Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919–1946
Core Study: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919–1946 OutcomesA student:accounts for the nature of continuity and change in the modern world MH12-1proposes arguments about the varying causes and effects of events and developments MH12-2evaluates the role of historical features, individuals, groups and ideas in shaping the past MH12-3analyses the different perspectives of individuals and groups in their historical context MH12-4assesses the significance of historical features, people, ideas, movements, events and developments of the modern world MH12-5analyses and interprets different types of sources for evidence to support an historical account or argument MH12-6discusses and evaluates differing interpretations and representations of the past MH12-7plans and conducts historical investigations and presents reasoned conclusions, using relevant evidence from a range of sources MH12-8communicates historical understanding, using historical knowledge, concepts and terms, in appropriate and well-structured forms MH12-9Content FocusThrough a focus on the nature of power and authority 1919–1946, and a broader transnational perspective, students investigate the rise of fascist, totalitarian and militarist movements after World War I; what drew people to these movements; the regimes that emerged and ongoing international efforts to achieve collective security.Through a study of Germany as a key example, students develop an understanding of how a democracy can collapse, the impact of dictatorship on a society, the elimination of individual freedoms, and the threats that dictatorships can pose to peace and security. This provides students with insights that contribute to a critical perspective on power and authority in the contemporary world.In investigating this topic, students develop and apply their knowledge and skills to understand different types of sources and relevant historiographical issues.The Historical concepts and skills content is to be integrated as appropriate.SurveyAn overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences Key terms:Paris peace Conference An international meeting in Versailles (outside Paris) in 1919, with the purpose of establishing peace after the war. The ‘Big four’ dominated proceedings, which lead to the formation of the Treaty of Versailles.Big 4 Prime Minister David Lloyd (Great Britan), Vittoria Orlando (Italy), Georges Clemenceau (France) and President Woodrow Wilson (United States). Wilsons 14 points Statement of the principals of peace, outlines in Jan 1918. His allied leaders were wary of the applicability of Woodrow’s Idealism. Wilson’s speech took domestic and progressive ideas and translated them inti foreign policy. League of Nations A international diplomatic group developed after WW1, as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into warfare. (precursor to the United Nations)Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles Often known as the ‘war guilt clause’, it served as a legal basis to compel Germany to pay reparations for the war. It was one of the most controversial points of the treaty. Germans viewed this clause as a national humiliation, which forced them to accept full responsibility for the war. Hitler had stated that the treaty of Versailles was, ‘An instrument of boundless extortion’ as it was essentially forced upon the German’s.-264938738Germany’s Reaction to the TreatyThe Germans were especially angered by the settlements in Eastern Europe, and although it was impossible to create a treaty over which everyone agreed, the French and British believed that Germany would accept the harsh treaty due to their losses on the battlefield. This however did not eventuate as many Germans did not believe that their country had been honourably defeated on the battlefield, instead believing that their efforts had been sabotaged by traitors and pacifists on the home-front that spread dissatisfaction and revolution. This was called the ‘stab in the back’ theory. Hence, Germany believed they the treaty was vindictive, unfair and impossible to execute. 0Germany’s Reaction to the TreatyThe Germans were especially angered by the settlements in Eastern Europe, and although it was impossible to create a treaty over which everyone agreed, the French and British believed that Germany would accept the harsh treaty due to their losses on the battlefield. This however did not eventuate as many Germans did not believe that their country had been honourably defeated on the battlefield, instead believing that their efforts had been sabotaged by traitors and pacifists on the home-front that spread dissatisfaction and revolution. This was called the ‘stab in the back’ theory. Hence, Germany believed they the treaty was vindictive, unfair and impossible to execute. The rise of dictatorships after World War I The conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period It was therefore the failure of the victorious powers to work together in 1919 to control German power, that was a leading factor in the rise of Nazism and the outbreak of WW2The Conditions that Enabled Dictators to rise to Power in the Interwar periodWhy did Dictators Rise?Pre-war Situation Prior to the war there had been a growing rise in socialist activities, there was growing desire for violent revolution – most present in Russia. Far-right movements also began to appear. World War 1 Consequences of the Paris peace settlement, war as a CATACLYSMIC EVENT. Resulted in enormous losses, and the encouraged the brutalisation of war and violence, thrill of combat – Glorified war. This romance of war fed a fever of Nationalism. The war was also a cultural and social turning point, after which modernisation flourished. The result was tension as seen in Weimer Germany, between those who embraced the new and those who demanded a return to traditionalist values.Paris Peace Settlement Many of the parties of the peace conference felt that the treaty was unfair. Italy were dissatisfied with their ‘piece of the cake’ and felt cheated out of more lad gain. This dissatisfaction assisted with Mussolini’s rise to power. This was similar to Japan, who were denied their racial equality clause, hence increasing her nationalism. The peace settlement also completely redrew the map of Europe and although ‘Self-determination’ was emphasised many of the new states contained minorities who resented the dominate power. These new states became increasingly unstable, towards the great depression, leaving them susceptible to POLITICAL EXTREMISM. Collapse of Authoritarian Rule Prior to the war, any political, social and nationalist ethnic tensions that arose ad been supressed by the leaders – these all rose back to the surface. Liberal democracy did not have firm roots in former empires. Process of