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← World War II
← Section 2
← World Economy in the 1920s
← Europe depressed
← United States experiencing an economic boom
← World Leaders
← 1922 Benito Mussolini & Fascist party take power in Italy
← Vladimir Lenin & Bolsheviks establish communist government in Russia
› USSR established
› Joseph Stalin gains control when Lenin dies
← World Leaders
← 1931 Militarists in take control of Japan
› Target Manchuria, China (attack in 1937)
← 1932 President Hoover faces the bonus Army in Washington, D.C.
← 1933 Hitler seizes power in Germany
← 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) inaugurated
← World Leaders
← 1936 Hitler reoccupies Rhineland
› In the name of lebensraum (living space)
› Needed resources to bring Germany out of depression
← Spanish Civil War begins (1936)
› Rebellion led by Francisco Franco
› Backed by Falangists (Spanish Fascists)
← U.S. Isolationism
← Congress passed first Neutrality Act 1935
› Response to findings of the Nye Committee
› Made it illegal to sell arms to a country at war
← FDR favored internationalism
› Trade helps create prosperity and prevents war
← Congress passed second Neutrality Act 1937
› Continued ban & required cash for all sales
← FDR authorized sale of weapons to China
› On the basis that neither Japan nor China had declared war
› Appeasing a Dictator
← March 1938
› Hitler announces Anschluss of Germany & Austria
← September 1938
› Munich Conference
← Britain & France try to appease Hitler by allowing him to take control of Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
← October 1938
› Hitler demands Poland
← Britain & France declare their allegiance to defending Poland
← Obviously the appeasement policy was innefective
← Fall of Eastern Europe
← May 1939
› Germany prepares to invade Poland
← This will give Hitler access to the Baltic Sea
← August 1939
› Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
← Germany + USSR – agreed to divide Poland
← September 1, 1939
› Germany invades Poland from west
← Soon after Soviets invade from the east
← Poland defeated
← September 3, 1939
› Britain & France declare war on Germany
← September 27, 1939
› Germany uses Blitzkrieg (lightning war) tactic and Warsaw soon falls to Germany control
← October 5, 1939
› Polish army officially defeated (defeated in about 6 weeks)
← World War II in 1940
← April 1940
› Germany attacks Norway & Denmark (defeated in about a month)
← Secure northern flank for supplies and resources
› Britain & France remain on the defense in a Sitzkrieg (sitting war) behind the Maginot Line
← The Maginot Line
← Built after WWI in order to defend France’s border from Germany
← Germany Seizes France
← May 1940
› Germany heads (around the Maginot Line) and defeats the Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg
› France defends the Maginot Line
› German tanks go through Ardennes Mountains, break through French forces using blitzkrieg.
← Trap British & English forces in Belgium
← Miracle at Dunkirk
← Hitler orders invasion to stop (?)
← In the span of 3 days, 338,000 British & English troops evacuated to safety by civilians and other military personnel from the French port of Dunkirk
← June 22, 1940
› France surrenders to Hitler
› Vichy Government established in France
› Hitler believed that Britain would negotiate peace once France surrendered
› Hitler did not realize the defiance of the British nor the leadership of Winston Churchill
← Sir Winston Churchill
← Britain’s Prime Minister during WWII
← Refused to consider defeat, surrender, or compromise defeat
← Speeches and radio broadcasts greatly inspired British citizens
← Winston Churchill Museum at Westminster College in Fulton, MO
← Destroyed in WWII during the Blitz
› Began with 76 consecutive nights of bombings on London on Sept 1940 ended in May 1941
← British Defiance
← June 4, 1940
› Winston Churchill rallies British & alerts the US
← June 1940
› Luftwaffe (German air force) begins attacks on British shipping in the English Channel
› Germany needed to gain control of air in order to land an invasion
← August 1940
› Battle of Britain
← Luftwaffe battles British Royal Air Force
← Lasted into the Fall 1940
← British Defiance
← August 23, 1940
› Germany accidentally bombs London (enrages British)
› British retaliates and bombs Berlin (enraged Hitler) who then orders the focus of air bombs to London
← Radar
› Development of radar helped the British defeat German air force
› Saved Britain from invasion
› “Never was so much owed by so many to so few”
← Winston Churchill
← October 12, 1940
› Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain
← World War II
← Section 3
← The Holocaust
← The Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews and millions of other “undesirables” during the war
← The Holocaust was aimed at the Jews, Slavic people, the disabled, Gypsies, and homosexuals
← Nuremberg Laws
← Nuremberg Laws, 1935
› No citizenship for Jews
› Banned marriages between Jews and Germans
› Rights were taken away
› Jobs were taken away
← Why didn’t the Jews just leave Germany?
