Chapter 24 The Civil Rights Movement(1954-1968)
Chapter 24 The Civil Rights Movement(1954-1968)
Chapter 24 Section 1------The Movement Begins
I. The Origins of the Movement (pp. 746-748)
A. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)—“Separate-but-Equal— Made Laws segregating Blacks legal as long as equal facilities were provided
1. “Jim Crow” laws segregating Blacks and whites were common in the South
2. de facto segregation(North) ---segregation by custom & tradition
B. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1. provided financial support & lawyers to Blacks in cases challenging segregation
C. Blacks gained political power as they migrated to Northern cities where they could vote
1. Tendency to support the Democratic Party
1 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)—1942
2. Used sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation & discrimination
3. Ex: used in protesting against restaurants
II. The Civil Rights Movement Begins (pp. 748-750)
A. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
1. Thurgood Marshall—chief counsel for the NAACP
2. ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional & violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
3. Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
2 1955—Rosa Parks refused to give up seat on the bus
4. Led to a boycott of the Montgomery bus system for over a year
5. Led by Dr. Martin Luther King, jr.—used a nonviolent passive resistant approach to end segregation & racism
6. Dec. 1956—U.S. Supreme Court declared Alabama’s law unconstitutional
III. African American Churches (pp. 750-751)
A. Key role in the Bus Boycott—planned meetings, organized volunteers, etc
B. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)—Dr. King –Leader
1. challenged the segregation of public transportation, housing, at the voting booths, & in public accommodations
IV. Eisenhower and Civil Rights (pp. 751-752)
A. Little Rock Crisis (1957)
1. Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent Black students from entering Little Rock High School
2. President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect the Black students for the entire year
3 Civil Rights Act of 1957
3. created to protect the right of African Americans to vote
4. marked an important 1st step in bringing the federal government into the civil rights debate
Chapter 24 Section 2----Challenging Segregation
I. The Sit-In Movement (pp. 753-754)
A. 1959 Woolworth’s Lunch counter Sit-in—Greensboro, N.C.
1. Led to a mass movement for civil rights
2. Jesse Jackson—sit-ins gave them power to change things
II. SNCC (page 754)
A. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)—
1. led student sit-ins to desegregate public facilities in Southern communities
2. went to rural areas of the Deep South to register Blacks to vote
III. The Freedom Riders (pp. 754-755)
A. 1961—Teams of Blacks & Whites sent into the South to integrate bus terminals
1. Violence erupted in Birmingham & Montgomery, Alabama
IV. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (pp. 755-757)
A. Attorney General Robert Kennedy helped Blacks register to vote by having lawsuits filed throughout the South
B. 1962—James Meredith—1st Black to attend at the University of Mississippi
C. 1963—President Kennedy ordered his aides to prepare a civil rights bill
V. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (pp. 757-759)
A. August 28, 1963—Martin Luther king, jr. led 200,000 demonstrators to Washington, DC & staged a peaceful rally
B. Opponents used the filibuster to try to prevent the bill from passing
C. Passed after President Kennedy’s assassination
D. Major components of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964:
1. gave the federal government broad power to stop racial discrimination in the segregation in public places
2. to bring lawsuits to end school segregation
3. to require employers to end discrimination in the workplace
VI. The Struggle for Voting Rights (759-760)
A. Selma, Alabama---“Bloody Sunday”
1. 50 mile march from Selma to Montgomery for Voting Rights
2. Protestors attacked by 200 state troopers & deputized citizens
3. Nation was shocked by what they saw on TV
B. Voting Rights act of 1965:
1. Gave the Attorney General the right to send federal examiners to register qualified voters bypassing the local officials who often refused to register Blacks
2. banned literacy tests
Chapter 24 Section 3---New Issues
I. Problems Facing Urban African Americans (pp. 761-763)
A. Racism was still common in the U.S.
B. Blacks faced many economic & social problems
1. poverty
2. inner city was overcrowded
4 1965-1968—Race riots
3. Watts (LA)—lasted for 6 days
4. Detroit—worst riot—U.S. Army sent in to gain control
5 Kerner Commission
5. created to make recommendations that would prevent further urban riots
6. Conclusion: Problem was white society & white racism
7. President Johnson did not endorse the recommendation because of the war in Vietnam
II. The Shift to Economic Rights (page 763)
A. Mid-1960s Dr. King was criticized for his nonviolent strategy because it failed to improve economic condition of Black Americans
B. Chicago Movement—effort to call attention to deplorable housing conditions that Black Americans faced
1. Dr. King & his wife moved into a slum apartment in Chicago
2. Marched into a white suburb to demonstrate the need for open housing
3. Met with Mayor Daley to propose a new plan to clean up slums
III. Black Power (pp. 764-765)
A. Black Power (Variety of Meanings)
1. Physical self-defense & violence
2. Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)—should control the social, political, & economic direction of their struggle for equality
3. stressed pride in the Black culture & opposed cultural assimilation (Popular in poor urban neighborhoods)
6 Black Muslims
4. Leader—Malcolm X
5. believed that Blacks should separate themselves from whites and form their own self-governing communities
6. Malcolm X later broke from the Muslims & began to believe an integrated society was possible
7. 1965—Malcolm X assassinated by 3 members of the Black Muslims
7 Black Panthers
8. Leader—Eldridge Cleaver
9. Preached Black power, Black nationalism, & economic self-sufficiency
10. Revolution necessary to gain equal rights (Arm themselves & confront white society)
IV. The Assassination of Martin Luther King, jr.
A. April 4, 1968 Dr. King assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee
1. Result: national mourning & riots in over 100 cities
2. Civil Rights Act of 1968 passed
a. contained a fair housing provision
b. outlawed discrimination in the sale & rental of housing
c. gave the Justice Department authority to bring suits against discrimination
***Civil Rights Movement lacked the unity of purpose & vision that Dr. King had given it***
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