Loudoun County Public Schools



US/VA curriculum guide Questions

Using the curriculum guide, complete the following;

UNIT 1: Cultural Convergence to the New Republic: 1490s to 1789

1. What were the differences in settlement between the New England, Middle (Middle Atlantic) and Southern colonies in terms of:

a. Reasons for settlement:

i. NE- Religious Freedom

ii. Mid Atlan- Religious Freedom/ economic opportunity

iii. Southern- economic opportunity

b. Type of governments:

i. NE- town meetings

ii. Southern representative legislatures- House of Burgesses

c. Who settled

i. NE- Puritans

ii. Mid Atlan- English, Dutch, German speaking immigrants

iii. Southern English nobility “Cavaliers”; Jamestown- Virginia Company of London

d. Types of Economies:

i. NE shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, eventually manufacturing

ii. Mid Atlan shipbuilding, small scale farming, trading

iii. Southern large plantations and cash crops- tobacco, rice, indigo; Appalachian foothills- small subsistence farming

e. Social characteristics and structure

i. NE based on religious standings- intolerant of others

ii. Mid Atlan multi-religious groups believing in religious tolerance; flexible social structure with growing middle class of artisans, entrepreneurs and farmers

iii. Southern based on family status and ownership of land; closer social ties to Great Britain

2. Which region was the most intolerant of other religions? Which region was the most tolerant?

Most Intolerant: New England (Massachusetts Bay); Most tolerant: Mid Atlantic

3. What was the first permanent English settlement in North America? First elected assembly?

Jamestown; House of Burgesses

4. Define indentured servant.

Poor people from England, Scotland or Ireland who agreed to work on plantations for a period of time in return for their passage from Europe or relief from debt

5. Which European countries treated the Native American poorly?

Spain and England

6. What was the greatest effect of Europeans on the Native populations?

Disease and loss of land

7. When, where and why did slavery emerge in the New World?

1619, Jamestown, to work on tobacco plantations

8. Define Middle Passage.

Part of Triangular trade that brought slaves to the New World

9. What was the greatest impact of the first Great Awakening?

Led to rapid growth of evangelical religions (Methodist, Baptist), challenged the established religious and governmental orders

10. John Locke was an Enlightenment philosopher – paraphrase what he believed in.

• All people are free and equal and have “natural rights”- Life, Liberty, Property

• Power resides with the people and enter into a “social contract” to form a government to protect their rights- people promise to obey laws (ordered liberty)

• Government’s powers are limited to those the people have given it. When government becomes a threat to people’s natural rights the people can overthrow it

11. Thomas Paine wrote_Common Sense_. It challenged the rule of the American colonies by the King of England

12. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence reflected whose writings?

Thomas Paine and John Locke

13. The key principles in the Declaration of Independence increased what 3 areas in the American experience?

Political, social and economic participation

14. What were 2 effects on the colonists from the French and Indian War (1763 and 1765)? Why did these anger the colonists?

• Proclamation of 1763- prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mtns.

• New taxes on legal documents, tea and sugar

15. What do the Boston Tea Party, the 1st Continental Congress, and the Boston Massacre all have in common (think about this one)?

All examples of resistance to British rule and lead to the American Revolution

16. What were the 3 sides during the American Revolution? What were their characteristics?

• Patriots- believed in complete independence, inspired by Lock and Paine, and Patrick Henry (“give me liberty or give me death!”), provided troops for American Army

• Loyalists (AKA Torries)- remained loyal to Britian b/c of cultural and economic ties, believed taxation was justified

• Neutrals- were uninvolved

17. Did the US need European support to win the Revolution? Who supported US? After what turning point battle?

Yes; France; After Saratoga—TREATY OF ALLIANCE

18. What was the last battle of the American revolution?

Battle of Yorktown (IN VIRGINIA)

19. What made the Articles of Confederation weak?

Weak national government, no power to tax, no common currency, each state 1 vote, no executive or judicial branch

20. The Articles of Confederation did not last. At the Constitutional Convention in Philly in 1789, many compromises had to be reached before the Constitution was ratified.