← Nearly 350,000 Jews escaped Germany by 1939, but millions were trapped in Germany because other countries did not approve visas for them to leave
← What was Kristallnacht?
← November 9, 1938, was known as Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass”
← 90 Jews died, hundreds were injured, thousands of Jewish business were destroyed, and 180 synagogues were wrecked
← Nazis ordered police to not interfere
← The Final Solution
← At Wannsee Conference the Nazis developed a plan to round up Jews and other “undesirables” and take them to concentration camps
← Healthy individuals worked as slave labor
← The elderly, sick, and young children were sent to extermination camps
← Within a few years Jewish culture had been eliminated from lands conquered by the Nazis
← How did the U.S. initially support England?
← The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the U.S. on a cash and carry basis
← FDR also sent 50 old naval destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build military bases in British controlled land
← What was the American First Committee?
← After Germany invaded France many Americans sided with the Allies
← The American First Committee opposed any American intervention in Europe
← Members included Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh
← The Election of 1940
← FDR ran for a third term as the Democratic candidate
← Wendell Willkie ran as the Republican candidate
← They both promised to keep the U.S. neutral, but assist the Allies
← The Lend-Lease Act
← The Lend-Lease Act allowed the U.S. to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.”
← Hitler breaks the Non-Aggression pact with Stalin
← In June 1941 Hitler invaded the USSR, breaking the non-aggression pact with the USSR
← Hitler felt that Germany was not prepared in 1939 to fight the Russian
← Hitler was anti-communist and felt that the German military was prepared to defeat Stalin
← Meanwhile…back on the ranch
← What was the U.S. doing while Europe fought?
← FDR developed the Hemispheric Defense Zone, which declared the western hemisphere neutral
← The Atlantic Charter
← Atlantic Charter
› Churchill and FDR agreed to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas
← World War II
← Section 4
← The Export Control Act
← The Export Control Act restricted the sale of strategic material-materials important for fighting war
← Because of this Japan became very aggressive in acquiring land in Southeast Asia
← This blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan
← FDR then froze all U.S. assets of the Axis Powers
← Japan chooses its targets
← Japan, frustrated by the actions of FDR, decided to attack British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Pearl Harbor
← Pearl Harbor
← Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December, 7th, 1941
← The Japanese knew that many of the military personnel would be asleep early on Sunday mornings
← Pearl Harbor
← The first wave of attacks began around 8 am
← The Japanese launched fighter planes from aircraft carriers to bomb the naval base
← The second wave came around 45 minutes later
← The Japanese damaged 19 ships and 292 aircraft, while killing 2,403 Americans
← The Navy was fortunate that a group of ships had been out to sea that morning
← Response to Pearl Harbor
← On December 8, the U.S. declared war on Japan and entered World War II
← The Japanese response to the U.S. declaring war, “I believe we have woke a sleeping giant.”
← Forewarned
← Did FDR know about the Japanese attack?
› FDR probably knew about the Japanese attack, but did not know where it would occur
← No one figured they could attack Pearl Harbor because it was so far away
← Most military personnel thought the Japanese would launch an attach on the Philippines first
← Mobilization
← The U.S. began preparing for war before actually entering the war
← FDR believed the best way to mobilize was to provide incentives for companies to work quickly
← The industries convert
← What role did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation have in preparing for war?