democracy was poorly developed and liberal politicians struggled to establish democracy as a replacement for authoritarian regimes. This led to the rise of ‘right groups’ who emerged under populist leaders and appealed to masses by offering extremist solutions to problems faced by society.Nationalism Nationalism undermined efforts to promote an internationalist outlook and could only be part of a complex reaction against modernity.Reactions to modernity Associated with the rapid change of the industrial revolution. In the eyes of conservatives, those who took on liberal values appeared to be turning their backs on traditional social and religious values, his created divisions within society. These divisions were exploited by those who pointed to modern culture and linked to the ineffectiveness of democracy, contrasting this with the traditional values of loyalty and service. Economic Hardship World war 1 had disrupted global trade and the Treaty of Versailles had, had a major impact on Germany’s economy. In 1923 Germany experience hyper-inflation which wiped out the savings and wages of many citizens, Germany blamed both the reparations and the failure of their liberal democracy to manage the government. Much of Europe’s economy was reliant of United States loans and investment. Furthermore, the Great Depression in 1929, saw a rapid rise in support for Hitler. The failure of nations to deal with the world economic crisis also contributed to the rapid deterioration of international relations. The 3 major powers, Japan, Germany and Italy all sought economic solutions in rearmament ad aggression. Role of Personalities The great personalities of the inter-war period were ardent critics of democracy and sought to undermine the system to create their own personal power. They offered simple solutions to complex problems and often used their charisma to attract the masses. Europe’s early Constitutions The new constitutions formed declared themselves as democratic republics, however they contained a few key flaws:- Proportional representation – lead to massively fragmented representation and parties that began to represent narrow sectional interests. Hence national parliaments did not bring the people together but magnified divisions. Proportional representation also provided zero incentive to compromise. This made governing difficult because as economic conditions worsened each group just made demands for the benefit of their own group. The public perception of governing also transformed to a belief that a democracy was a system that was unable to grapple with national issues.This led to a desire for strong, effective leadership and for someone to put a stop to the government ineffectiveness. An overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan Key terms:Fascism Far right extremist governments such as Hitler and Mussolini, ruled by a dictator, with an emphasis on law and order in a police state. Also characterised by a hostility to socialism.Totalitarianism Method of control of the state is so strong that any opposition is virtually impossible. Power is centralised and based on political ideology. Can be extreme right or left. Power and Authority Authority is hard to keep without power, power is the ability of an individual to influence and control others, authority is the legal right to give orders and make decisions. Japan:For most of the 1920’s, Japanese leaders were strong supporters of economic liberalism, however their endeavours to integrate the Japanese economy into a liberal world were interrupted by the effects of the Great Depression. In order to protect their own colonial markers, western countries placed barriers on Japanese trade. Japan believed that the structure of the league of Nations allowed the West to control the world’s resources, Japan also resented the West for blocking Japanese emigration in the 1920’s through anti-Asian immigration. In dealing with the struggles of the Great Depression, unemployed Japanese people looked to the strength of the military to deal with the economic problems that they faced. The Japanese military argued that Japan needed to launch a campaign abroad to win new colonies, so that they could control industry for Japan’s economic benefit. This echoed the key feature of dictatorships that were emerging in other nations. The events in Manchuria signalled an upsurge in fundamentalist nationalism in Japan and the growth of right-wing groups agitating for a stronger voice in the international context. Although these nationalist movements were not as strong as Fascism in Europe, Japan did witness a climate of assassinations, propaganda and intimidation. This contributed to the dismantling of the Japanese single party government and the end of international liberalism. * In 194- Japan, Germany and Italy signed the Anti-Comintern Pact (against communism), and from then on, they became known as the Axis PowersGeneral Tojo came to represent Japanese militarism but was only Prime Minister from 1941-1944 and was always responsible to the Emperor. Japan’s dictatorship differed from others in that there was a process of evolution rather that revolution change came from the top, rather than in response to a mass movement. There was also no well-developed ideology that they based a radical transformation of society on. However, the dictatorship in Japan was similar in that it signified a shift to the right and arose out of similar condition that enabled European dictators to rise (especially that of being angered by the outcome of the Paris peace conference and the Great Depression). Furthermore, there was also a conservative reaction to aspects of modernity such as materialism and individualism. It was also similar in that apparent political disfunction made extreme solutions attractive and that nationalism and militarism were very strong influencers of the regime. Nationalism in Japan was supported by the concept that Japan was a ‘unique’ society, and this gave rise to a belief in Japanese racial superiority. With the take-over by militarists in the 1930’s and their creation of a single party, ‘national defence state’, it can be argued that Japan became a military dictatorship and that militarism functioned as an ideology. It is however, difficult to apply the term totalitarian to Japan during the 1930 and 1940’s as although they were a one-party, authoritarian state, this was for a relatively short period of time and authority was far less concentrated than in European dictatorships and there was no radical transformation of society, also while there were efforts to enforce compliance, the Japanese population as a whole were relatively supportive of their government. Italy:The Fascist rose to power, partially through the false mythology of Mussolini’s March on Rome (1922 March), in which the fascists abused and violently attacked their