up at the string of lights, climbers’ headlamps, rising into the black sky. Above me were more than a hundred slow-moving climbers. In one rocky section at least 20 people were attached to a single ratty rope anchored by a single badly bent picket pounded into the ice. If the picket popped, the rope or carabiner would instantly snap from the weight of two dozen falling climbers, and they would all cartwheel down the face to their death.

Panuru, the lead Sherpa of our team, and I unclipped from the lines, swerved out into open ice, and began soloing—for experienced mountaineers, a safer option. Twenty minutes later, another corpse. Still attached to the line of ropes, he was sitting in the snow, frozen solid as stone, his face black, his eyes wide open.

TAMING THE MOUNTAIN

The success rate of climbers has more than tripled since 1990, largely due to more guides and better gear.

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MARTIN GAMACHE AND MATT TWOMBLY, NGM STAFF

SOURCES: GERMAN AEROSPACE AGENCY; RICHARD SALISBURY, HIMALAYAN DATABASE

Several hours later, before the Hillary Step, a 40-foot wall of rock and the last obstacle before the summit, we passed yet another corpse. His stubbly face was gray, his mouth open as if moaning from the pain of death.

Later I would learn the names of these four climbers: Chinese Ha Wenyi, who was 55; Nepali-Canadian Shriya Shah-Klorfine, 33; South Korean Song Won-bin, 44; and German Eberhard Schaaf, 61. As I cramponed past their icy corpses on my own descent from the summit, I thought of the shattering sorrow their families and friends would experience when they heard the news. I too had lost friends to the mountains. Exactly why these individuals died still wasn’t clear. However, many recent deaths on Everest have been attributed to a dangerous lack of experience. Without enough training at high altitude, some climbers are unable to judge their own stamina and don’t know when to turn around and call it quits. “Only half the people here have the experience to climb this mountain,” Panuru told me. “The half without experience are the most likely to die.” Too often, it’s not the mountain’s harshness that kills climbers but their own hubris.

Six ways to repair Everest

Fewer permits To limit the total number of climbers and Sherpas on the mountain

Smaller teams To reduce dangerous traffic jams on the standard Southeast Ridge route

Certify outfitters To make sure that they meet acceptable standards of safety and mountain knowledge

Require experience To ensure that climbers and Sherpas are prepared for high-altitude challenges

Leave no trace To remove human waste and garbage from the mountain, with penalties for noncompliance

Remove bodies To show respect not only for the dead but also for the living, who encounter corpses on main routes

How different it was 50 years ago when, on May 1, 1963, James Whittaker, accompanied only by Sherpa Nawang Gombu, became the first American to reach the summit of the world. “Big Jim” did it by climbing the Southeast Ridge, the same route pioneered in 1953 by the peerless New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay. Whittaker had climbed Mount McKinley a few years before, and it was Gombu’s third trip to Everest. Three weeks after Whittaker and Gombu’s ascent, in an unprecedented act of boldness, teammates Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld clawed their way up a completely new route, the West Ridge. (The two men had been teammates on the 1960 American Pakistan Karakoram Expedition.) On that same day Barry Bishop and Lute Jerstad made the second American ascent of the Southeast Ridge. The two teams managed to meet below the summit, but by then it was dark, and they were forced to bivouac at 28,000 feet—a risky, last-ditch option never before attempted. Without tents, sleeping bags, stoves, Sherpas, oxygen, water, or food, they weren’t expected to survive.

FEWER ROUTES

With the rise of guided climbing, most ascents are made on only two routes: one in Nepal, the other in China.

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MARTIN GAMACHE AND MATT TWOMBLY, NGM STAFF

SOURCES: GERMAN AEROSPACE AGENCY; RICHARD SALISBURY, HIMALAYAN DATABASE

“God, they were lucky,” says Whittaker. “If there had been any wind, they would have all perished. It would have been horrible.” All four men lived—although Unsoeld and Bishop lost 19 toes between them. And despite the death two months earlier of Wyoming climber John “Jake” Breitenbach in an accident in the Khumbu Icefall, the 1963 American expedition became a tale of heroic success, the moon shot of mountaineering.

Our team was on Everest to mark the anniversary of that expedition. Yet as we witnessed, the mountain has become an icon for everything that is wrong with climbing. Unlike in 1963, when only six people reached the top, in the spring of 2012 more than 500 mobbed the summit. When I arrived at the apex on May 25, it was so crowded I couldn’t find a place to stand. Meanwhile, down below at the Hillary Step the lines were so long that some people going up waited more than two hours, shivering, growing weak—this even though the weather was excellent. If these throngs of climbers had been caught in a storm, as others were in 1996, the death toll could have been staggering.