› The Reconstruction Finance Corporation helped convert factories for war production
› Production
← The U.S. produced twice as much as Germany and five times as much as Japan during World War II
← Role of Industry
← All major industries and 200,000 companies converted to war production
← Car factories began to produce trucks, jeeps, and tanks
← Other factories built artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots, and other essential military supplies
← Industrial Leaders – Leading the War Effort
← Henry Ford created an assembly line for B-24 bombers
← Henry Kaiser produced Liberty Ships by welding instead of riveting, making them cheaper and easier to make
← Role of the Production Board
← FDR created the War Production Board which set priorities and production goals, while controlling raw materials
← Building the Military
← The Selective Service and Training Act was the 1st peacetime draft in U.S. history
← GI’s (government issue) went through an 8-week boot camp or basic training
← Training was short, but it helped develop camaraderie
← Role of African Americans in WWII
← African Americans were segregated into their own military units, commanded by white officers
← The Double V Campaign called for African Americans to join the military to fight racism at home and abroad
← The Tuskegee Airmen
← The Tuskegee Airmen were the most famous African American unit
← Segregation in the military officially ended in 1948 under President Harry Truman
← Role of Women in WWII
← The Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps allowed women to play a support role in military efforts
← Rosie the Riveter
← Labor shortages forced factories to hire women
← “Rosie the Riveter”
← 2.5 million women entered the workforce during World War II
← FDR begins the Civil Rights Movement
← FDR, by the urging of A. Philip Randolph (head of a major African American union), issued Executive Order 8802, which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring workers in the defense industries
← Bracero Program
← The Bracero Program arranged for Mexican farm workers to help harvest fruits and vegetables and maintain railroads
← Over 200,000 Mexicans participated in this program
← Expansion of Industry and its effects on the country
← Many Americans moved to the South and West with the expansion of industry to the Sunbelt region
← African Americans continued their Great Migration to cities in the North and West
← The Zoot Suit Riots
← Mexican American teens, characterized by their “zoot suits,” were accused of attacking several sailors in Los Angeles
← 2,500 soldiers and sailors stormed Mexican American neighborhoods in L.A. looking for revenge
← Japanese Internment Camps
← When the west coast of the U.S. was declared a military zone, all people of Japanese descent were sent to internment camps
← The Price Administration
← The Office of Price Administration regulated wages and prices of farm products
← The Labor Board
← The War Labor Board prevented strikes by encouraging unions to issue a “no strike pledge”
← Daily Life during WWII
← Americans were encourage to ration
← Each month a book of ration coupons was given to households for food, clothes, and fuel
← Victory Gardens were encouraged
← Scrap drives collected spare rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel
← Americans even exchange bacon grease for extra rations because the grease was vital to the production of explosives
← E-bonds, which could be redeemed in the future for the purchase price plus interest, were sold to Americans
← The war united Americans
← World War II
← Section 5
← Bombing Tokyo
← James Doolittle led an attack on Tokyo in early 1942
← Doolittle’s attack did little damage, but it raised the spirit of Americans and showed Japan the U.S.’s military capabilities
← WWII Timeline
← December 17, 1941-Admiral Chester Nimitz was named head of the Pacific Naval Fleet
← February 23, 1942-A Japanese sub attacks an oil refinery in California, one of the few attacks on continental U.S.