opponents, preparing to remould society into a ‘total state’, while chanting propaganda-inspired slogans. Italian fascism initially lacked aspects that the Nazi regime rested on, like explicit racism and anti-Semitism. Later under Hitler’s influence they introduced these principals. Fascists championed order and the power of a centralised state over individuals, not one that serviced them. They also celebrated the ethos of brutal heroism, to be realised through dynamic revolution and violence. Mussolini sought to use the post war situation Italy as the staging ground for his new political movements, which fused nationalism with revolutionary ideas. The Fascist movement presented itself as a safeguard, above all, against communist revolution, and thus could win adherents from more conservative idle classes, or the aristocracy and other established elites. The fascist movement in Italy officially began in March 1919, his supporters and personal army were called the black-shirts. In the cities the Black shirts brutalised and murdered their political opponents as well as breaking up strikes and claiming that they were restoring political order. In October 1922 the Fascists organised a mass demonstration, that became known as the March on Rome – the fascist announced that If they weren’t given power, they would take power by force. This rise to power was initiated by anger for the resettlement of the Paris Peace Conference, from which Italy felt that they had been cheated from rightful territorial gains, therefore the Fascist movement of needing to restore Italian traditionalism appealed to masses. In coming to power Mussolini promised order, discipline and above all dynamism, getting things done by the swiftest means and dealing ruthlessly with any opposition. By consolidating his power in slow stages Mussolini was in the position of dictator by 1929. Vigorous action and violence were at the heart of fascist ideology, reflected in their slogan, ‘Believe, Obey. Fight!’. Italian fascism also professed new way of economic policy that was described as a bridge between communism and capitalism ‘The third way’. The use of terror and violence within the Italian dictatorship did exist however was far more limited than in Germany. It is also important to note that Mussolini never achieved total control of Italy, Catholic church, army and monarch still existed as independent centres of power. In practice Fascism may have had a very little impact on Italian society.Italian Foreign Policy – During the 1920’s there were attempts to assert foreign land claims or influence in the Balkans. For a time in the early 1930’s after Hitler came to power Mussolini emerged as a European statesman between Britan, Germany and France. Form the Mid 1930’s Italy embarked on EXPANSIONIST foreign policy. 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia league of Nations responded by imposing trade sanctions. However, the revelation that Britan and France had plans to appease Mussolini by offering him half of Ethiopia in 1936 showed how little support there was for the League to protect Ethiopia. 1937 Italy withdrew from the League. The Nazi regime to 1939The rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic Fall of WeimerImpact of the DEPRESSION- Wall street crash Oct 1929 (immediate + catastrophic)- by 1930 unemployment was over 3 million* Further Physiological Blow to GermanyFrom Economic to Political Crisis- Chancellor Müller was approaching his 2nd term and wanted to renew his Weimer unemployment scheme This was putting Germany in a massive budget deficit. right wing refused to back the proposals.- Müller turned to President Hindenburg, who received advice from conservative elites who advised him to reject Müller resigned.- Hindenburg appointed Brüning new Chancellor (little support)- Germany was governed on the basis of PRESIDENTIAL DECREE *This was effectively the end of the German Democracy- The next 2 years saw a ridged policy of deflation (increased taxation, massive gov expenditure costs)- Country was driven into further depression worsened in July 1931 with the collapse of leading German bank DANAT. - Election called in September failure for Büning, Nazi party support rose to 18.3% (2nd biggest part) This saw a period of intense polarisation with moderate parties losing support and extremist parties making gains.Büning to Von Schleicher- March 1932 presidential election Hindenburg achieved 49.6% Hindenburg became a candidate for the republic and democracy, a position he resented. - Hindenburg believed that Germany needed a more stable/rigid government, but Hitler could not be trusted.- Chancellor was handed to conservative aristocrat Von Schleicher.- Von Schleicher had secret meetings with Hitler, keen to harness popular support for the Nazis. - Deal between Hitler and Von Schleicher Hitler would support government but in return an early election would be granted, and the ban was to be lifted in the SA.- Nazis mastered modern electioning techniques, trained party speakers, propaganda and great rallies.- Von Papen tried to exploit Hitler’s power to heighten his own power he believed that he could lead Germany and wanted to destroy Von Schleicher’s leadership- Von Papen’s plan was to have Hitler as chancellor, and himself as vice chancellor. Hindenburg was wary --. He despised Hitler. - Von Papen believed he would be able to use Hitler due to his lack of experience and ability. Von Papen believed that Hindenburg would call on him to lead. Papen declared: ‘We have hired him, he will be the Chancellor in Chains’ The initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933–1934 Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)Reichstag building destroyed, Hitler declared a communist conspiracy and enacted the ‘Reichstag Fire Decree’, which gave him article 48 powers, like the president. Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass the, ‘Law for the protection of the people and state, on 28th Feb, which essentially ended freedom of speech and the press. He also persuaded Hindenburg to call for an election, with Hitler using his power to make it difficult for non-Nazi candidates. Concordat signed with Catholic Church (20th July 1933)Agreement signed between the Nazi state and the Vatican. The agreement was that the church would not interfere with political life if the German state promised to protect religious rights and freedoms. Enabling Act (23rd March 1933) Circumvents DemocracyA law for the removal of the Distress of the people and the state, that gave emergency powers to the state for the next 4 years. It allowed the cabinet to pass laws without Presidential approval, Acting as the UNNOFICIAL CONSTITUTION of the Third Reich. Hitler was now able to make laws independent if the Reichstag and the President. Night of the Long Knives (June 30th, 1934)Purge of all political opposition and all SA (brownshirts) members and leader Ernst R?hm to the Nazis organised by Hitler and carried out by the SS. Hitler feared that the parliamentary SA were becoming too powerful, Hitler alleges the SA leader Ernst R?hm was plotting a putsch, to justify his massacre. Dissolution of Trade Unions (2nd May 1933)Hitler abolished free trade unions and called for an end to class conflict. In its place he created the ‘German Labour Front’, a German Nazi trade unit organisation that replaced independent trade unions. Dissolution of all Political Parties (June-July 1933)A law was passed by Hitler that dissolved all remaining political parties except the Nazi party and banned the formation of nay new parties. Essentially creating a ONE-PARTY STATE.11747526035Death of Hindenburg (2nd Aug 1934)Immediately following Hindenburg’s death, Hitler abolished the precedence and declared himself supreme leader. Hitler’s position as the Führer made it impossible to remove his leadership through legal measures. 0Death of Hindenburg (2nd Aug 1934)Immediately following Hindenburg’s death, Hitler abolished the precedence and declared himself supreme leader. Hitler’s position as the Führer made it impossible to remove his leadership through legal measures. The appeal of the Nazi PartyThe Nazi party presented policies that were, socialist, nationalist, racist and fascist. They did not appeal to,- Working class people who supported communism - Intellectuals such as students and university professorsHowever, their policies were popular with:- Nationalists- Racists- Farmers- Lower, middle class people, such as tradespeople who believed in German tradition- The rich and Elite class, who were worried by the threat of communism.The nature of Nazi ideology Key termsFüher The idea that there should be a single leader with complete power rather than a democracy.Autarky The idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient – This also encompassed the idea that Germany should be self-sufficient.A strong Germany The treaty of Versailles should be abolished, and all German speaking people united in one country.Germany in Danger The belief that Germany was in danger from Jewish people, and communists, who had to be eliminatedLebensraum The need for ‘living space’ for the German nation to expand.Social Darwinism The idea that the Aryan race was superior, and the Jews were ‘sub-human’. (this was used to justify many of the atrocities committed against these groups). The strong must rule and the weak must submit. SCIENTIFIC RACISM.Christian anti-Judaism Jews were accused of being with the devil, this justified the Nazis brutal treatment. What do the Nazis like?What do the Nazis dislike?Unification of all German peopleEquality of rights and obligations?for all GermansLand and territory for the sustenance of German peopleState charged with providing livelihood for the peopleNationalisation of all associated industryExpansion based on large scale old age warfare?Healthy middle classDeath penalty for national criminalsHigher education —>?conform to the experiences of practical life.?Elevating national health - encouraging sportFreedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence of oppose the moral senses of the German raceStrong central parliamentJewish people could not be German citizensCultural minoritiesForeigners/immigrantsThe role of prominent individuals in the Nazi state Joseph Goebbels Reich minister for propaganda (1933-1945) and one of Hitler’s closest associates. He was a brilliant orator and had an extreme hatred of Jews. Under his control the Propaganda ministry gained and exerted complete control over the news, media, arts and informationHeinrich Himmler In 1929 he was appointed the Head of the SS, he set up specialist SS units and controlled concentration camps. From 1943 onwards he was Chief of German police and Minister of the Interior, overseeing all interior and exterior police and security forces including the Gestapo.Hermann Goering An early follower of Hitler Goering took part in the Beer hall Putsch, he was a WW1 veteran and was given the task of building up the Gestapo, the Luftwaffe (aerial warfare) and the office of the four-year plan. He was designated Reichmarschall in 1939 and was second in succession to Hitler. The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality Propaganda Minister for Propaganda and Public Enlightenment:Joseph GoebbelsHe had two main concerns as minister of Propaganda:To make sure the German people did not see or read anything that was hostile towards Nazism.To make sure that the Nazi view of things was put across in the most persuasive way possibleRadio Value of radio as propaganda vehicle, all radio stations were under Nazi control. Hitler made frequent broadcasts. Treasonable offense for listening to overseas broadcasts. It was of the upmost importance to the regime that everyone had access to a radio. Cinema From 1934 directors had to send their plots to Goebbels before being published. Films used to spread the Nazi message. E.g ‘Eternal Jew’, ‘Triumph of the Will’.Example Leni Riefenstakl ‘Triumph De Will’ (film) Uplifting/glorifying warIncrease popularity of HitlerPress Press censored, all Jewish and liberal journalists banned. Newspapers had to print what the ministry agreed with. ‘Racial Observer’ was the primary newspaper of the Nazi party. Photographs Key images carefully staged.Posters Made great use of political posters. After 1933, they had a monopoly which was used to deepen supportMeetings and Rallies Support strengthened by mass rallies, carefully organised, disciplined mass movements, stirring music, flags and symbols. Created a powerful feeling of wishing to belong. Hitler’s addresses were masterful at manipulating emotions. Sport Used Berlin Olympics 1936 to show Nazi Germany in a good light. Stadium built to reflect the power of Germany.Universities University lecturers and academics that did not agree with Nazi ideology faced dismissal and all senior professors were handpicked by Nazis. Anyone appointed to a university had to be approved by the government.The Arts The Reich Chamber of Culture was created by Goebbels to control the arts (subject to supervision). All writers, musicians, artists and actors had to be members.Literature Books that the Nazi’s didn’t like were banned and burnt on May 10th, 1933. Many authors left GermanyMusic Music was censored and had to conform to Nazi ideal – modern and experimental music was banned; jazz was banned, and all Jewish music was banned. Visual Art Art was heavily censored, ministry disapproved of almost all modern art. Art could only be classical realist art that showed heroic German folk tales. Art under Weimar like expressionism, cubism and impressionism was all banned. Hitler preferred the romantic form of art that would display the ‘true German spirit’. Art was also used to glorify Hitler and his image was used to personify the Nazi party and unify the nation. Sculpture Sculpture portrayed Nazi virtues – sculptured men reflected the biologically pure vigorous Aryan race. Architecture Described by Hitler as, ‘the world in stone’. Buildings espoused the power and dominance of the Nazi party*Key Event – Berlin book burning 1933Repression and TerrorTerror became a primary means of control for the Nazi’s, the use of concentration camps for political opponents was widely acknowledged as a means to spread the consequences of non-compliance. The People’s Court New court, that had no juries or defendants just changes, abuse, humiliation and accusation. 