NO RISE IN MORTALITY

Despite the recent boom in the number of climbers, the death rate has not increased.

[pic]

MARTIN GAMACHE AND MATT TWOMBLY, NGM STAFF

SOURCES: GERMAN AEROSPACE AGENCY; RICHARD SALISBURY, HIMALAYAN DATABASE

Everest has always been a trophy, but now that almost 4,000 people have reached its summit, some more than once, the feat means less than it did a half century ago. Today roughly 90 percent of the climbers on Everest are guided clients, many without basic climbing skills. Having paid $30,000 to $120,000 to be on the mountain, too many callowly expect to reach the summit. A significant number do, but under appalling conditions. The two standard routes, the Northeast Ridge and the Southeast Ridge, are not only dangerously crowded but also disgustingly polluted, with garbage leaking out of the glaciers and pyramids of human excrement befouling the high camps. And then there are the deaths. Besides the four climbers who perished on the Southeast Ridge, six others lost their lives in 2012, including three Sherpas.

Clearly the world’s highest peak is broken. But if you talk to the people who know it best, they’ll tell you it’s not beyond repair.

Russell Brice, 60, runs Himalayan Experience, the largest and most sophisticated guiding operation on Everest. Himex, as it’s known, has led 17 expeditions to Everest, on both the Nepal side and the China side. Brice, a Kiwi transplanted to Chamonix, France, is famous for running a tight ship. Every climber and Sherpa on a Himex team is issued a radio and is required to check in every day. Each is also required to wear an avalanche transceiver, a helmet, a harness, and crampons and to attach themselves to safety lines. (During the spring 2012 season a Sherpa from another team failed to clip the safety lines and fell to his death in a crevasse.) To avoid getting into trouble, clients must keep pace or turn around.

Despite the relatively large size of Brice’s teams—as many as 30 clients matched with 30 Sherpas—they leave a small footprint on the mountain, removing all of their excrement and rubbish, a practice not followed by most teams. Cleanup efforts by the Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee, a sort of Everest city council, have improved conditions at Base Camp (human waste goes into barrels that are later removed), but they haven’t had much impact higher on the mountain. Camp II, at 21,240 feet, is particularly disgusting. Camp IV is little better, the tattered skeletons of abandoned tents snapping in the wind.

“We can manage the numbers if all the operators talk to each other,” Brice insists. “It’s all about good communication.”

If only it were that simple. There are other factors at work. One, ironically, is improved weather forecasting. Lack of information once led expeditions to attempt the summit whenever their team members were ready. Today, with hyper-accurate satellite forecasts, all teams know exactly when a weather window will open up, and they often go for the top on the same days.

Another factor: Low-budget outfitters don’t always have the staff, knowledge, or proper equipment to keep their clients safe if something goes wrong. The cheaper operators often employ fewer Sherpas, and those they do hire sometimes lack experience. “All of the clients who died on Everest this past year went with low-budget, less experienced operators,” says Willie Benegas, 44, an Argentine-American high-altitude guide and co-owner, with his brother Damian, of Benegas Brothers Expeditions, which has led 11 trips to Everest. Besides holding Nepalese outfitters to the same standards as international ones, the brothers say, Nepal’s Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, which regulates climbing on Everest, should promote better education for Sherpas so they can perform their duties as well as international guides.

To prevent crowding on the mountain, some have proposed limiting not only the total number of permits per season but also the size of each team—to no more than ten clients per team. Others are skeptical.

“That will not happen,” says New Zealander Guy Cotter, 50, owner of Adventure Consultants, which has led 19 expeditions to Everest. “Everest is big business for Nepal, and they will never turn down the money.” In Nepal, a country of nearly 30 million, one in four citizens lives in poverty. The country itself is in limbo. A ten-year civil war between Maoists and government loyalists ended in 2006. The monarchy was later dissolved and a coalition government created, but the past seven years have been deeply troubled, with belligerent political parties operating under an interim constitution. The political system is “so corrupt and so feckless,” Kunda Dixit, editor of the Nepali Times, has said, “that not having a government is actually beneficial, because there is no one to make all those mistakes.”

Expeditions on the mountain spent almost $12 million in Nepal in the spring of 2012, according to Ang Tshering Sherpa, owner of Asian Trekking. The ministry took in more than $3 million in permit fees from climbers on 30 foreign expeditions. “You have to remember, Nepal is almost a failed state,” Cotter says. “More government intervention would only encourage more corruption.” Dave Hahn, a high-altitude guide whose 14 Everest summits are an American record, agrees. Expecting the Nepalese government to institute solutions isn’t realistic, he says. “Everest operators must come together to self-regulate the situation.”

