World War II - Coach Reid's History Classroom



World War IIExecutive Order 8802 - presidential action of FDR on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry; the first federal action to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the U.S. Totalitarian - a form of government in which one person or party exercises absolute control over all aspects of human life.Dictator - a ruler having absolute authority and supreme jurisdiction over the government.Adolf Hitler - leader of the Nazi Party and dictator of Germany during World War II.Benito Mussolini - leader of the National Fascist Party and dictator of Italy during World War II.Joseph Stalin - leader of the Soviet Union during World War II and the early years of the Cold War.Fascism - system of government with strong social and economic controls by a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator; associated with Italy leading up to and during World War II.Nazism - the ideology and practices of the Nazi party under Adolf Hitler of state control of the economy, racist nationalism and national expansion from 1933 to 1945. Holocaust - the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II by Nazi Germany. Neutrality Acts - series of laws passed by Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia, to prevent the United States from being drawn into another war.Nye Committee - a committee in the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I, concluding the munitions companies were partly responsible. America First Committee - group opposed to American involvement and entry into World War II. Appeasement - a policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace and avoid an armed conflict.Blitzkrieg - a swift, sudden military offensive by ground and air forces intended to achieve a quick victory (lightning war). Selective Service and Training Act - passed in 1940 and became the first peacetime draft in U.S. history; required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register with local draft boards.Soviet Nazi Nonaggression Pact - agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 that renounced warfare between the two countries.Rationing - the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods or services. Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister during World War II.Atlantic Charter - a joint proclamation in 1941 by the United States and Britain stating the plans for the world after World War II.Big Three - name given to the major allies in World War II (Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States).Lend Lease Act - 1941 legislation allowing the U.S. to ship war materials and supplies, without immediate payment, to nations fighting the Axis powers. “Arsenal of Democracy” - 1940 fire side chat quote of FDR referring to the mass production of war materials and armaments for the Allies to avoid United States entry into World War II.Four Freedoms Speech - a 1941 address by FDR proposing four fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.Harry S Truman - became President of the United States following the death of FDR; leader of the United States at the conclusion of World War II and made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.Pearl Harbor, Hawaii - location of the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet; attacked by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, which brought the U.S. into World War II.Anti-Semitic - prejudice against or hostility towards Jews.Manhattan Project - codename for the development of an atomic bomb by the United States during World War II.Dwight D. Eisenhower - the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II. Douglas MacArthur - American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army; played a prominent role in the Pacific theater of World War II.Bataan Death March - a 60 mile march of American and Filipino soldiers by the Japanese during the Battle of the Philippines (1941–42) remembered for the death rate and cruelty of the Japanese towards the POWs.“Double V” Campaign - African American campaign to raise awareness about segregation and racism during World War II advocating a Victory over racism at home and abroad.Battle of Britain - air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) during the summer and autumn of 1940 to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF) in preparation for a future invasion of Britain.Zoot Suit Riots - a series of attacks that erupted in Los Angeles, California during World War II, between servicemen stationed throughout the city and Latino youths.Rosie the Riveter - a World War II propaganda creation to encourage women to work in war factories.Korematsu v. United States - landmark U.S. Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Japanese internment during World War II; the court held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed individual rights.Internment - the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial.War Production Board - government agency to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States. A. Philip Randolph - civil rights leader and founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.Good Neighbor Policy - foreign policy of Franklin Roosevelt advocating good relations with the countries of Latin America.VJ Day - September 2, 1945, the day on which the surrender of Japan occurred, effectively ending World War II.VE Day - May 8, 1945, the date when the Allies formally accepted the “unconditional surrender” of the armed forces of Nazi Germany. Kamikaze - suicide attacks by pilots from Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy as many warships as possible.D-Day - name given to June 6, 1944, the day the Allies launched an invasion of the European mainland at Normandy in France. Tuskegee Airmen - African American fighter pilots who flew with distinction during World War II.GI Bill of Rights - 1944 legislation that provided financial and educational benefits for World War II veterans; also known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.Congress of Racial Equality - a civil rights group founded in 1942 to work against segregation in Northern cities.Navajo Code Talkers - Native Americans who served in the US Marine Corps transmitting coded messages in the Pacific Theater.Island-Hopping - United States military tactic in the Pacific Ocean during World War II of capturing strategic islands en route to Japan. World War Two1 Neutrality to Pearl HarborGuided Notes 571594615Essential Questions:Trace and evaluate the evolving foreign policy of the United States from neutrality to entry into World War II.Examine the rise of dictators in the world and the causes of World War II. 00Essential Questions:Trace and evaluate the evolving foreign policy of the United States from neutrality to entry into World War II.Examine the rise of dictators in the world and the causes of World War II. Rise of Totalitarianism and MilitarismPost-war social and economic conditions in Europe and Asia allowed for the emergence of totalitarian governments.Blaming many of the problems on the Treaty of _____________, these new governments sought more power and embraced the ideas of _____________ and imperialism. During the 1930s, many Americans resented European nations for not repaying the loans from WWI and became disillusioned with their sacrifices during WWI to “make the world safe for _____________.”ItalyBenito Mussolini_______ismGermanyAdolf Hitler_______ismSoviet UnionJoseph _____________CommunismJapanEmperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Hideki Tojo_______ism Problems and America’s Response 1931The Japanese army invaded the resource-rich Chinese province of _____________.1932The United States responded by issuing the _____________ Doctrine which stated the US would not recognize any territory taken by force.1934_____________ Committee was established in the U.S. Senate to investigate how the US was drawn into WWI.Concluded banks and munitions manufacturers made huge profits and were to blame?for shifting public opinion to fight in World War I.Problems and America’s Response 1935Italy invaded _____________Neutrality Act of 1935 outlawed arms sales and shipments to countries the president deemed to be at _____________forbade US citizens from traveling on belligerent vessels1936Neutrality Act of 1936 also forbade the extension of _____________ or _____________ to belligerent nationsGermany & Italy established the Rome-Berlin AxisGermany remilitarized the Rhineland_____________ Civil War began (Franco, 1936 – 1939)1937Neutrality Act of 1937 applied all the earlier provisions to include nations fighting a _____________ war Problems and America’s Response 1937Neutrality Act of 1937 Japan attacked China without a declaration of _____________FDR refused to observe the Neutrality Acts and sent aid to _____________“_____________ Speech,” FDR in ChicagoUSS Panay (American gunboat) attacked by Japanese?(12/17)Problems and America’s Response 1938 Germany invaded _____________ (Anschluss) in MarchMunich ConferenceHitler demands lebensraum and wanted the __________land of CzechoslovakiaGermany, Italy, France (Edouard Daladier) & British (Neville Chamberlain) met in SeptemberPolicy of _____________***US Congress began to appropriate billions of $ to naval constructionProblems and America’s Response 1939 Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia in MarchNazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, AugustHitler & _____________ agreed not to attack one another and secretly divided _____________ between themSept 1, 1939, Germany invaded _____________ (blitzkrieg)Sept 3, 1939, Britain & France declared war on Germany and massed troops along the Maginot and Siegfried Lines (sitzkrieg)By the end of September the USSR had invaded Poland to take its promised shareBy the end of 1939, USSR had invaded Finland, Estonia, Latvia & LithuaniaProblems and America’s Response 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed belligerents to buy arms with cash and transport on their own ships, president authorized to declare danger zones of no shipping (“_____________ and _____________”)Ban on loans and US shipping to belligerentsAct favored the democracies & was not neutralProblems and America’s Response 1940Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in AprilGermany invaded the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg