The Process of Cursing in Ancient Egypt

The Process of Cursing in Ancient Egypt

Thesis submitted in accordance with requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by

Sarah Louise Colledge September 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to Professor Christopher Eyre and Dr. Roland Enmarch for all the advice and help over the last four years, and indeed the last eight years, it was greatly appreciated. My thanks and gratitude also extend to the rest of the staff at the University of Liverpool who shaped my experience throughout my Degree and Masters ? Professor Mark Collier, Dr. Violaine Chauvet, Dr. Glenn Godenho, Dr. Ian Shaw and Dr. Steven Snape.

For David Teagan Brown mAa-xrw

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. 2 Bibliographical Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 9 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter One ? Monument Curses...................................................................................... 27

1: Context........................................................................................................................... 27 2: Identity ........................................................................................................................... 30

2.1: The Curser............................................................................................................... 30 2.2: The Target............................................................................................................... 30 3: Situation ......................................................................................................................... 33 3.1: Tomb and Contents (A Texts)................................................................................. 33 3.2: Other Monuments (B Texts) ................................................................................... 37 3.3: Endowments and Agreements (C Texts) ................................................................ 37 3.4: Miscellaneous (D Texts) ......................................................................................... 38 4: Mechanics ...................................................................................................................... 40 4.1: Structure and Grammar........................................................................................... 40 4.2: Agents ..................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.1: Pharaoh ................................................................................................................ 43 4.2.2: Deities and Akhs .................................................................................................. 44 4.2.3: Animals ................................................................................................................ 45 4.2.4: Author .................................................................................................................. 45 5: Outcome......................................................................................................................... 47 5.1: Categories ............................................................................................................... 47 5.1.1: Physical Denial of Afterlife ................................................................................. 47 5.1.2: Supernatural Denial of Afterlife .......................................................................... 48 5.1.3: Retribution by Deities .......................................................................................... 50 5.1.4: Retribution by Akhs ............................................................................................. 52 5.1.5: Bodily Retribution ............................................................................................... 53 5.1.6: Physical Loss ....................................................................................................... 54 5.1.7: Abstract Loss ....................................................................................................... 56 5.1.8: Familial Retribution ............................................................................................. 57 5.1.9: Animal Infliction.................................................................................................. 58 5.2: Timing and Occurrence........................................................................................... 59 6: Summary ........................................................................................................................ 62 Chapter Two ? Execration Figures .................................................................................... 65 1: Cairo Museum EM00-130 ............................................................................................. 65 1.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 65

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1.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 65 1.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 66 1.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 66 1.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 67 1.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 67 2: Walters Art Gallery 48.1773.......................................................................................... 68 2.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 68 2.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 68 2.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 68 2.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 69 2.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 69 2.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 69 3: Abusir Excavation 1984................................................................................................. 70 3.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 70 3.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 71 3.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 72 3.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 72 3.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 73 3.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 73 4: Louvre E 27145 ............................................................................................................. 74 4.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 74 4.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 74 4.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 75 4.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 75 4.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 76 4.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 76 5: Cairo JdE 63955-63959 ................................................................................................. 77 5.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 77 5.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 82 5.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 82 5.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 83 5.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 83 5.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 83 6: Louvre E 16492-16501 .................................................................................................. 84 6.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 84 6.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 85 6.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 85

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6.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 86 6.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 86 6.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 87 7: Cairo JdE 88146............................................................................................................. 88 7.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 88 7.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 89 7.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 89 7.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 89 7.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 90 7.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 90 8. Summary ........................................................................................................................ 91 Chapter Three ? Magic Spells............................................................................................. 94 1: Berlin 23308 .................................................................................................................. 94 1.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 94 1.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 96 1.3: Situation .................................................................................................................. 96 1.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................... 96 1.5: Outcome.................................................................................................................. 97 1.6: Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 97 2: Ostracon Deir el-Medina 1057....................................................................................... 98 2.1: Context.................................................................................................................... 98 2.2: Identity .................................................................................................................... 99 2.3: Situation ................................................................................................................ 100 2.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................. 100 2.5: Outcome................................................................................................................ 101 2.6: Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 101 3: Ostracon Deir el-Medina 1213..................................................................................... 102 3.1: Context.................................................................................................................. 102 3.2: Identity .................................................................................................................. 103 3.3: Situation ................................................................................................................ 104 3.4: Mechanics ............................................................................................................. 104 3.5: Outcome................................................................................................................ 104 3.6: Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 105 4: Papyrus Deir el-Medina 36 .......................................................................................... 106 4.1: Context.................................................................................................................. 106 4.2: Identity .................................................................................................................. 108 4.3: Situation ................................................................................................................ 109

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