a. What will be stronger – federal or state governments? Federal

b. How will representation to Congress be handled – by population or by equal representation? Bicameral legislature- equal in Senate (upper house); population in House of Representatives (lower house)

c. How will slaves be counted? 3/5th of a person for representation in House of Representatives

d. Which branch of the government will be the strongest? EQUAL!!- checks and balances- no 1 branch has more power than the others

21. Who was the president of the Constitutional Congress?

George Washington

22. Why is James Madison known as the father of the Constitution?

Led debates, kept notes of the proceedings, authored the Virginia Plan, and authored much of the Bill of Rights

23. What did each of these 3 do (and who wrote them)?

a. Virginia Declaration of Rights- George Mason- reiterated notion of basic human rights

b. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom Thomas Jefferson- outlawed the established church

c. Bill of Rights Mainly James Madison- first 10 amendment to the Constitution- basic rights that can’t be taken away

24. What were the key differences between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists?

• Federalist- strong central government, economic development

• AntiFederalists- feared a strong central government (favored a weak)

25. John Marshall was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835. What did these rulings establish?

a. Marbury v. Madison- judicial review

b. McCulloch v. Maryland implied powers

c. Gibbons v. Ogden broad national view of economic affairs

UNIT 2: The Republic Expands, Collapses, and Tries Again, 1789-1877

1. Federalist and Democratic Republicans – split happened over Federalist support of the _______________________________________________________________________.

Fed DR

Leaders: Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Support what strong national gov’t weak national gov’t

Type of gov

Economy commercial economy agricultural economy

Part of the Northeast South

Country

2. How much did the US increase due to both the Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812?

LA purchase doubled the size of the US; War of 1812- American claim to Oregon Terrotiry and settlers move into Florida

3. Who were Lewis and Clark? Sacajawea?

Hired to explore the new territory acquired west of the Mississippi River. Sacajawea was an American Indian and served as their guide.

4. Why was the Monroe Doctrine so important?

Closed the American continent off for colonization. Stated the following: Western Hemisphere is closed off to colonization by Europe; US would regard any attempt made to colonization in W.H. a threat to its peace and safety; US would not intervene in European affairs.

5. Why did people migrate west? What helped them get there?

Seeking economic opportunity (land of their own to farm); helped by the growth of the railroads and canals.

6. What was the impact of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin?

Made picking cotton more efficient; spread cotton (and slavery) to the deep south.

7. What was the impact of the Texas Revolution on the US?

Brought TX into the United States

8. What was the impact of the Mexican-American War on the US?

Led to the acquisition of territory including present day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts of Colorado and New Mexico

9. Define Manifest Destiny. How did this impact the Native Americans?

The belief the America will stretch from Atlantic to Pacific; forced Native Americans off their land, leading to violent conflicts and the Trail of Tears. --( RESERVATIONS!

10. Why did the US go to war against the British in 1812?

British interference with American shipping and western expansionism

11. How did more people get involved in politics during the Age of the Common Man?

Heightened emphasis on equality in the political process for adult white males, the rise of interest group politics and sectional issues, the changing style of campaigning, increased voter participation.

12. Define Spoils System.

Rewarding campaign supporters with public office. ANDREW JACKSON KNOWN FOR THIS!!!

13. What part of the country favored a high tariff? Why?

North, to protect manufactured goods from foreign competitors

14. The Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act all had to do with slavery and where it could exist in the US. What were the key points to each?

a. MC- drew east-west line through LA purchase (at 36th parallel)- slavery permitted below but not above (except Missouri)

b. Comp 1850- CA as a free state, Southwest territories decide on their own (popular sovereignty), tougher fugitive slave laws.

c. KN Act- repealed the MC giving people in Kansas and Nebraska the choice over slavery (popular sovereignty).---( led to Bleeding Kansas- pro and anti slavery forces battled each other. Also led to birth of the Republican party (opposed the spread of slavery).

15. Define popular sovereignty.

States decide on whether to be pro or anti-slavery.