“The ministry is an expansive, dysfunctional bureaucracy,” says Conrad Anker, 50, who led the National Geographic-supported expedition in 2012. “Of the $3 million generated in permit fees each year, only a small amount makes it back to the mountain.” (The ministry was repeatedly contacted for this article but declined to comment.)

The so-called liaison officer system is a perfect example of this dysfunction, Anker says. Every Everest team is assigned a government liaison officer, or LO, who is paid by the team and is supposed to make sure regulations are followed. But none of the LOs actually go up the mountain. “Most don’t even stay in Base Camp,” Anker says. “They go back down where it’s warm.” LOs should be replaced, he argues, by climbing rangers with the knowledge, ability, and desire to patrol the mountain and enforce regulations. Everest also needs a permanent search-and-rescue team: “Eight Sherpas and four Western guides, all paid through the ministry,” he says. “This would make the mountain safer.”

A decade ago Anker, with his wife, Jenni, founded the Khumbu Climbing Center (KCC) in the village of Phortse to improve the mountaineering skills of Sherpas and thereby increase the safety margin for everyone on Everest. Many of the center’s 700-plus graduates are now working for outfitters on the mountain. The Sherpas, after all, are the ones who perform most of the rescues. Danuru Sherpa, a KCC graduate who has summited Everest 14 times, told me he has dragged at least five people off the mountain to save their lives.

“One of the obvious problems is that clients don’t respect the knowledge and experience of Sherpas,” Anker says. The Sherpas are, in a way, partly to blame. Most of them are Tibetan Buddhists whose culture and religious principles discourage confrontation. “Clients sometimes disregard their advice and die,” Anker says. “Last year was a case in point. We’re trying to help the Sherpas become more assertive.”

Modern technology, which is already ubiquitous on Everest—everyone at Base Camp has access to a cell phone or the Internet—could also make the mountain safer. In a meeting with the ministry last summer Anker proposed something new: identification cards issued with every climbing permit.

“The Everest ID would contain data that could save the life of a climber or Sherpa,” Anker explains. It would have the climber’s photo, of course, but more important, a QR code—a type of bar code. “Scanned with a smartphone by an Everest climbing ranger, the QR code would reveal all pertinent information—age, experience, health history, allergies, insurance, family, emergency phone numbers, everything.”

Anker said the Kathmandu bureaucrats sat there looking at him with blank faces. “I even got out my phone and showed them how it would work,” he says. “It’s 2012. This isn’t difficult. It’s just like a ski pass.”

Despite all the problems on the mountain, Everest still stands alone. There will always be people who want to climb the world’s tallest peak, because there’s more to being on Everest than getting hemmed in by crowds or confronted by heaps of trash. The mountain is so high and so indifferent it calls upon every climber, at one time or another, to rise to his or her better self.

There is also beauty on Everest. I’ll never forget the breathtaking view from our perch at Camp III, clouds roiling up the Western Cwm like a slow-motion reverse avalanche. Or the visceral relief of a cup of scalding soup at Camp IV. Or the crunch of my crampons in the crystalline labyrinth of the Khumbu Icefall just above Base Camp. I’ll treasure the memory of climbing with friends on the mountain. I committed my life to them, and they committed their lives to me.

Such moments are the reasons climbers keep coming back to Everest. It’s not simply about reaching the summit but about showing respect for the mountain and enjoying the journey. Now it’s up to us to restore a sense of sanity to the top of the world.

Article 4

Parenthetical citation (“Teen Climber Stirs Controversy”)

VOA- Voice of America

Teen Climber Stirs Controversy with Everest Summit

May 27, 2010 8:00 PM

A 13-year-old American made history on 22 May by becoming the youngest person to summit Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain. Jordan Romero tackled the dangerous peak in his quest to conquer the Seven Summits, the highest peaks on all seven continents. But his climb has attracted as much criticism as it has praise, with some observers saying he was too young to take on the challenge.

American Jordan Romero says he got the idea to scale the world's highest mountains when he was just nine years old. The boy with long, curly hair was inspired by a painting on the wall of his California elementary school.

"It was a mural in my school hallway, which was labeled the highest point on every continent, and it just fascinated me so much for some reason. So, I did some research, then my father picked me up from school one day, and I said, 'Dad, I want to climb the seven summits.'"

Romero's father immediately started training him and, a year later, he climbed his first major peak - Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. Romero says his father and step-mother, who are both competitive outdoor athletes, have been key supporters of his goal to inspire young people to get fit and aim high.

Safety First

But some critics say Romero's parents may be doing more pushing than supporting. 

"There's nothing wrong with it until somebody gets killed doing it," says mountaineer Todd Burleson, founder of the guide service Alpine Ascent International. "And I got to tell you, the risks are there. Things can go bad on a big mountain, especially when people start being cavalier and taking it as though it's just another simple mountain."