in MayGermany invaded _____________Miracle at _____________ (300,000+ British & French troops rescued)On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Germany?Havana Conference, July US & 20 Latin American countries pledged to uphold the _____________ Doctrine because of the orphaned colonies of Netherlands, Denmark, & FranceBattle of _____________ (Aug 1940 - June 1941) ?Japan joined the Axis Powers in SeptemberProblems and America’s Response 1940Bases for _____________ Deal, September?After the fall of France, Britain was alone in the fight against Germany and Italy.FDR traded 50 old American WWI destroyers for 8 British bases.Executive action and required no Congressional approval, criticisms emerged?Selective Service and Training Act, September1st _____________ draft 16 million registered, trained 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves for 1 year serviceFDR drew the 1st draft number in the lotteryAmerica First Committee, SeptemberAnti-war organization established to prevent US entry into WWIIElection of 1940Republicans selected former Democrat Wendell _____________Platform: FDR’s dictatorship, costly New Deal and stay out of war.Democrats re-nominated FDR“Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars” Lend-Lease Act 1941Lend-Lease Act, MarchJan 1941, FDR’s “Four _____________ Speech” to CongressFreedom of Speech, of Worship, from Want and from Fearheatedly debated in CongressR. Taft compared it to lending chewing gum, you don’t want it backAmerica would be the “_____________ of Democracy”Abandonment of neutrality*incidental result of converting American factories to war production prior to US entry*Germany responded to America’s new neutrality by attacking US ships1941Germany attacked the USSR in JuneUS started sending Lend-Lease aid to USSRHemispheric Defense Zone?Beginning in July, US began to escort shipments across the _____________ as far as Iceland using the convoy system to keep German wolf-packs awaySelective Training and Service Act extended for another 18 months in Augustpassed H of R by a vote of 203 to 202The _____________ Charter, 1941 FDR and British P.M. Winston _____________ met off the coast of Newfoundland in AugustEstablished the post-WWII goals of the US and Britain No territorial _____________No territorial exchanges without the consent of the inhabitantsRight of the people to determine their own form of gov’t Promote free _____________Encourage international cooperation to improve people’s livesBuild a secure peace based on freedom from want and fearDisarmament of aggressorsEst. a “permanent system of _____________ security”*Became the basis of the Allies (United Nations) war goals*Signed by USSR, China & 24 other nations German U-boats Again?!!! 1941 German u-boats attacked the USS _____________ in September The USS Kearney and USS Reuben James were attacked in OctoberFDR ordered the US navy to follow a “shoot-on-sight” policy toward German submarines November, Congress voted to allow US merchant ships to arm themselves and could now enter war zones. Japan and the United States Roosevelt’s primary goal between August 1939 and December 1941 was to help _____________ and its allies defeat _____________. When Britain began moving its warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the _____________ from attacking the British Empire.In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials—materials important for fighting a war—to other countries. Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan Japan and the United States By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat to the British Empire. Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all Japanese assets in the United States and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan. FDR also sent General Douglas _____________ to the Philippines to build up American defenses.The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the _____________, and attack _____________ Harbor.JAPAN ATTACKS Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on _____________ 7, 1941, sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring hundreds more. WHY??? The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on _____________.On December 11, 1941, Japan’s allies—_____________ and _____________—declared war on the United States.?-62865162560Essential Conclusions:During most of the 1930s, Americans and the United States government were committed to remaining neutral in the event of a European conflict. When the British faced the Axis powers alone, many Americans began to support limited assistance and aid. Most Americans did not favor United States entry into WWII until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Due to economic and social problems, several dictators emerged with expansionist ideas that led directly to the outbreak of World War II. 00Essential Conclusions:During most of the 1930s, Americans and the United States government were committed to remaining neutral in the event of a European conflict. When the British faced the Axis powers alone, many Americans began to support limited assistance and aid. Most Americans did not favor United States entry into WWII