16. Define nullification. Over what issue did South Carolina use this “idea”.

Invalidating act of Congress; Tariff of 1832 (Tariff of Abomination)

17. Define secede.

Withdrawing from the Union

18. Who led slave revolts in Virginia? What was the impact on slaves?

Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser; fed white Southerners’ fears about slave rebellions and led to harsher laws in the South against fugitive slaves.

19. William Lloyd Garrison was an abolitionist who believed in “immediate emancipation”. What newspaper did he publish that supported this idea? Who was Federick Douglass?

The Liberator; Frederick Douglass was a former slave who became a prominent abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight for the Union army.

20. What was stated at the Seneca Falls Convention?

Seneca Falls Declaration- women’s suffrage; Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

21. What was decided in the Dred Scott case in 1857?

Dred Scott couldn’t sue b/c he was not a citizen because he was black.

22. What was the impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe?

Book describing the horrors of slavery- influenced public opinion in the north and increased abolitionist movement

23. Why did southern states secede from the Union?

Feared Lincoln would try to abolish slavery

24. Where was the opening confrontation of the Civil War?

Fort Sumter

25. When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued? Where did it free the slaves? What else did it do?

After the battle of Antietam; freed slaves in “rebelling” states; turned to focus of the war in the North the abolishing slavery, discouraged foreign nations to get involved and allowed African Americans to enlist in the Union army.

26. What was the turning point battle of the Civil War? Where did Lee surrender to Grant?

Gettysburg; Appomattox

27. Who was the President of the Confederacy?

Jefferson Davis

28. The Gettysburg Address reiterated the Declaration of Independence in terms of “all men are created equal”. What did Lincoln also state about the nature of the Union?

“one nation” not a collection of sovereign states.

29. How do we know Lincoln wanted to restore the Southern states back to the Union quickly?

His 2nd inaugural address indicated it with his like “with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds”

30. What was so “radical” about the Radical Republicans?

Their Reconstruction plan was harsher more punitive towards former Confederate states.

31. Define the following amendments:

a. 13- slavery abolished permanently in US

b. 14- States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American

c. 15- Voting rights guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

32. What were the economic differences between the South and the North (and West) after the Civil War?

South: left embittered and devastated by the war. Farmers, railroads and factories had been destroyed throughout. Confederate money was worthless. Towns and cities like Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins and source of labor was changed. South remains agriculture based and poorest section of US

North and Midwest: emerge with strong growing industrial economies, laying the foundation for industrialization in the US

33. Define Jim Crow Laws.

Laws restricting the lives of African Americans in the South

34. When did Reconstruction “end”?

Compromise of 1877

UNIT 3: Flying High and Crashing: From Development to Depression, 1877-1939

1. Define the Homestead Act

Gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land

2. List the different groups of people who moved out west. How did this impact the Native Americans?

Cowboys, Homesteaders, Miners; forced Native Americans off their land

3. What were the differences between Old and New Immigration?

Old Immigrants: north and western Europe, literate, assimilated easier

New Immigrants: southern and eastern Europe and Asia, illiterate, poor, had a harder time assimilating

4. Why did people immigrate to the US? At what locations did they enter?

Seeking freedom and better lives for their families. Entered through Ellis Island on Atlantic, and Angel Island on Pacific

5. What was the economic impact on the US of this massive immigration?

Immigrants worked on railroads and in factories for low wages and poor working conditions.

6. Define ethnic neighborhood. Define assimilation. Define nativism.

Ethnic neighborhood: neighborhood established by immigrants to help ease problems of immigration; assimilation: process of blending into the dominant culture; Nativism: fear and hatred towards immigrants

7. What was the first anti-immigrant legislation? The 2nd?

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882; Immigration Restriction Act 1921

8. What cities grew as a result of this immigration? How did this change the make-up of the cities?

Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg, New York

9. Who invented:

a. Light bulb- Thomas Edison

b. Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell

c. Airplane- Wright brothers

10. Who worked with:

a. Steel- Andrew Carnegie

b. Oil- John D. Rockefeller

c. Finance- J.P. Morgan

d. Railroads- Cornelius Vanderbilt

11. Why did the US become such an economic powerhouse?

Laissez-faire capitalism, increased labor supply, American possession of a wealth of natural resources and navigable rivers