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Mount Everest

Burleson said he believes Romero is too young to assess the risks associated with tackling Mt. Everest.

Romero and his family hired three Sherpas to guide them instead of hiring an expensive expedition crew like Alpine Ascents International. They also evaded the age limits Nepal imposes on Everest climbers by accessing the mountain from the Chinese side. 

Burleson says even if a climber makes it safely up the nearly nine-thousand-meter peak, he or she still faces the risk of stroke or a build-up of water in the lungs and brain. The effects of severe altitude on a child's brain development are still unknown.

"You know, at sea level, our blood saturation with oxygen is 100 percent. At those altitudes, it can be as low as 65 percent, so you're walking around for two months with 65 to 70 percent of what you would usually have for oxygen going to the brain," said Burleson.

Romero has been resting in Katmandu, Nepal since the climb. 

"I'm a little bit sore like on my calves and stuff like that. I got a big sunburn the day before yesterday," said Romero. "But that's pretty much it, not much."

Cashing In

Next on Romero's agenda are publicity stops in Hong Kong, London and New York. He says he has lots of meetings planned for potential business deals.

"I think Jordan's very marketable," says Drew Simmons, owner of Pale Morning Media, a public relations agency that advises outdoor recreation businesses. Romero, he says, is an attractive, popular teenager with a huge potential to cash in on his adventures.

"He's young. He's fresh. As far as the outdoor industry's concerned, he's really hit the nail on the head with this active youth message that his ostensible goal is to convince other kids to get off the couch and set their own goals," said Simmons.

Child and teen development expert Dr. Robyn Silverman warns that while Romero's message is positive, its impact on other kids carries some risks.  

"What tends to happen when people break records is that more people challenge themselves to break records," Silverman said. "So in other words, Jordan's achievement can inadvertently give permission to other kids his age to climb Mt. Everest or any other peak that he is going to claim."

Silverman adds that not everyone has the natural ability or parental support that made Romero successful. And the Internet, she says, can prompt young people to take on very dangerous challenges.

"The culture is now world culture. It's not just what's going on in your society, in your local community. But now, everybody who puts anything up on YouTube or in any of the other Internet portals," points out Silverman. "So when we see those, especially when teenagers are seeing those, the idea is then, how can I top that."

The Age Limit

Romero's father, Paul, a paramedic, has dismissed the critics, saying there was nothing irresponsible about the Everest expedition. But Jordan Romero doesn't recommend anyone younger than him attempt the climb. 

"I just don't know if anybody under my age should do it. It just took so much preparation. It was a difficult mountain. I just don't know if I would encourage them," Romero said.

Romero's accomplishment leaves him just one climb away from achieving his dream of becoming the youngest person to scale the tallest mountains on each of the seven continents.  In December, he's planning an expedition to Antarctica to climb the Vinson Massive (4,892 m).

Romero's previous climbs were:

• 22 July, 2006      Mt. Kilimanjaro (Africa)  5,895 m

• 16 April, 2007     Mt. Kosciuszko (Australia)  2,228 m

• 11 July, 2007      Mt. Elbrus (Europe)  5,642 m

• 30 Dec., 2007    Mt. Aconcagua (South America) 6,960 m

• 18 June, 2008    Mt. Denali (North American)  6,194 m

• 1 Sept., 2009     Carstensz Pyramid (Oceana) 5040 m

• 22 May, 2010     Mt. Everest (Asia)  8848 m

Note: Because there are disputes about the extent of the Australian continent, Romero scaled both Mt. Kosciuszko on the Australian mainland and the Carstensz Pyramid in Indonesia.

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Everest climbers







Assignment and planner

Writing: Argument about climbing Mount Everest - Students will research and collect evidence to support their claim.

Prompt: Should there be a minimum age requirement for climbers who climb Mount Everest? Support your argument with fact-based evidence from multiple sources.  

This essay will be five paragraphs and should include parenthetical citations.  Most evidence should be paraphrased.  Student may include no more than 3 direct quotes in essay.  

Paragraph 1 - Introduction.

• Make claim (including 3 reasons)

• include background information. 

Paragraph 2

• State first reason.  

• provide evidence followed by parenthetical citation

• explain how evidence supports claim

• provide another piece of evidence followed by parenthetical citation

• explain how evidence supports claim

Paragraph 3

• State second reason.  

• provide evidence followed by parenthetical citation

• explain how evidence supports claim

• provide another piece of evidence followed by parenthetical citation

• explain how evidence supports claim

Paragraph 4

• State third reason.  

• provide evidence followed by parenthetical citation

• explain how evidence supports claim

• provide another piece of evidence followed by parenthetical citation

• explain how evidence supports claim

Paragraph 5 - conclusion

• Sum up argument by restating claim

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