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Unit 3 – Skeletal System – Part 1 Notes Real Skeleton and Bones in Class

III. Skeletal system=

A. Skeletal anatomy- internal framework of a vertebrate; strong and light

1. axial- includes the skull, vertebral column and rib cage/thorax

a. skull: _____ bones; all skull bones are connected by sutures except the _______

1. cranial- _____ bones; enclose and protect the brain; house empty

spaces called sinuses

a. parietal – ___ bones form each side; suture connects superiorly

b. temporal – ___ bones inferior to parietals

1. external auditory meatus- “____ ____”

2. mastoid process- inferior mass/projection on base of skull

3. styloid process- ________ projection on base of skull

c. frontal- 1 ________ bone; forms roof of orbits

d. occipital- 1 ________ and _______ portion of skull

e. sphenoid-1 bone; ________ to temporal; transverses skull

f. ethmoid- 1 ____-shaped bone between orbits

2. facial- 14 immovable bones except for mandible;

a. zygomatic- 2 cheek bones

b. nasal- 2 rectagular bones fused; bridge of nose

c. lacrimal- 2 thin, finger-nail shaped bones at tear ducts

d. palatine- 2 bones located at posterior portion of hard palate

e. maxilla- 2 bones making up upper jaw that house the teeth

f. mandible- 1 bone; horseshoe shaped; lower jaw;

g. nasal conchae-2 bones projecting from the lateral walls of nose

h. vomer- 1 bone forming base of septum in the nose

b. Hyoid- not really a skull bone; articulates with no other bone; attaches tongue.

c. vertebral column: supports head and trunk; flexible enough; __ total bones in a

child; 25 total in an adult. The 5 sacral and 4 coccyx fuse into 1 bone with age

1. main bones

a. cervical: C1-C7; bones found in the ______

1. atlas: C1

2. axis: C2

b. thoracic: T1-T12; line up with the ____ ribs

c. lumbar: L1-L5; lumbar support for lower back; no slouching

d. sacral: S1-S5 or _____ sacrum; posterior superior bottom area

e. coccyx: tail bone; C1-C4; fuse into _ 1_ piece in adults

2. general structure

a. spine- single _________ projection

b. transverse process- two ______ projects to the sides

c. lamina- flattened section between _____ and transverse process

d. pedicle- connects ______ to transverse process

e. centrum- main section of vertebrae; also called the “_____”

f. superior articular process- ________ projections of attachment

g. inferior articular process-________ projections of attachment

h. vertebral foramen- ____ in all vertebrae that hose the spinal cord

i. intervertebral disc- connective tissue between ________

d. sternum and ribs:

1. sternum parts – ___ parts

a. manubrium- _______ portion; articulates with clavicle

b. body- ______ longer section; connects to ribs

c. xiphoid process- small, _______ projection

2. ribs- 12 pairs total

a. types

1. true 1-___; directly connect to sternum

2. false 8-___; indirectly connect to sternum

3. floating ___ bottom ribs that do not connect

b. general structure

1. head

2. neck

3. tubercle

4. angle

5. shaft

2. appendicular

a. shoulder girdle

1. scapula or _______ _______

a. acromium process- lateral and ________ projection

b. coracoid process- lateral and ________ projection

c. glenoid fossa- depression or opening for ________ to connect

d. borders

1. axillary or ________ border

2. vertebral or ________ border

3. superior or ________ border

2. clavicle or ________ ______

a. sternal end – connects medially to the __________

b. acromial end - connects laterally to the __________

b. pelvic girdle: comprised of ______ hip bones or coxal bones

-called the Os Coxa

1. main parts

a. ilium – large, _______ flaring section

b. ischium – lower and ________ section; “butt bone”

c. pubis – lower and ________ section; “pubic area”

2. general structure

a. acetabulum

b. obturator foramen

c. pubic symphysis

c. upper limb (extremity)

1. humerus - _________ arm bone

a. head – fits into ______________

b. greater tubercle –large, ______ projection for muscle attachment

c. lesser tubercle –smaller, _____ projection for muscle attachment

d. medial epicondyle- ________ and distal; “funny bone “

e. lateral epicondyle- ________ and distal;

f. olecranon fossa- larger depression on _______ side of distal end

g. coronoid fossa- smaller depression on _______ side of distal end

h. capitulum- rounded end at elbow; meets with ________ head

2. radius: located on _______ side of lower arm

a. head – articulates with ________ of humerus

b. neck – thinner area just distal to the _______

c. radial tuberosity – swelling projection for __________ attachemnt

d. styloid process – pointed projection at wrist by the _________

3. ulna: located on _______ side of lower arm

a. olecranon process – fits into _____________ of humerus

b. coronoid process – fits into _____________ of humerus

c. styloid process - pointed projection at wrist by the _________

4. carpals: ____ total bones of wrist of one hand

5. metacarpals ____ total bones of palm of one hand

6. phalanges ____ total bones of fingers and thumb of one hand

d. lower limb (extremity)