12. Define Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)? What 1954 court case overturned this?

Supreme court ruled that “separate by equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment; Brown v. Board of Education overturned it

13. What did each do in the early civil rights movement:

a. Ida B. Wells- led an anti-lynching campaign

b. Booker T. Washington- believed in equality through vocational education- Tuskegee Institute

c. WEB DuBois- social and political equality- help found the NAACP

14. What was the intent of Progressives? What were their goals?

Reform the problems created by industrialization. ; Goals: Gov’t controlled by the people, Guaranteed economic opportunity through gov’t regulations, eliminate social injustices

15. What did they want to change in terms of labor? Did they? How did Labor Unions help with this? List the first Labor Unions.

Child labor and working conditions; Yes; Labor unions organized strikes and used collective bargaining. First Labor unions: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, American Railway Union, International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union

16. What were the progressive changes in government/politics?

Referendum, initiative and recall, primary elections, Direct election of US Senator (17th Amendment), Secret ballot

17. What were the 2 anti-trust acts? What did they do?

Sherman Anti-trust Act: prevented business structure that restrains trade (monopolies); and Clayton Anti-trust act: Expands the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, outlaws price fixing, exempts unions from Sherman Act

18. What was the 19th Amendment?

Women’s right to vote (suffrage)

19. Define Open Door policy

All nations have equal trade rights in China

20. Define Dollar Diplomacy.

Taft- American banks and businesses invest money in Latin America

21. What were the territorial results of the Spanish-American War?

Puerto Rico a US territory and US asserts its right to intervene in Cuban affairs

22. How did the US secure the Panama canal?

Helped Panama gain independence and then negotiated a treaty for the canal zone

23. Why did the US remain neutral at the beginning of World War 1?

Strong isolationist sentiment

24. Why did the US enter World War I?

German submarine warfare and to “make the world safe for democracy”

25. Why did the US not join the League of Nations?

Congress objected to the fact that by joining the LoN, foreign policy decisions would be made by an international organization not by US leaders

26. List the cultural changes that took place during the 1920’s and 1930’s.

Mass media (Radio, Jazz, Movies, Newspapers and magazines); challenges to traditional values, KKK, Prohibition

27. What was Scopes Trail about?

John Scopes taught Evolution in school in Tennessee, put on trial, emphasized the conflict between traditional and modern values

28. What was the 18th Amendment? What was the impact on US society?

Prohibition- led to smuggling alcohol, speakeasies, organized crime

29. What was the Federal Reserve’s impact on the Great Depression?

Failed to prevent widespread collapse of the nation’s banking system

30. What were the 3 R’s to FDR’s New Deal? – Give an example of each.

Relief- direct payment to people for immediate help (Works Progress Administration)

Recovery- designed to bring the nation out of the depression over time (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)

Reform- correct unsound banking and investment policies (FDIC)

31. What was the legacy of the New Deal?

Influenced public belief in the responsibility of government to deliver public services, to intervene in the economy, and to act in ways that promote the general welfare.

UNIT 4: The US Returns to the World – Hot and Cold Wars

1. When did WW2 begin?

Hitler invades Poland (1939)

2. Even though the US remained isolationist during the first years of the war, the US helped the allies. How?

Lend-Lease Act- sell or led equipment to countries defending themselves against the Axis powers

3. Why did Japan attack the US at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941?

US refused to recognize Japanese conquests in Asia and imposed an embargo on exports of oil and steel to Japan

4. US strategy during WW2:

a. Defeat _Hitler First_.

b. Pacific ___”Island hopping”__ campaign.

5. Describe these major battles:

a. El Amamein:- prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies

b. Normandy: “D-Day”- American and Allied troops under Eisenhower landed in France and liberated western Europe

c. Midway: turning point in Pacific, ended Japanese threat to Hawaii

d. Iwo Jima and Okinawa: brought American forces closer than ever to Japan- Kamakazi

e. Use of the Atomic Bomb: used to force a Japanese surrender and save American lives

6. How did African-American, Nisei, and Navajo troops support the war effort?

African Americans: segregated units- Tuskegee Airmen; Nisei Regiment- Asian (Japanese Americans); Navajo code talkers

7. What did the Geneva Convention state about Prisoners of War? Did this hold true during the Bataan Death March?

Ensure humane treatment of prisoners- no cruel and unusual punishment; No did not hold true- American POWs suffered brutal treatment.

