Music Notation and Theory for Intelligent Beginners
Music Notation and Theory for Intelligent Beginners
by
Jono Kornfeld
Cover art by
Jason Dullack
? 2001, revised 2005 Jono Kornfeld All rights reserved. No part of this book may be duplicated in any form without written permission of the author.
Artwork ? 2004 Jason Dullack: all rights reserved
Music Notation and Theory for Intelligent Beginners ? 2001, revised 2005 Jono Kornfeld
Table of Contents
Notes, The Staff
1
The Keyboard
2
Clefs
3
Ledger Lines
5
The Grand Staff, Accidentals
6
Simple Intervals
7
Enharmonic Equivalence
8
Double Accidentals
9
Note Values
10
Beaming
11
Stem Direction
12
Stem Length
13
Measure, Bar Line
14
Time Signatures
15
Beat Emphasis
16
Putting Notes into Practice
17
Counting Eighth Notes
17
Counting Sixteenth Notes
18
Rests
19
The Dot
20
Ties
21
Slurs
22
Other Time Signatures
23
Compound Time Signatures
24
The Triplet, Syncopation
25
Tempo I
26
Tempo II, Tempo Changes
27
Dynamics
28
Articulation
29
Economical Devices I
30
Economical Devices II
31
Economical Devices Exercises
32
The Major Scale, Keys
33
Scales Using Flats
34
Scales Using Sharps
35
Key Signatures, The Key
36
The Circle of Fifths
37
Transposition
39
Scale Degrees, Note Names
40
The Minor Scale
41
The Three Minor Scales
42
Review
43
Continuity
44
Motion
45
Intervals
47
Spelling Intervals
50
In the scale
51
Determining Intervals I
53
Determining Intervals II 54
Inversion
56
Compound Intervals
58
Hearing Intervals
59
Identifying in Context
61
Triads
63
In the Scale
64
Roman Numerals
65
Harmonization
65
Minor Key Harmonization 66
Terminology
67
7th Chords
70
Inverting Chords
73
Figured Bass Notation
74
Application to Analysis
76
Position of Upper Notes 77
Voicing a Chord
78
Contemporary Context
81
Cadences and Phrases
82
The Period
83
Melodic Aspects
84
Analysis
85
Melodies and Voice Leading
87
Examples
89
Combining Melody and Harmony
91
The Process
92
Non-Chord Tones
93
Passing Tone
94
Neighbor Tone
95
Suspension
96
Modulation
98
Appendix /Review
Scales
A-1
Keys & Key Signatures
A-3
Circle of 5ths Reference A-5
Major Scales Reference A-6
Intervals & Figured Bass
Reference A-7
NOTES One of the most basic elements in music is the note. In written music, it might look like this:
Or this (if there are more than one): or
X h q e
Some free-standing notes
THE STAFF The five horizontal lines on which the notes sit are called a staff.
a staff with no notes on it
Each line or space on the staff is for its own note.
Notes represent sounds called pitches. Because music employs a set of pitches (ranging from low to high), the staff acts like a map for the notes--allowing us to hear, read or write them as:
Higher (higher on the staff)
Lower (lower on the staff) We read the sequence of notes from left to right. Another way to understand the idea of pitches being lower or higher is to compare it to bears and birds. A bear's voice is low-pitched, while the voice of a bird's is high (this explanation works well for children!). A less musically specific term for pitch is frequency, which is also referred to as low or high.
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