40190177884200022550021055900Gestapo - KC INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Secret police would spy on and arrest enemies of the state, they tapped phones, intercepted mail and received denunciations from informers. The Gestapo would force arrested citizens to sign a document giving their consent to be put into a concentration camp. Led by Heinrich Himmler from 1933. Used to keep tabs on their own population, everyone was scared of being arrested by the Gestapo and being put in a concentration camp. Reach was far wider than their numbers. SS3276601524000 INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Main terror instrument of regime → also most feared. Mass organisation → wide variety of roles. Under Himmler as head (Chief of Police). Originally Hitler’s personal bodyguards. Authorised to act as auxiliary police, then to lead and control concentration camps. Involved in all aspects of the state. Would take suspects into ‘protective custody’ for political crimes. Included the Waffen-SS - military organisation, Death’s Head Formation SS - administered concentration camps and SS-Sonderkommandos → later in the Holocaust, operating the death camps. 4765256096000SD INCLUDEPICTURE "" \* MERGEFORMATINET Foreign intelligence and domestic intelligence. Led by Heydrich. The SD or Security Police was the internal security/ intelligence service of the SS, headed by Heydrich; in some ways it was the elite of the elite. It reports on public opinion in Nazi Germany. SECURITY: Roots out enemies→ SD intelligence reports on public feelings.Cult of PersonalityThere were key reasons as to why a cult of personality developed around Hitler: Hitler reflected struggle, conflict and the values of the trenches. He was seen to be hard, ruthless, resolute, uncompromising and radical, as well as seeking to destroy the old class-ridden society by promoting a, ‘national community’ In the 1920’s the fragmented Weimer economy, struggled to deal with economic and social problems, people hoped for a ‘heroic leader’ to lead them out of this time – Hitler claimed this position and claimed that he alone could ‘re-awaken’ Germany and restore national greatness. The existing Füher personality cult for Hitler within the NSDAP itself. Hitler became a symbol of this party’s power. Hitler polarised opinion – bitter hatred or ecstatic devotion and could no longer be ignored after the 1930 Sep election. Hitler symbolised the various aspects of Nazism that supporters found appealing, he was a ‘man of the people’, who came from humble origins, and supported a new upwardly moving society, built on strength, merit and achievement. He embodied true ‘German values’; courage, manliness, integrity, loyalty and devotion to a cause. – He was the ‘little man’ who had struggled against forces weighing him down. Why did the Füher cult develop so quickly?Widespread knowledge that the Weimer economy was bankrupt. Widespread and gross underestimation of HitlerHe embodied a well-established ideological consensus - Anti-Marxist- Deep hostility towards failed democratic system- Widespread belief that Germany had been wronged at VersaillesCensorship LawsName and date of law & mini descriptionCategory (race, workers, women, etc.)Significance to German SocietyLink to IdeologyReichstag Fire Decree?(Feb 28th, 1933)Communists and other political opponentsThis decree suspended individual rights and freedoms. Permitted the regime to arrest and incarcerate political opponents without charge.?Germany in DangerEstablishment of Dachau Camp(March 22nd, 1933) Political opponents, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and others classified as “dangerous.”?Social DarwinismLaw for the prevention of offspring with Hereditary diseases(July 14th, 1933) Those with physical or mental disabilitiesMandates the forces sterilization of certain individuals with a disability?A strong GermanyEditors Law(4th Oct 1933) Non-Aryans Law prohibited anyone classified as Non-Aryan from working in journalism Anti-SemitismLaw against dangerous Habitual Criminals(Nov 24th, 1933)Convicted and unconvicted criminalsA new German law that allowed courts to order indefinite imprisonmentGermany in DangerNuremberg Race Laws (Sep 15, 1935)(consisted of two pieces of legislation: the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour)Institutionalized racial theories underpinning Nazi ideologyProvided legal framework for systematic persecution of JewsJewish community“Jew” classified as someone with three or four Jewish grandparents → many found themselves subject to legal persecution under these lawsAnti-SemitismSocial DarwinismDecree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life (November 12, 1938)Jews not allowed to operate retail stores/sales agenciesCan’t do a trade.?Forbids Jews from selling goods or servicesJewish communityRestricted all aspects of Jewish lives Anti-SemitismThe impact of the Nazi regime on life in Germany, including cultural expression, religion, workers, youth, women, minorities including Jews Cultural expression All aspects of culture deemed ‘un-German’ by the state were removed, the state them established the Reich Chamber for culture in 1933 in order to restrict and control artistic output. All artists were forced to register at the Chamber for culture if they wanted to continue to practice. The Nazi cultural landscape put great emphasis of the themes of ‘blood and soil’ radically changing German culture. All abstract movements were banned, in favour of Nazi realism with a great emphasis on the Aryan body and German natural landscape This marked the transformation of German culture into an ideological tool. The Nazis impacted cultural life not only by rejecting the liberal Art scene of the Weimer years, but further by transforming it into a narrow ideologically driven cultural landscape.Social transformations Hitler’s Nazi movement introduced measures that attempted to:Equalise society through the National community. National socialism encouraged social mobility and a breakdown of class structures. Revolutionise sexual mortality, as women were encouraged to bear children for the Nazi cause.Minorities → Minorities were suppressed through Nazi Law making. For example, criminals could be indefinitely imprisoned by the court for their crimes. Those with mental or physical disabilities were also persecuted by being forcibly ‘sterilised’ in order to remove the disability. The establishment of concentration camps, including Dacha, were established to imprison these minorities.Political opponents →Political opponents were heavily persecuted and in July 1933 Germany became a single party state with all opposing political parties being outlawed. This persecution came in the form of the implementation of concentration camps, that served to provide harsh punishment for any opposition to the party and as a means to prevent further unrest.Jewish community →The Jewish community were persecuted by the Nazi party, due to their intense anti-Semetic views that stemmed from the concept of Social Darwinism. This concept justified the implementation of German laws that prevented Jewish people from owning stores and having a passport as well as the passing of laws that would permit intense violence and repression.Youth In 1922 the Nazi party established a youth league for boys, which was named the ‘Hitler youth’. This program had an increasing emphasis on preparing young boys for the armed services, by 1934 the Hitler youth had 6 million members. From 1934 youths that denied joining were denied a university education or apprenticeship. In March 1939 membership was made compulsory and harsh punishments were imposed on those that did not attend. There were also leagues for young girls, the ‘Young Girls league’ and the ‘League of German Girls’. The indoctrination of youth was designed to replace all family and religious loyalties, and to bind children completely to the Nazi ideology and develop personal devotion to the Füher. Children were encouraged to spy on parents and report any non-Nazi behaviour, this was combined with a racist education that served to instil racial supremacy and the vilification of Slavic people, gypsies and Jews. Fundamentally, Nazi youth movements aimed to create a militarised youth culture that emphasised intolerance and elimination of the physically weak. Workers A key objective of the Nazi regime was to overcome unemployment and financial rearmament. Hitler eliminated unemployment by:Funding public work schemes Building national highwaysRearming Germany through mass production of weaponsDue to Hitler’s policies large numbers of workers switched their allegiance from the SPD and KPD to the Nazi party. In May 1933 all trade unions were outlawed, and membership of the German Labour Front was made compulsory. The German Labour Front, Made strikes by employees and lockouts by employers’ treasonable offencesArranged a program of state subsidised activities; under the KDFCaused workers to lose the right to negotiate their wages and improvements in their working conditionsMade it very hard people to change their jobMaximum working hours were increased to 72 hrs per weekThe Nazi RAD used unemployed men aged 18-25 to build government architecture, this became compulsory for men in 1935 and was extended to women in 1935. The RAD was beneficial to the Nazi’s as it provided them with cheap labour, reduced the number of unemployed and kept young people occupied. Hermann G?ring, the German minister of the Economy and his policy of Autarky, ensured that Germany’s economy was not vulnerable to an economic blockade. Women The Nazis had a very traditional view of the role of women, they saw women as extremely important to the regime as child bearers. They professed that the ideal woman should recognise ‘matrimony and motherhood as the singular goal if fascist motherhood’. The Nazi state also imposed laws and restrictions on women in order to encourage them to start families. Women were not allowed in the professions, and single women were expected to confine themselves to jobs in caring, e.g. nursing.Law for the Encouragement of Marriage 1933 Encouraged marriage and large families through cash incentivesMarriage Law 1938 Allowed men to divorce wives that they had over 4 children within order to remarry and have more children.Law for the reduction of unemployment 1933 Gave women financial incentives to marry and give up their jobs to men. Law for the Protection of Heredity Health 1933 Allowed for the eventual sterilization of as many as 2 million people deemed unworthy of propagating.Nuremberg Laws 1935 Embodied the racial theories that underpinned the Nazi ideologyOpposition to the Nazi regime Early political resistance SPD - Established a sophisticated underground organisation to oppose the Nazi regime. An important SPD resistance group was the Red Shock Troop. (By the end of 1933 they had 3 000 members consisting primarily of university students) They set up the newspaper, The Red Shock Troop. KPD - The Communist Party encouraged workers to delay and resist the Nazis. Actions from the communists included workers calling in sick, damaging machinery or working slowly to delay the completion of Nazi building projects.German Workers German workers organised resistance campaigns in the form of strikes and go-slows as they were not affiliated with any political parties. Their opposition was motivated by rising food prices and deteriorating working conditions, rather than being directly against Nazism. The Gestapo responded by arresting these people and holding them in concentration camps. Oher forms of workers opposition were not turning up to work, sabotaging factory machinery and refusing to give the Nazi salute. In 1939 Georg Elser, planted a bomb in the Beer Hall where the Füher was scheduled to address an audience, however the speech finished early and Hitler avoided the detonation. Youth There were several working-class gangs that appealed to young boys, opposition included minor acts of vandalism, bashing of the ‘Hitler youth’ and refusing to join in prescribed activities. They were known under many different names; Travelling Duded, Kittelbach pirates, Navajos and Edelweiss Pirates. The swing movement was another youth movement that was indifferent to the Nazi regime however, undermined Hitler’s notion of national conformity by listening to jazz and swing music and wearing English clothes.Military A small number of senior officials in the German military, plotted unsuccessfully to remove Hitler from power, like many others, they were disturbed by the moral destruction caused by Hitler’s policies. The ethical issue for the military personal was that they had sworn a solemn oath to uphold Hitler and the Nazi state. Their refusal to break this oath prevented many other military officers from resisting Hitler. Catholic Church The Catholic church did initially try to oppose the Nazi regime, in May 1937 the Pope issued an encyclical, ‘With Burning Sorrow’, in which he condemned the persecution