8. Define Genocide:

The systematic and purposeful destruction of racial, political, religious or cultural group

9. What were the Nuremberg Trials?

Emphasized individual responsibility for actions during war

10. What were the social and economic ramifications on the US during WW2?

Rationing, war bonds, income tax, women and minorities to the work force, citizens volunteered for the war effort

11. Why did the US send Japanese Americans to internment camps during WW2?

Strong anti-Japanese prejudice; false belief that Japanese Americans were aiding the enemy

12. What happened to Germany at the end of WW2? To Japan?

Germany- partitioned into east(communist) and west (democratic); Japan occupied by American forces until it adopted democratic govt.

13. What was the Marshall Plan? The Truman Docrtine?

Marshall Plan: provided massive financial aid to rebuild European economies to prevent the spread of Communism

Truman Doctrine: “containment of communism”

14. What was the length of the Cold War?

End of WWII (1945) to collapse of Soviet Union (1991)

15. Describe NATO? What did the Soviet and Eastern European Nations form in response?

North Atlantic treaty Organization- defensive alliance among US and western European countries; Soviets created Warsaw Pact in response

16. President Eisenhower adopted a policy of “massive retaliation” in response to the threat of nuclear war. What did this mean?

Deter any nuclear strike by the Soviets

17. Why did the US enter the Korean conflict? Were the US’s goals met?

Reflected Containment- stop Communism from spreading to South Korea; Yes goal was met, communist contained at 38th parallel

18. Why did the US enter Vietnam? What was Vietnamization? Why did the US not “win” this war?

Stop the spread of communism into South Vietnam; Vietnamization- withdrawing American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese forces; US didn’t “win” bc Vietnamization failed and N and S Vietnam merged under communist control.

19. Describe the Cuban Missile Crisis.

1962- Soviets put missiles pointed at US in Cuba, Kennedy orders them to be removed and for 13 days, US and USSR on brink of nuclear war

20. How was US fear of communist infiltration heightened in the US during the 1950’s?

Conviction of Soviet spies, McCarthy hearings,

21. Define McCarthyism.

Making false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association

22. How did the military cold war build up impact Virginia?

Benefitted economy- Hampton Roads had naval and air bases, Northern Virginia –Pentagon and government contracting companies

23. Why did the Soviet Union eventually collapse?

Soviets had to increase military spending, rising nationalism in Soviet republics, fast-paced reforms, economic inefficiency, glasnost and perestroika

24. Define glasnost and perestroika.

Openness and economic restructuring

25. Note that post-cold war goals are aimed mostly at support for human rights. Please look over what each president did during their terms in office.

UNIT 5: US Society in the Post WW2 World

1. What was the impact of Brown v. Board of Education?

Segregated schools were unequal and must desegregate

2. What was Virginia’s response to the ruling?

Massive resistance- closing schools, private schools, white flight from urban school systems

3. Timeline of Civil Rights Events – importance of each:

a. NAACP- challenged segregation in the courts

b. March on Washington- helped influence public opinion and support for civil rights legislation

c. Civil Rights Act of 1964- prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender or nat’l origin

d. Voting Rights Act of 1965- outlawed literacy tests

4. Who was the first woman on the US Supreme Court?

Sandra Day O’Conner

5. Overall, why do people immigrate to the US?

Political freedom and economic opportunity

6. Who was the first American to orbit space? To walk on the moon? Firs t woman in space?

John Glenn; Neil Armstrong; Sally Ride

7. List some technological advances. How have these changed the work place?

Satellite, GPS, Cell Phones; telecommuting, online course-work, outsourcing

8. What was the “Reagan Revolution”?

Shift the conservative policies- tax cuts, responsibilities to state gov’ts, restricting gov’t programs

9. What does the Federal Reserve do?

Monetary policy decisions control the supply of money and credit to expand or contract economic growth

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