until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Due to economic and social problems, several dictators emerged with expansionist ideas that led directly to the outbreak of World War II. 2 The American Home FrontGuided Notes 571594615Essential Questions:Describe government efforts to mobilize the home front, and examine the effects on labor, migration, civil liberties, and industry.00Essential Questions:Describe government efforts to mobilize the home front, and examine the effects on labor, migration, civil liberties, and industry.Americans go to work The industrial output of the United States during WWII astounded the rest of the world.American workers were _____________ as productive as German workers and _____________ times more productive than Japanese workers.Women and minorities benefited from the new job opportunities.American war production turned the tide in favor of the Allies. In less than four years, the United States achieved what no other nation had done- fight and win a _____________ front war. Industrial Mobilization By 1942 almost all major industries and some 200,000 companies had converted to war production.The _____________ industry was uniquely suited to the mass production of military equipment.Automobile factories began to produce trucks, jeeps, and tanks.This was critical in modern warfare because the country that could move troops and supplies quickly usually won the battle.Mobilizing the economy ended the _____________ and created almost 19 million new jobs and nearly doubled the average family’s income.The US War Machine Office of Price Administration (OPA) and Office of Economic Stabilization (OES)fought inflation by freezing _____________, prices, and rents_____________ fuel, materials vital to the war effort, and foods such as meat, butter, cheese, vegetables, sugar & coffeeAmericans were encouraged to plant gardens, participate in _____________ drives and drive the Victory speed (35 mph).War Production Board (WPB)supervised _____________ and _____________eliminated nonessential civilian productionNational War Labor Board (NWLB)limited wage increases and allowed _____________ benefitskept unions stableSome unions were not pleased with it (UMW led by John L. _____________)Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act, 1943 (Labor Disputes Act)limited strikes in industries critical to _____________ effort (criminal offense)gave the president the power to take over striking plantsact used to take over _____________ mines and _____________Office of War Information_____________ group of WWIIWomen in the Workforce During the Depression, many people believed married women should not work outside the home, especially if it meant taking jobs away from men trying to support their families.Most working women were young, single, and employed in traditional female jobs. The wartime shortage forced factories to recruit _____________ women to do industrial jobs that traditionally had been reserved for men.The great symbol of the campaign to hire women was “_____________ the Riveter”.Eventually 2.5 million women went to work to support the war effort.Women were seen as essential “_____________ workers” for men who had gone off to war, but did women themselves see their work as “replacement” work? Population Shifts During the Depression the “Great _____________” slowed, but as jobs in war factories opened up it resumed.More people moved to industrial centers located in the North/Midwest and _____________ Coast.Over 300,000 African Americans left the _____________ during the war and 1.2 million had left by 1950“Sunbelt”1942, agreement w/ Mexico allowed thousands of Mexican agricultural workers to enter the US (_____________)African Americans in the Workforce Although factories were hiring women, they resisted hiring _____________ Americans.Frustrated, A. Phillip _____________, the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters-a major union for African American railroad workers-decided to take action.Randolph organized a march on _____________ for July 1, 1941 (100,000 marchers)Before the march, FDR called Randolph in to talk, but Randolph refused to back downJune 1941, Randolph canceled the march in exchange for FDR’s executive order (#_____________) to end discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries.FDR established the Fair _____________ _____________ Commission (FEPC) to enforce the executive order.Discrimination and Violence As more African Americans arrived in _____________ urban areas, they were met with suspicion and intolerance and some situations became violent.In _____________ on June 20, 1943 violence erupted for several days leaving 25 African Americans dead and 9 whites.Congress of Racial Equality (_____________) was established by James Farmer in 1942.CORE targeted discrimination in the _____________ and staged the first sit-ins at a Chicago restaurant in 1942.Zoot Suit Riots of Los Angeles Racist attacks on young _____________ men by American sailors and soldiers in June of 1943.Started when several sailors claimed to be beaten and robbed by Mexicans wearing “zoot suits.” Police did little to stop the violence and arrested many Hispanics for rioting and vagrancy.First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt commented, "The question goes deeper than just [zoot] suits. It is a racial protest. … we do not always face these problems as we should." Japanese Internment Many Americans feared the _____________-American population of the _____________ Coast & _____________ In February 1942, the War Department declared the west coast a “military zone,” and FDR ordered the removal of Japanese-Americans from CA, WA, OR & AZ based on national security.110,000 J-A were relocated to 10 _____________ camps (2/3rd were Nisei, born in the US)Korematsu v. the United States, 1944 Not all Japanese accepted the relocation without protest. Fred _____________ argued that his rights had been violated. The court ruled that the relocation was constitutional because it was not based on race, rather “_____________ urgency.”Shortly afterward the court did rule that loyal American citizens could not be held against their will. Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) was established and fought for compensation of losses.1965, Congress authorized $38 million (1/10 of actual loss)1988, Congress authorized $20,000 to each Jap-Am sent to relocation during the war.Minorities in the Armed Forces African Americans1,000,000 served in segregated units, many non-combative roles_____________ Airmen“Double _____________” campaignMexican Americans1/2 million served in segregated units“Blue Devils”Asian Americans13,000 Chinese Americans & 33,000 Japanese AmericansNative Americans25,000 served_____________ Code Talkers (Pacific Theater)Women in Active Duty In previous wars, women had regularly served as support for troops (nurses, clerical staff, drivers, supply clerks, etc.), but had not done so in uniform.But in WWII, the military organized regular branches of serviceWomen's Army Auxiliary Corps (_____________s) created May 1942 with Oveta Culp Hobby as head.With encouragement from first lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard follow:WAVES - Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (Navy), under Lt Commander Mildred McAfee, President of Wellesley CollegeSPARS (from Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus, “always ready”), led by Lt Commander Dorothy C. StrattonMarine Corps Women’s Reserve, headed by Major Ruth Cheyney Streeter The Forgotten: WASPs WASPS (Women _____________ Service Pilots)Women pilots who served as test pilots, trainers and instructors, targets, and transport pilots – promised but never received status as U.S. military pilots.38 WASPs died in the line of duty and were buried without military honors.After the war, WASPs were denied veteran’s benefits, GI Bill, and recognition.Congress made them veterans in 1977; Air Force accepted them as veterans in 1979. PAYING FOR THE WAR The war cost the United States over $300 billion dollars._____________ only accounted for about 45 percent of the cost of WWII.To raise the rest the government sold _____________ (E bonds sold for about $18 and could be redeemed for $25 after 10 years). Individual Americans bought about $50 billion worth of war bonds. Companies bought the rest, about $100 billion worth. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, 1944 __________________________ (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act), 1944Provided _____________ and training for veterans paid for by the government.7.8 million veterans attended collegeProvided federal _____________ for homes, businesses & farmsOutcome on America America was the only country to emerge after the war relatively unscathed, and in fact, it was better off after the war than before.The gross national product more than doubled, as did corporate profits.When the war ended and price controls were lifted, _____________ shot up.It was the plethora of spending during WWII that lifted America from its Great _____________.The wartime bill amounted to more than $330 billion—more than the _____________ costs of all the previous American wars together.-6286581915Essential Conclusions:The government took control of the economy and industries that were considered essential in winning the war.Many Americans and minorities experienced new opportunities in employment, but minorities still faced racism and discrimination.Industries began to emerge in the “Sunbelt” which resulted in increased migration to the American Southwest. 00Essential Conclusions:The government took control of the economy and industries that were considered essential in winning the war.Many Americans and minorities experienced new opportunities in employment, but minorities still faced racism and discrimination.Industries began to emerge in the “Sunbelt” which resulted in increased migration to the American Southwest. 3 War in Africa and Europe571557150Essential Questions:Analyze the course of World War II in the African and European Theaters after American entry into the conflict. 