1. femur: longest, _________, bone in the body

a. head - _________ portion on proximal end

b. neck – thinner area just ________ to the head

c. greater trochanter – lateral, larger projection for _______ attach

d. lesser trochanter– medial, smaller projection for _______ attach

e. linea aspera – rough line on ________ shaft for _______ attach

f. medial epicondyle – swelling at base to medial side

g. lateral epicondyle– swelling at base to lateral side

h. medial condyle- smooth rounded surface articulating with ______

i. lateral condyle- smooth rounded surface articulating with ______

2. patella or _______ _____

3. tibia: larger, _______ leg bone

a. medial condyle- smooth rounded surface articulating with ______

b. lateral condyle- smooth rounded surface articulating with ______

c. tibial tuberosity- attachment for __________ muscles

d. medial malleolus- projection on medial side at _______ end

4. fibula: smaller, _______ leg bone

a. head – articulates with _______ at proximal end on ______ side

b. lateral malleolus- projection on medial side at _______ end

5. tarsals: ____ total bones of the ankle portion of one foot

a. talus: directly _______ to the tibia

b. calcaneous or ______ _______

6. metatarsals: ____ total bones in one arch of your foot

7. phlanges: ____ total bones of the toes in one foot

Unit 3 – Skeletal System – Part 2 Notes w/ Ppt.

B. Bones

1. functions

a.

b.

c.

d.

e. hematopoiesis=

2. classification of bones because of variety of shapes

a. long

b. short

c. flat

d. irregular

3. 7 different Joints

a. gliding

b. hinge

c. pivot

d. condylar

e. ellipsoid

f. saddle

g. ball and socket

4. Bone Architecture

a. types of bone cells

1) Osteoblasts

2) Osteocytes

3) Osteoclasts

b. 2 main types of Bone

1) Compact

2) Spongy (cancellous)

b. Components of Bones

1) Diaphysis

2) Epiphyses

3) Epiphyseal plate

4) Medullary Cavity

5) Periosteum

a) fibrous periosteum

b) Osteogenic Layer

c) Sharpey’s fibers

6) Endosteum

7) Articular Cartilage

5. Bone Growth and Formation of Bone

a. intramembranous

1)

2)

3)

c. endochondral

1) cartilage model is formed

2) ossification begins…

3) Periosteum forms…

4) Bone collar: Osteoblasts…

5) Calcification of Cartilage…

6) Invasion of Periosteal Bud:

7) Formation of Medullary Cavity:

8) Cartilage remains at epiphyseal plates of bones…

Unit 3 – Skeletal System – Part 3 Notes w/ Ppt #3.

C. Disorders of the Bones and Joints - ________ bones in your body

- Ligaments=

- Tendons=

- Joints=

1. Fracture – a break or crack in the bone

Treated by: CLOSED REDUCTION –

OPEN REDUCTION –

TRACTION –

2. Types of Fractures:

CLOSED or SIMPLE fracture – bone broken, broken ends, but do not break the ________.

OPEN or COMPOUND – broken bones ________ the skin can lead to infection. Ex: femur

GREENSTICK – in children, bone bent and splintered, but never completely _________.

COMMINUTED – _________ or ______ into many pieces

SPIRAL – bone ______, resulting in one or more breaks

TRANSVERSE – fracture that occurs __________ to the bone

COMPRESSION – bone compresses rather than _________ apart.

OBLIQUE – fracture that’s neither __________ nor _______ to the bone.

3. Disorders of Bones or Joints

DISLOCATION – bone displaced from _______ _______ in joint

SPRAIN – sudden or unusual motion, _________ torn but joint

not dislocated; ACL, MCL, LCL,

STRAIN – overstretching or tearing of muscle

4. General Care for Muscle, Bone or Joint Injuries:

RICE:

R-

I-

C-

E-

5. Diseases of Bones

BURSITIS – inflammation of a bursa – ________ sacs

OSTEOPOROSIS – ___% of those affected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% - 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to ________. (On x-ray, looks like swiss cheese.) Prevented by dietary _________.

ARTHRITIS – ___________ of one or more joints.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – _______, autoimmune disease – joints become _________ and _______, joint deformities are common.

OSTEOARTHRITIS – degenerative, occurs with aging, ___% Americans affected, joint becomes enlarged and painful.

HERNIATED DISC – intervertebral disc ________ or ________, putting pressure on spinal nerve, usually lumbar-sacral region, treated with bedrest, traction and

surgery.

WHIPLASH – trauma to the ________ vertebra, usually from a car accident

Abnormal curvatures of the spine:

SCOLIOSIS – ________ ________

KYPHOSIS – ___________

LORDOSIS – ___________

OSTEOMYELITIS – bone __________

Diagnosis and Treatment:

ARTHROSCOPY – examination into joint using

arthroscope with fiber optic lens, most knee injuries

treated with arthroscopy. Often accompanies _________.

BONE MARROW ASPIRATION – removal of

marrow sample with a ________for diagnostic purposes.

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