6.6 Must Have + Past Participle vs. Had to + Base Form

6.6 Must Have + Past Participle vs. Had to + Base Form

Examples

Explanation

Kennedy and Nixon had to answer difficult

To show past necessity or obligation, we use had to

questions.

+ base form. Must, for necessity or obligation, has no

John McCain had to depend on his wife to use e-mail. past form.

TV viewers thought that Nixon must have been nervous and uncomfortable during the debate. John McCain must not have understood the importance of social media.

To show a logical conclusion or deduction in the past, we use must have + past participle.

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