00Essential Questions:Analyze the course of World War II in the African and European Theaters after American entry into the conflict. US enters the war… Now what? After declaring war on the US in December of 1941, Germany increased u-boat activities in the _____________ along the US seaboard and destroyed 681 Allied ships by mid 1942.The Allies responded with the convoy system escorted by destroyers using ________.The British began to use _____________ to locate German air attacks, and the German secret code (Enigma) was soon broken.Where should US troops get involved first?1942 - 1943 Turning Points The British and Americans began bombing raids on Germany’s industrial and military centers (Aug 1942).Battle of _____________ (USSR, Eastern Front)Aug 1942Germans began to attack StalingradFeb 1943Germans surrendered at Stalingrad***USSR began to push German troops backOperation TorchThe invasion of North _____________ (Morocco & Algeria)November 1942- US General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) vs. German General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox).May 1943- Germany surrendered in North _____________ Casablanca Conference In January 1943, President Roosevelt met with Prime Minister _____________ to plan the next stage of war. During the Casablanca Conference, the decision was made to increase the bombing of Germany in an effort to destroy its military, industrial, and economic system and to hurt the German morale. They decided to open a new front through _____________ and _____________, step up efforts in the Pacific and recommitted to an “unconditional surrender.”Operation Husky & Operation Avalanche Invasion of Italy in July and September of 1943_____________ was deposed & Italy surrendered in September 1943. Italy declared war on _____________ in October of 1943 and the Germans seized control of most of Italy.Tehran Conference November – December 1943Big 3 (FDR, _____________ & Churchill) met at Tehran, IranUS & BR agreed to open a second front in France to be led by Gen. Dwight D. EisenhowerUSSR would consider joining the war against _____________ after Germany was defeated.Operation Overlord D-Day (June 6, 1944)The largest amphibious landing of all time. Allies attacked German positions in Normandy, France.5 beach heads, Americans landed at _____________ and _____________ beachesGeneral George Patton led American armored divisions across FranceBy Sept 1944, France, Belgium, Luxembourg & Netherlands had been liberated.Election of 1944Republicans nominated Thomas E. _____________, governor of NY.?Democrats re-nominated FDR, the main focus was selecting a vice presidential candidate.Democrats ousted Henry A. Wallace & selected Senator Harry S ___________ of MO.Battle of the Bulge Dec. 16, 1944 – Jan. 8, 1945Hitler attempted one last offensive to cut off Allied supplies coming through the port of _____________, Belgium. The Battle of the _____________ began on December 16, 1944, catching American troops off guard. As Germans raced west, their lines “bulged” outward, resulting in the battle’s name. The United States won the battle and on January 8, Germans withdrew with little left to stop the Allies from entering Germany.Yalta Conference Black Sea, Feb 1945Big 3 (FDR, Stalin & Churchill) met at Yalta in the Crimea (USSR).Agreed to move ahead on creation of the UNUSSR agreed to enter war against Japan 3 months after Germany was defeatedUSSR promised to allow for free & open _____________ in Soviet occupied territoryVictory in Europe Race for Berlin between the US (BR & FR) and the USSRApril 25, 1945USSR reached BerlinApril 30, 1945_____________ suicideMay 8, 1945V-E Day (Victory in Europe)President _____________ died a month before the defeat of Germany. Vice President Harry S. Truman became president. Although Germany surrendered a few weeks later, Truman needed to make many difficult decisions regarding the war as the battle with Japan intensified.A New Peace Keeping Body Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1944US, BR, USSR & ChinaRepresentatives met to plan a new peace keeping body (_____________ Nations)?San Francisco, April 194550 countries attended to draft a charterTo replace the _____________ of NationsCharter est. a General Assembly and a _____________ Council (the 5 major Allies had permanent seats on the Security Council, US, BR, FR, USSR & China)June 26, 1945, the charter was signedHeadquarters in _____________ City Potsdam Conference Potsdam, Germany, July 1945New Big 3_____________, USChurchill then Clement _____________, BRStalin, USSRDecided to divide Germany and Berlin into 4 zones controlled by the US, France, Britain and the USSR. Pursue trials of war criminals (first time leaders would be held responsible for crimes during a war) Holocaust & War Trials In August 1945, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) was created by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union to punish _____________ and _____________ leaders for their war crimes. The IMT tried German leaders suspected of committing war crimes at the _____________ trials.12 of 22 Nazis were convicted and put to death in the first trials. 4 War in the Pacific5715151765Essential Questions:Analyze the course of World War II in the Pacific Theater after American entry into the conflict.00Essential Questions:Analyze the course of World War II in the Pacific Theater after American entry into the conflict.Fight for the Philippines December 1941 – May 1942The commander of the Americans and Filipinos defending the Philippines was General Douglas _____________.MacArthur waged a defensive battle from the _____________ Peninsula and the island of Corregidor. Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to evacuate to Australia in March when if became clear the Philippines would fall to Japan. (“I shall _____________”)The Allied defenders of Bataan surrendered in April, and thousands died on the 65 mile “_____________ Death March” to a Japanese POW camp. 78,000 US & Filipinos are marched 65 miles10,000 Filipinos and 600 US diedAmerican & Filipino forces in the Philippines surrendered in May 1942 “Doolittle Do’ed It!” April 1942 Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle was put in command of the mission that bombed _____________ by launching B-25 bombers from the USS Hornet aircraft carrier in the North Pacific.1942 Turning Points Battle of the Coral Sea, May 1942Prevented the planned invasion of New _____________ by the JapaneseBattle of _____________, June 1942US Admiral Chester NimitzJapanese codes were broken & US knew it was comingJapan lost 4 carriers and 275 planesBattle of Guadalcanal, August 1942“Island of _____________”Fighting lasted 6 months23,000 of 36,000 Japanese died (fought to the death) Pacific Theater Strategy Island HoppingA military strategy of selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others. The strategy allowed the Americans to move more quickly toward their ultimate goal—Japan itself. 2 prong campaignGeneral Douglas _____________, commander of Allied forces in SW PacificAdm. Chester _____________, commander of Pacific fleetGet close enough to Japan to build air bases to conduct _____________ raidsThe Marianas June – August 1944Capturing the Marianas would allow B-29 super bombers to attack Japan.Traditional bombing was not very accurate, so General Curtis LeMay, commander of the B-29s based in the Marianas, changed strategy to drop bombs filled with _____________, a kind of jellied gasoline. The controversial bombings in Tokyo killed over 80,000 people and destroyed more than 250,000 buildings. Japan’s six most important industrial cities were firebombed. “People of the Philippines, I have returned. . . . rally to me.” October 1944 – August 1945MacArthur returned to the _____________Battle of _____________ GulfLargest naval battle of all timeLast major Japanese fleet destroyedFirst time the Japanese used _____________ attacks. The battle to recapture the Philippines left Manila in ruins and over 100,000 Filipino civilians dead.Iwo Jima Feb 1945750 miles south of JapanFamous picture raising the flagAmerican military planners decided to invade Iwo Jima because it was closer to Japan and would make the _____________ more effective.On February 19, 1945, 60,000 American Marines landed on Iwo Jima, and 6,800 lost their lives before the island was captured.Okinawa April – June 1945_____________ refused to surrender. American military planners chose to invade Okinawa, 350 miles from Japan, to stockpile supplies and build up troops.On April 1, 1945, American troops landed on Okinawa. On June 22, 1945, Okinawa was captured. Japan would not surrender unconditionally because they wanted their _____________ to remain in power. Japan lost 130,000 men, US lost 12,500 The Manhattan Project Mobilization of Scientists1941, Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) To bring scientists into the war effortImproved radar & _____________ technologyPushed development of new _____________Atomic Bomb developmentAlbert Einstein warned FDR in 1940 that the Germans were working on an atomic bomb Started the “Manhattan Project” Manhattan Project-development of the atomic bombJ. Robert Oppenheimer led scientists in constructing the bomb in Los Alamos, NMJuly 16, 1945- first successful test at _____________, NMQuestion: Do we use it to win the war?Hiroshima & Nagasaki Truman decided to use the atomic bomb based on several reasonsit would save American _____________we had to justify the expense of building it by dropping itto gain an edge over the USSR (growing distrust between the two)may keep USSR out of the war in the PacificJuly 25, 1945-Truman gave the go ahead to make the plans.Aug 6, 1945Enola Gay dropped Little Boy on _____________ and tens of thousands of people died instantly?Aug 8, 1945USSR declared war on JapanAug 9, 1945_____________ declared war on JapanFat Man was dropped on _____________ killing between 35,000 and 74,000 V-J Day Aug 14, 1945- Japan accepted the terms of surrender?Sept 2, 1945- official surrender on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo BayAccepted by Douglas MacArthur (V-J Day)War Trials and Occupation Tokyo War TrialsIn Tokyo the International Military Tribunal for the Far East tried leaders of wartime Japan suspected of committing war crimes. The Japanese emperor was not indicted.7 sentenced to death including _____________ Occupation of KoreaUS controlled the South and the _____________ controlled the NorthKorea was divided at the _______th Parallel Occupation of Japan________ years (US only)controlled by Gen. D. MacArthurwrote constitution (MacArthur Constitution), est. democratic government and held free elections ................
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