← March 11, 1942-Douglas MacArthur withdraws from the Philippines vowing “I shall return”
← The Bataan Death March
← U.S. prisoners of war are forced to march 100 miles to a Japanese prison camp
← Thousands die from starvation and disease
← Casablanca Conference
← Churchill and FDR decided to increase the bombing of Germany in an effort to destroy its military, industrial, and economic systems
← Battle of Kasserine Pass
← George Patton led American ground forces
← Kasserine Pass was the first time the U.S. faced the Germans
← Germany surrendered North Africa shortly after the battle
← Battle of Midway
← The U.S. Naval victory at Midway Island stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific
← Battle of Guadalcanal
← Admiral William Halsey destroyed a Japanese fleet rendering them unable to re-supply their troops
← Guadalcanal was a definite turning point in the Pacific that allowed the U.S. to begin an offensive attack
← Invasion of Sicily
← Dwight Eisenhower was the commander
← George Patton and British General Montgomery seized the island and Italy surrendered
← Battle of Stalingrad
← The Russians finally stop the advance of German troops in the east
← The 3-month battle leaves 300,000 German casualties
← Germany begins to retreat
← D-Day
← Operation Overload
› 4,000 ships
› 6,000 war ships
› 10,000 planes
› 175,000 Allied troops
← Operation Overload was the name given to the Allied invasion of Europe
← The Normandy coast was the launching point, at the beaches with names like Juno, Sword, Omaha, and Utah
← WWII Timeline
← July 20, 1944-A failed attempt at assassinating Hitler leads to thousands of conspirators being killed
← August 10, 1944-The U.S. captures Guam, which would house the bomber the Enola Gay
← August 25, 1944-Paris is liberated from Nazi rule, women suspected of sleeping with German soldiers are led to the streets and had their heads shaved
← October 20, 1944-Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines and the Japanese begin kamikaze attacks
← The Manhattan Project
← The Manhattan Project was the development of an atomic bomb
← The project was headed by General Leslie R. Groves, with help of Robert Oppenheimer
← Albert Einstein warned FDR of the bombs potential
← Battle of the Bulge
← The last major German counter-offensive
← As the Allies were pushed back in the Ardennes Forest, a bulge on the Allied line is formed
← The 101st Airborne Division (Band of Brothers) holds the line
← The Yalta Conference
← FDR, Churchill, and Stalin discuss the final assault on Germany
← Create a peace organization called the United Nations
← Lay the groundwork for the division of postwar Europe
← Iwo Jima
← The Allies win the month long battle for the 8 square mile island that provides a staging ground for an attack on Japan
← Famous for the photo of the six marines raising the flag on Mt. Suribachi
← The Marines lost 6,800 men, while the Japanese lost more than 20,000 men
← Firebombing of Tokyo
← Curtis Lemay ordered the bombing of Tokyo with 2,000 tons of napalm, a gasoline gel
← Nearly 100,000 Tokyo residents died in one night
← The canals of Tokyo “boiled”
← WWII Timeline
← April 12, 1945-President Roosevelt dies from a brain hemorrhage in Warm Springs, GA, Truman becomes President
← April 30, 1945-Hitler marries Eva Braun and commits suicide
← May 1, 1945-V-E Day
← May 7, 1945-Germany officially surrenders
← July 16, 1945-First atomic bomb tested in New Mexico
← August 15, 1945-V-J Day
← The Atomic Bomb
← The Allies threatened Japan with “utter destruction”, but Japan did not respond
← August 6, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb that killed 80,000 immediately, while injuring 100,000
← Hiroshima & Nagasaki
← August 9, the U.S. dropped another bomb on Nagasaki
← The U.S. had no idea of the effect of radiation
← Was the use of these weapons necessary?
← Creation of the United Nations
← The United Nations was created to prevent war
← 39 nations formed the organization, with Britain, France, China, and the U.S. permanent members of the Security Council, giving them veto power
← The Nuremberg Trials
← The International Military Tribunal was created to punish German and Japanese leaders for war crimes
← Nazi leaders faced justice at the Nuremburg Trials
← Japanese military leaders faced trials as well, however, the Japanese Emperor was not indicted
← The Cost of World War II
← 50 million lives
› 7.5 million Russian troops
› 3.5 million Germans troops
› 2.2 million Chinese troops
› 1.2 million Japanese troops
› 22 million Russian civilians
› 6 million due to the Holocaust
› U.S. nearly 1 million casualties
← “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent” of Eastern Europe
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