of Catholic Christians. Of notable example was Hitler’s illegal euthanasia program that commenced in Feb 1940 and saw the death of 100 000 ‘weak minded’ people, taken from church-run institutions. The Nazi’s increased their attacks on the Catholic church in the wake of this protest, with thousands of priests dying in concentration camps for their stand against the regime.Protestant Church A few courageous Protestant church leaders formed the Confessional Church, that directly opposed the Nazi church, claiming that it was not, ‘with God’. However, this was quickly suppressed by Nazi officials.White Rose Sophie and Hans Scholl, brother and sister, who were from Munich University, printed an Anti-Nazi newsletter. After distributing leaflets that detailed SS atrocities on the Eastern front, they and several other members were arrested in Feb 1943 and later hanged. The search for peace and security in the worldAn overview of the search for peace and security 1919–1946:The ambitions of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific GermanyHitler was an optimist and flexible in policy – to the point of contradicting his ideological goals if the situation required it. However in the medium term he had four clear goals:To revise the treaty of Versailles and reverse the shame that Germany had been forced to suffer To rearm GermanyTo return to the fatherland the German-speaking areas that had been taken under the treaty of Versailles, and thus create the ‘Greater Germany’.To have an agreement with France, who would not allow a German revival. These steps were however not the aims of German foreign policy, they were simply the ideals of Hitler’s Aryan empire. -116951058Key Dates 1933October: Germany withdraws from the disarmament Conference and leaves the League of Nations1935January: Saar region votes to re-join the ReichMarch: Conscription is reintroduced and Germany’s army quickly grows to 550 000 while rearmament continues1936March: Hitler sends troops to the Rhineland region, an act strictly prohibited by the Treaty of VersaillesNovember: Germany and japan sign the anti-Comintern Pact1937September: Italy joins the anti-Comintern Pact.1938March: German troops enter Austria – the union of Germany and Austria is achievedSeptember: Following the Munich Conference, Czechoslovakia is given to Germany. 1939August: Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pactSeptember: Germany invades Poland and WWII begins0Key Dates 1933October: Germany withdraws from the disarmament Conference and leaves the League of Nations1935January: Saar region votes to re-join the ReichMarch: Conscription is reintroduced and Germany’s army quickly grows to 550 000 while rearmament continues1936March: Hitler sends troops to the Rhineland region, an act strictly prohibited by the Treaty of VersaillesNovember: Germany and japan sign the anti-Comintern Pact1937September: Italy joins the anti-Comintern Pact.1938March: German troops enter Austria – the union of Germany and Austria is achievedSeptember: Following the Munich Conference, Czechoslovakia is given to Germany. 1939August: Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pactSeptember: Germany invades Poland and WWII beginsThe intentions and authority of the League of Nations and the UN JapanEconomic need, politics and ideology combined to form the basis of Japanese ambition in the Asia-pacific. As Japans population continued to expand despite the crippling effects of the Great Depression, they needed a constant supply of raw materials and oil (prevented by Western embargos on Japanese imports) and a place to send their surplus population. Civilian governments continued to loose power and the military became more and more dominant in Japanese leadership.Japans ambitions in Asia were presented by its leaders who has idealistic goals of freeing Asia of Western imperialist domination. The long-term goal of Japan was to control the whole Pacific rim as well as ensuring peace in East Asia. Japanese leaders also emphasised the idea of Japanese encirclement by Western powers that they sought to break through.-9600197350Key Dates 1931September: Japan invades Manchuria and has control of the province by November1932January: Japan attacks Shanghai1933February: Japan leaves the League of Nations 1936November: Germany and japan sign the anti-Comintern PactSeptember: Italy joins the anti-Comintern Pact.1938-1939Japan suffers heavy losses during clashes with the Soviet Red Army. Japan ends its ambitions towards the Soviet Union. 1941August: The US places an embargo on Japanese oil importsDecember: Japan attacks the US naval base at pearl Harbour, Hawaii. The following day, the US declares war on Japan.0Key Dates 1931September: Japan invades Manchuria and has control of the province by November1932January: Japan attacks Shanghai1933February: Japan leaves the League of Nations 1936November: Germany and japan sign the anti-Comintern PactSeptember: Italy joins the anti-Comintern Pact.1938-1939Japan suffers heavy losses during clashes with the Soviet Red Army. Japan ends its ambitions towards the Soviet Union. 1941August: The US places an embargo on Japanese oil importsDecember: Japan attacks the US naval base at pearl Harbour, Hawaii. The following day, the US declares war on Japan.-The intentions and Authority of the league of NationsThe intention of the League of Nations was laid out by President Wilson in his Fourteen points speech in 1918:‘A general association of Nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of Political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike’At its inception, the League of Nations had 42 members and during the 1920’s managed to resolve some international conflicts, such as disputes between Finland and Sweden and Bulgaria and Greece. It also dealt with non-political humanitarian issues like; health, transport and finance. The most important contribution of the League can be argued was their work regarding refugees.However the League ultimately failed in its fundamental goal of maintaining world peace. There were several reasons for this:The league rested on the principal of internationalism – the idea that nations would put common international good above national self-interest. This did not fit well with the right-wing dominated dictatorships that began to evolve post WW1.The major powers were often not members of the League. The United States never joined and the Soviet Union, Japan and Germany soon withdrew.The league never had its own armed forces.Nations frequently denied the League jurisdiction in issues that concerned them. The onset of the Great Depression after 1929 caused nations to look inwards and prioritise national interests at the expense of international involvement. The Draft CovenantThe League of Nations was created to deal with and prevent further international disagreement. Preventing war was its main task, along with promoting good relations between nations and respect for international laws and treaties. The covenant consisted of 26 articles outlining how its aims were to be carried out. -The intentions and Authority of the United NationsAlthough the league of Nations was not successful in its aim of maintaining peace, several nations still hoped for a similar body after WWII. In May 1943 delegates from Allied Nations met to set up the United Nations; relief and rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which they hoped would speed up economic recovery after the war. The structure of the UN was in some ways similar to the league of Nations; it had a security Council, a General Assembly and a Secretariat (in charge of non-political work) as well as an International Court of Justice. The UN also sought to overcome the failings of the League by Including all major powers – this lead to a much greater authority. Source Task AnalysisSource A (Italy) - The conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period - An overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan Key Features:Limitations:- Highlights military focused, reactionary leadership- Influence of the Treaty of Versailles- Powerful orator, emphasises Italian Nationalism- Imperialist intentions of Italy- Only the perspective of the Leader does not talk of impact. - Did people listen?- What was the effect of this speech?Source: Extract from Benito Mussolini’s speech, spoken before invading Ethiopia. PRIMARY SOURCESource B (Japan) - The conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period - An overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan Key Features:Limitations:- Tojo lead over an ‘effectively military-bureaucratic regime.- Highlights the surge in fundamentalist nationalism following 1932 Japan’s right-wing groups not as radical as European fascists.- Embrace of moderate politico-economic reform (wanted to reform monarch) NOT SIMMILAR TO FASCIST IDEOLOGY- Climate of assassination, intimidation and propaganda contribute to party breakdown + disappearance of international liberalism from public discourse- No individual perspectivesSource: Extract from Japan’s Quest for Empire 1931-1945 (2011) SECCONDARY SOURCESource C - The initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933–1934 - The rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic Key Features:Limitations:- In prevailing circumstances Hitler could inspire an audience which shared political feelings - Realisation of Hitler, that through his speech, his rhetoric, the power of his prejudice and the conviction he conveyed, there was a way out of Germany’s plight- Bias, name of novel indicated bias on the part of the author.- Does not provide examples of the effect of Hitler’s realisationSource: Extract from Hitler 1889-1936 Hubris [excessive pride or self-confidence] book Ian Kershaw SECONDARY SOURCESource D - The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personalityKey Features:Limitations:- Discusses Hitler’s cabinet approved measure that legalised his treasonous attack of the Night of long knives as legal acts of self-defence by the state.- Source: Extract from, The third Reich: A New History, Michael Burleigh (2001) SECCONDARY SOURCESource E - The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personalityKey Features:Limitations:- Discusses the ‘task of propaganda’ – to translate the theory and program of the state into the language of the people.- Claimed that the goal of propaganda was to make what theorists had discovered clear to the broad masses.- Obvious bias in a propaganda pieceSource: Nazi part magazine extract Will and Way by Joseph Goebbels (1931) PRIMARY SOURCESource F - The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality - The Nature of Nazi ideologyKey Features:Limitations:- Idealistic artistic propaganda- Hitler as Füher supreme ruler- Hitler and the Nazi party as bringing Germany into the light – Germany’s saviour- Propaganda piece clear biasSource: Nazi Party poster 1932 ‘Long Live Germany’ PRIMARY SOURCESource G - The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality - The Nature of Nazi ideologyKey Features:Limitations:- Books that represented ideologies that the Nazis were opposed to were burned- Act of censorship era of uncompromising state censorship- Nation-wide, action against ‘The un-German spirit’ -- Its climax was literary ‘cleansing’ by fire- All Jewish and communist Literature was burnt- Attack on Jewish intellectualism- ‘Purifying’ German language and literature. - Does not show individual experience/perspectiveSource: Students in berlin May 10th, 1933 book burning (Photo) PRIMARY SOURCESource H - The impact of the Nazi regime on life in Germany, including cultural expression, religion, workers, youth, women, minorities including Jews - The Nature of Nazi ideologyKey Features:Limitations:- Germany’s future depends on its youth- All German youth must be part of the Hitler youth- Youth must be educated physically, intellectually and morally in the spirit of the Nazi party.Source: 1936 Reichstag passed legislation on the Law on the Hitler Youth PRIMARY SOURCESource I - The various methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control, including laws, censorship, repression, terror, propaganda, cult of personality (concentration camps) - Role of Prominent individuals in the Nazi stateKey Features:Limitations:- Role of the SS- What is it used for?Source: Heinrich Himmler inspecting Dachau Concentration camp 8th May 1936 (image) PRIMARY SOURCENotes on source AnalysisSources are starting points and the cause of things:- Sources are inert until they are framed around a question- Write concisely- Beware of the verbs in the questionQuestion 1: Describe 3 features common to dictatorships that emerged after WW1 (discuss a few dictatorships)Question 2: How does source A reflect Nazi ideology about the role of women? Make a link between photo and Nazi ideology, support with evidence from the source 3 clear distinct pointsQuestion 3: Contrast the value of source B and C to an Historian studying the impact of the Nazi regime on German youth. How are the sources different? Content and nature (accuracy and reliability) In what ways are these sources different in their nature and context? Link to investigation e.g public academic secondary source (based on extensive research.), visual primary source highlights the commitment to the Nazi ideologyQuestion 4: to what extent was the Nazi regime successful in eliminating opposition in the period 1933-39? In your response integrate relevant evidence from sources D and E Clear and concise Make a judgement Don’t get side-tracked by the sources effectively integrate the sources – make integral to argument ................
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